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  • 概览:宗教哲学

    Philosophy of Religion
    ::宗教哲学

     

    We are going to think philosophically about a number of questions and issues related to religion.  The purpose here is neither to convert believers into non-believers nor the other way around.  The objective is to demonstrate and encourage applying philosophical thinking to matters of great importance.  Religion is certainly of great importance.  Philosophy is based upon reason and religion is based upon faith.  With many of the issues we are about to examine the philosopher will attempt to give reasons and to look for reasons in support of beliefs.  Some of the issues raised in this module and in the entire course may be disturbing to the belief systems of some.  In life it is possible to live and live well based upon beliefs.  It is possible to respond to some of the questions raised by philosophical reflection by simply declaring, “Well, I believe that…..” Now that response will probably be accepted by many people in many situations, in philosophy however, the “I believe, that’s why!” response is not acceptable.  Philosophers need to have reasons for holding to a belief in particular after that belief has been called into question.
    ::我们将从哲学上思考与宗教有关的一些问题和问题。这里的目的不是将信仰者转变为非信仰者,也不是其他途径。目的是要展示和鼓励将哲学思想应用到具有重大意义的事务上。宗教当然非常重要。哲学基于理性,宗教基于信仰。我们即将研究的许多问题将试图给出理由,寻找支持信仰的理由。本单元和整个过程中提出的一些问题可能对某些人的信仰体系造成困扰。在生活中,基于信仰生活和生活良好是可能的。可以对哲学思考提出的一些问题作出回答,只要说:“我相信......”就有可能。 现在,许多情况下的许多人可能接受答案,但在哲学中,“我相信,这是为什么!”答案是不可接受的。哲学家需要有理由坚持信仰,特别是在信仰被质疑之后。

     There are many ideas that people have concerning all things and religion in particular which may not be exactly true or not true at all.  Be prepared for that possibility concerning issues related to god , religion, reality, knowledge, truth, mind, freedom and many other ideas that are common to our cultural heritage.
    ::人们对于所有事物,特别是可能并不完全真实或根本不真实的宗教,有许多想法。 准备面对与神、宗教、现实、知识、真理、思想、自由和我们文化遗产共有的许多其他思想有关的问题的这种可能性。

     Concerning Religion there are many questions that Philosophers have been dealing with for some time.  The very meaning of “Religion” is subject to philosophical reflection , speculation and criticism.  After that the meaning and value of Religion are an important matters.  For the religions of the West with their belief in the one god, the idea of god has come into a great deal of very careful thinking.  In this module we shall examine those questions.
    ::关于宗教,哲学家们已经处理了一段时间的许多问题,“宗教”的意义本身就受到哲学的反思、猜测和批评。此后,宗教的意义和价值就是一个重要问题。对于西方的宗教来说,他们相信一个神,上帝的思想已经进入了非常仔细的思考之中。在这个模块中,我们将研究这些问题。

      Theology - deals with religious beliefs in a rational manner and presumes faith
    ::神学 -- -- 以理性的方式处理宗教信仰,并假定信仰

    Philosophy of religion is rational thought about religious issues and concerns without a presumption of the existence of a deity or reliance on acts of faith.
    ::宗教哲学是对宗教问题和关切的合理思考,没有假定存在神灵或依赖信仰行为。

    What is Religion?
    ::什么是宗教?

    There are many definitions of religion.  It is not that easy to pin down exactly what religion is and then to insure that the definition distinguishes religion from magic and from cults and sects.  Many people offer definitions without much knowledge of the wide range of religious phenomena and the many different cultural manifestations of religion.  It is a rather common misconception to think that religion has to do with god, or gods and supernatural beings or a supernatural or spiritual dimension or greater reality.  None of that is absolutely necessary because there are religions that are without those elements.
    ::宗教的定义很多,确切地确定宗教是什么,然后确保该定义区分宗教与魔法、邪教和教派并不容易。许多人提供定义时,对宗教的多种宗教现象和多种不同的文化表现形式知之甚少,认为宗教与神、神、超自然生物、超自然或精神因素有关,或与超自然或精神因素或更大的现实有关,是一种相当常见的错误观念。这些都不是绝对必要的,因为有些宗教没有这些要素。

     In this millennium there are over 7 billion people on the planet earth.  Most of them would declare that they are religious in some way.  Rough estimates are made that place people in the various traditions.
    ::在这个千年里,地球上有70多亿人,其中多数人会以某种方式宣称他们信奉宗教,粗略的估计是把人置于各种传统之中。

     Sizes shown are approximate estimates, and are here mainly for the purpose of ordering the groups, not providing a definitive number. This list is sociological/statistical in perspective.from
    ::所显示的大小是近似估计,主要是为了订购这些团体,而不是提供确定的数字,从社会学/统计学的角度看,这个清单是社会学/统计学的。

