章节大纲

  • 常规

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    Three images representing water in different states: ice, liquid water, and steam.

    Why is the state of water different in each picture?
    ::为什么每张照片中的水状况都不同?

    Water can take many forms. At low temperatures (below 0°C), it is a solid. When at “normal” temperatures (between 0°C and 100°C), it is a . While at temperatures above 100°C, water is a (steam).
    ::在低温(低于0°C)下,水是固体。在“正常”温度(介于0°C和100°C之间)下,水是固体。在100°C以上温度下,水是气流。

    The state the water is in depends upon the temperature .  Each state (solid, liquid, and gas) has its own unique set of .
    ::水的状况取决于温度。 每一个州( 固体、液体和气体)都有自己独特的 。

    Matter and Its States
    ::事项及其所属国

    Matter typically exists in one of three states: solid , liquid , or gas . There is a fourth state of matter called , which rarely exists on earth, but we will omit this from our current discussion. The state a given substance exhibits is also a physical property . Some substances exist as gases at room temperature (oxygen and carbon dioxide), while others, like water and mercury metal , exist as liquids. Most exist as solids at room temperature. All substances can exist in any of these three states.
    ::物质通常存在于三个状态中的状态之一:固体、液体或气体。有第四种物质状态,在地球上很少存在,但我们将从目前的讨论中略去这一状态。特定物质展示的状态也是一种物理属性。某些物质存在于室温气体中(氧和二氧化碳),而其他物质,如水和汞金属,则存在于液态中。大多数物质存在于室温中的固体中。所有物质都可以存在于这三个状态中的任何一个状态中。

    Liquid
    ::流动

    Liquids have the following characteristics:
    ::液体具有下列特性:

    • no definite shape (takes the shape of its container)
      ::无确定形状( 取其容器的形状)
    • has definite volume
      ::数量确定
    • particles are free to move over each other, but are still attracted to each other
      ::粒子可以自由相互移动,但仍被彼此吸引

    A familiar liquid is mercury metal. Mercury is an anomaly. It is the only metal we know of that is liquid at room temperature. Mercury also has an ability to stick to itself (surface tension) – a property all liquids exhibit. Mercury has a relatively high , which makes it very unique. Here you see mercury in its common liquid form.
    ::熟悉的液体是汞金属。 汞是一种反常现象。 我们所知道的唯一金属是室温下的液体。 汞也有能力保持自身(地表张力 ) , 这是所有液体都表现出的特性。 汞具有相对高的特性,因此非常独特。 在这里,你可以看到普通液体形式的汞。

    Liquid mercury droplets on a surface, demonstrating its unique properties.

    If we were to liquid mercury to its boiling point of 357°C, and under the right pressure conditions, we would notice all particles in the liquid state go into the gas state.
    ::如果我们将汞液化到357°C的沸点, 在适当的压力条件下, 我们会注意到液体状态中的所有微粒 进入气体状态。

    Gas
    ::气气气气气气气

    Gases have the following characteristics:
    ::气体具有以下特性:

    • no definite shape (takes the shape of its container)
      ::无确定形状( 取其容器的形状)
    • no definite volume
      ::未确定数量
    • particles move in random motion with little or no attraction to each other
      ::微粒随机移动,彼此很少或没有吸引力
    • highly compressible
      ::高度压缩

    Solid
    ::实心

    Solids are defined by the following characteristics:
    ::固体按下列特性确定:

    • definite shape (rigid)
      ::固定形状 (硬度)
    • definite volume
      ::确定数量
    • particles vibrate around fixed axes
      ::固定轴周围的粒子振动

    Plasma
    ::Plasma 等离

    Plasma is a state of matter that resembles a gas but has certain properties that gases do not have. Like a gas, plasma consists of particles of matter that can pull apart and spread out, so it lacks a fixed volume and a fixed shape. Unlike a gas, plasma can conduct electricity and respond to a magnetic field. That’s because plasma consists of electrically charged particles called , instead of uncharged particles such as atoms or molecules.
    ::等离子体是一种物质状态,类似于气体,但具有气体所不具备的某些特性。像气体一样,等离子体由物质粒子组成,可以分离和扩散,因此没有固定的体积和固定的形状。 与气体不同,等离子体可以进行电力和对磁场作出反应。 这是因为等离子体由电荷粒子组成,而不是原子或分子等无电粒子。

    Plasma are  defined by the following characteristics:
    ::等离子体按以下特性定义:

    • particles are charged ions and free electrons
      ::有电离子和自由电子的微粒。
    • no definite shape
      ::无确定形状
    • no definite volume
      ::未确定数量
    • conducts electricity
      ::电 电 电 电
    • responds to magnetic field
      ::对磁场的反应

    If we were to cool liquid mercury to its point of -39°C, and under the right pressure conditions, we would notice all of the liquid particles would go into the solid state.
    ::如果我们将液体汞冷却到 -39°C, 在适当的压力条件下, 我们会发现所有的液体粒子都会进入固态。

    As you can see in the video, mercury can be solidified when its temperature is brought to its freezing point. However, when returned to room temperature conditions, mercury does not exist in solid state for long, and returns back to its more common liquid form.
    ::正如您在视频中看到的那样,当汞温度降低到冷点时,汞就可以固化,然而,当回到室内温度条件时,汞的固态并不会长期存在,而会恢复到更常见的液体形式。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Three common states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
      ::三种共同的物质状态是固体、液体和气体。
    • Solids have a definite shape and volume.
      ::固体的形状和体积是明确的。
    • Liquids have a definite volume, but take the shape of the container.
      ::液体有一定的体积,但以容器的形状为形状。
    • Gases have no definite shape or volume.
      ::气体没有明确的形状或体积。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How many states of matter are there?
      ::有多少物质状态?
    2. What is a solid?
      ::什么是固体?
    3. What is a liquid?
      ::什么是液体?
    4. What is a gas?
      ::什么是气体?