    • Christianity: 2.1 billion 
      ::基督教:21亿
    • Islam : 1.5 billion 
      ::伊斯兰教:15亿
    • Secular/Non-Relligious/Atheist/Agnostic : 1.1 billion 
      ::世俗/非定居者/无宗教/无神论者/不可知者:11亿
    • Hinduism : 900 million 
      ::印度教:9亿
    • Chinese Traditional Religion : 394 million 
      ::中国传统宗教:3.94亿中国传统宗教:3.94亿中国传统宗教:3.94亿中国传统宗教:3.94亿中国传统宗教:3.94亿中国传统宗教:3.94亿中国传统宗教:3.94亿中国传统宗教
    • Buddhism : 376 million 
      ::佛教:3.76亿
    • Primal-Indigenous : 300 million 
      ::土著土著人:3亿
    • African Traditional & Diasporic  100 million 
      ::非洲传统和传统病1亿非洲人
    • Sikhism : 23 million 
      ::锡克教:2 300万
    • Juche : 19 million 
      ::主体:1 900万
    • Spiritism : 15 million 
      ::精神:1 500万
    • Judaism : 14 million 
      ::犹太教:1 400万
    • Baha'i : 7 million 
      ::巴哈派教徒:700万
    • Janism : 4.2 million 
      ::有效:420万
    • Shinto  4 million 
      ::四百万神户
    • Cao Dao : 4 million 
      ::曹道:400万
    • Zoroastrianism : 2.6 million 
      ::琐罗亚斯德主义:260万
    • Tenrikyo : 2 million 
      ::Tenrikyo:200万
    • Neo-Paganism : 1 million 
      ::新异教:100万
    • Unitarianism-Universalism : 800 thousand 
      ::统一主义-大学主义:80万
    • Rastaferianism : 600 thousand 
      ::呼吸道传播主义:60万
    • S cientology: 500 thousand
      ::科学论:50万

     This information is from : a growing collection of over 62,000 adherent statistics and religious geography citations -- references to published membership/adherent statistics and congregation statistics for over 4,200 religions, churches, denominations, religious bodies, faith groups, tribes, cultures, movements, ultimate concerns, etc.
    ::这些资料来自:越来越多的收集了62 000多份成文统计和宗教地理引文 -- -- 提及4 200多个宗教、教会、教派、宗教机构、宗教团体、宗教团体、部落、文化、运动、最终关切等已公布的会员/继承统计和会社统计。

    The three religions that are proselytizing  (seeking more members actively) religions are: Christianity, Islam and Buddhism.  Islam is the fastest growing of the traditions and will most likely have the most adherents in the world by 2020.
    ::改变宗教信仰(积极寻求更多成员)的三种宗教是:基督教、伊斯兰教和佛教。 伊斯兰教是这些传统发展最快的宗教,到2020年最有可能成为世界上信徒最多的宗教。

    Some of these religions have no belief in a god.  Some have no belief in the survival of a soul.  Some believe in more than one god.  What do they have that makes them religion? Religion is the most comprehensive and intensive manner of valuing known to human beings.
    ::其中,有许多宗教不信一个神,有些不信一个神,有些不信一个灵魂的存亡,有些信仰一个以上的神,有些信仰一个以上的神,那些神能使他们信一个宗教吗?宗教是人类所知道的最全面和最深入的估价方法。

    The Big Story: Origins of Religion
    ::《大故事:宗教起源》

    Characteristics of Religion
    ::宗教特征

    These are the common characteristics or family traits of those members of the category or “family” of religion.  Just as with family members not every member must have every trait but most have most of the traits.  The more any human phenomena demonstrates these traits the more likely it is that it will be included into this category of social institutions known as religion.
    ::这些是这些宗教类别或“家庭”成员的共同特征或家庭特征,正如家庭成员并非每个成员都必须具备所有特征,但大多数成员具有大多数特征一样,人类现象越是表现出这些特征,就越有可能将其纳入被称为宗教的这一类社会机构。

    Common Characteristics: (family traits)
    ::常见特征sad家庭特征)

    • notion of a deity or absolute, that which is of ultimate concern and importance
      ::至高无上或绝对的概念,是至高无上的关切和重要性
    • ideas on the nature of human beings
      ::关于人的性质的
    • the idea of divine providence, destiny, fate
      ::神圣的恩赐 命运 命运
    • .the idea and meaning of human history
      ::人类历史的思想和意义
    • problem of evil explained
      ::所解释的邪恶问题
    • description of the central problem of human life and suffering idea of an afterlife-life after death
      ::描述人类生命的中心问题和死亡后死后活的受苦受难概念
    • a concept of the world
      ::世界概念的概念
    • ideas of human community and ethics
      ::人类社会观念和伦理道德
    • a moral code
      ::道德准则

    Religions of the West
    ::西方的宗教

    Religions of the West- Judaism-Christianity and Islam share in some common traits or characteristics that distinguish them from other religions in this world.
    ::西犹太教-基督教和伊斯兰教的宗教有一些共同的特征或特征,这些特征或特征与世界上其他宗教不同。

    • belief in one god
      ::信仰一个神
    • belief in linear history
      ::线性历史的信念
    • belief in a sacred scripture- the book
      ::信仰圣经 -- -- 圣经

     These common features bind the three traditions together.  One god made the universes at the beginning of time and that one god will end the universe.  Each human has a soul and at the death of the body the soul shall separate from the body and go one in another dimension.  There is a judgment to be made concerning the moral worthiness of the soul at death for an eternal reward or lack thereof.  Time is linear and there is but one period of existence for individuals and the entire universe.  Other religions hold for multiple or no deities, cyclic time and reincarnation of souls, even multiple reincarnations.
    ::这些共同特征将三大传统联系在一起。一个神在时间之初就创造了宇宙,一个神将终结宇宙。每个人类都有灵魂,在身体死亡时,灵魂将与身体分离,然后在另一个维度中前进。对死亡时灵魂的道德价值作出判断,以获得永久的或无的奖赏。时间是线性的,个人和整个宇宙只有一段存在的时间。其他宗教拥有多种或没有的神灵,周期性的时间和灵魂的转世,甚至多重的转世。

    Problem with the Attributes of deity (god)
    ::神的属性问题( 神)

    Concerning the existence of a single supreme deity or god there are a variety of positions or beliefs and concepts and imaginings. 
    ::关于单一最高神或神的存在,存在各种立场或信仰、概念和想象。

    There exists many understandings of the term "God". It typically differs not only from religion to religion, but also from person to person who share the same religious beliefs. It is therefore hard to define " god " or list a complete array of characteristics (nature) of god  that is applicable to all religions.
    ::对“上帝”一词有许多理解,它通常不仅因宗教而异,而且因人而异,宗教信仰相同,因此很难界定“上帝”或列出适用于所有宗教的全方位上帝特征(性质)。

    For the sake of simplicity, the concept of " god " is often described by philosophers of religion to be an "
    ::为了简单起见,宗教哲学家常常将“上帝”的概念描述为“神”。

    • Omniscient
      ::显性
    • Omnipotent
      ::全能
    • Omnibenevolent
      ::统性
    • All Merciful
      ::万福万福
    • All Just
      ::所有公正
    • All Loving
      ::所有爱爱
    • Being" Any " god " that is referred to in most contexts of philosophy of religion must have the above four characteristics, including being a "Being".
      ::在大多数宗教哲学背景中,“任何“神”都必须具有上述四个特征,包括“做人”的特征。

    In other words, if it is good thing, then the one god of the West was thought to have that feature and to have it to an infinite degree.
    ::换句话说,如果这是好事的话,那么西方的一位神被认为具有这一特征,并且具有无限的特性。

    Above all, a simple "if" relationship exists between " god " and those four characteristics. That is to say. If X is a " god ", X must possess all four characteristics. Yet, according to the above statement, the existence of those four characteristics together on Y might not be sufficient to lead to the conclusion that Y is a " god ". However, the non-existence of one or more of the four characteristics on an object Z is sufficient to lead to the argument that Z is not a " god " that we have defined above.
    ::最重要的是,“上帝”和这四个特性之间存在简单的“如果”关系。也就是说。如果X是“上帝”,X必须具有所有四个特性。然而,根据上述说法,Y上存在这四个特性,可能不足以得出Y是“上帝”的结论。然而,一个物体Z上不存在一个或一个以上四个特性,就足以导致Z不是上面我们所定义的“上帝”的论点。

    Forms of theistic beliefs:
    ::原教旨信仰的形式:

    • Monotheism- a belief that there is but one god.
      ::相信只有一个神
    • Theism- one god separate from the creation
      ::论理主义 -- -- 一个与创造分离的神
    • Pantheism- one god existing in the creation-i.e., world=god
      ::泛神主义 -- -- 一个上帝存在于创造中,即世界之神
    • Panentheism-one god , the world is part of god who is greater than creation
      ::世界是上帝的一部分 比创造还要伟大
    • Polytheism- is a belief that there are many gods.
      ::多神论 相信有许多神
    • Agnosticism-is no clear or definitive knowledge of whether there is a god or not
      ::不知神论 - 不清楚或确切知道是否有神神

      Problems
    ::问题、问题、问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题、 问题

    lesson content

    EPISD Informed Problem Solvers Goal
    ::EPISD 信息化解决问题者目标

    Now these attributes certainly sound wonderful.  However, do they make sense.  How can a god that is all good and all knowing and all-powerful permit evil to occur?  That is the Problem of Evil and it is covered in another section of this text. Here a brief consideration of of some of the characteristics will suffice to indicate the direction in which critical thinking moves.
    ::现在,这些属性当然听起来很好。但是,这些属性是有道理的。一个善良的、全知的、全能的神怎能允许邪恶发生呢?这是邪恶的问题,本案文的另一部分也涵盖了它。在这里,对一些特征的简单考虑足以表明批判性思维的方向。

    • All knowing and all loving and all kind and all merciful and yet there is evil and pain and suffering?
      ::所有人都知道,所有的爱,所有的善良,所有的仁慈,所有的仁慈, 但是还有邪恶,痛苦和痛苦?
    • All good and all knowing and all powerful and yet the is moral evil ?
      ::善良的,知道的, 强大的,但道德的邪恶?
    • All loving and all kind and all merciful and yet there is a place of eternal punishment-hell 
      ::慈爱、慈爱、慈爱、仁慈,但有一个永恒的惩罚之地。

    Well the story of the one deity of the Hebrews became inconsistent with a being that was all good and all loving.  Consider these stories of the single deity of the Hebrews and the Atrocities associated with acts of that deity or supported by that deity. 
    ::希伯来人的一个神的故事与一个善良和充满爱的人的故事不相容。想想这些希伯来人的单一神的故事,以及那些与该神的行为有关或得到该神的支持的暴行。

       Atrocities Attributed to the Hebrew God of Israel
    ::以色列希伯莱神的暴行

    , God allows Adam and Eve to be deceived by the Serpent (the craftiest of all of God's wild creatures). They eat of the "Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil," thereby incurring death for themselves and all of mankind for ever after. God prevents them from regaining eternal life, by placing a guard around the "Tree of Eternal Life." (Note: God could have done the same for the "Tree of Knowledge of Good and Evil" in the first place and would thereby have prevented the Fall of man, the necessity for Salvation, the Crucifixion of Jesus, etc.)
    ::真主使阿丹和易卜劣厮受真主的欺骗。他们吃自死物,而永生不灭。真主阻止他们复生,在永生的禁寺四周设防。(注意:真主本如此为今世的 "善恶知识之旅" 而设同样的戒备,从而阻止人类的灭亡、救世的必要性、耶稣的十字架等等。)

    God's arbitrary preference of Abel's offering to that of Cain's provokes Cain to commit the first biblically recorded murder and kill his brother Abel.
    ::上帝专横地偏爱Abel的提议 与Cain的提议 激怒了Cain 犯下了第一个经圣经记载的谋杀 并杀害了他的兄弟Abel

    The Israelites kill Hamor, his son, and all the men of their village, taking as plunder their wealth, cattle, wives and children.
    ::以色列人杀死哈默尔和他的儿子,以及他们村里所有的人,掠夺他们的财富、牲畜、妻子和子女。

    , God is unhappy with the wickedness of man and decides to do something about it. He kills every living thing on the face of the earth other than Noah's family and thereby makes himself the greatest mass murderer in history.
    ::上帝对人的罪恶感到不快,他决定做点什么。除诺亚的家人外,他把地球上所有生物都杀死,从而使自己成为历史上最大的杀人狂。

    God personally sees to it that Lot's wife is turned to a pillar of salt (for having looked behind her while fleeing the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah).
    ::真主亲自使鲁特的妻子变成盐柱(因为她逃避了对索多玛和戈莫拉的毁灭,却仰视着她)。

    "... whenever he lay with his brother's wife, he spilled his semen on the ground to keep from producing offspring for his brother. What he did was wicked ..., so the Lord put him to death."
    ::每当他和他哥哥的妻子睡在一起时,他把精液洒在地上,以免为他哥哥生儿育女。他的行为是邪恶的,所以主把他处死。”

    Moses murders an Egyptian.
    ::摩西谋杀了一名埃及人

    , , , , The purpose of the devastation that God brings to the Egyptians is as follows: to show that he is Lord; to show that there is none like him in all the earth; to show his great power; to cause his name to be declared throughout the earth; to give the Israelites something to talk about with their children; to show that he makes a distinction between Israel and Egypt.
    ::神给埃及人带来的毁灭目的如下: 表明他是上帝; 表明在大地上没有象他那样的人; 显示他伟大的力量; 使他的名字在大地上被宣布; 给予以色列人一些东西,让他们的孩子谈; 表明他区分以色列和埃及。

    A plague of hail from the Lord strikes down everything in the fields of Egypt both man and beast except in Goshen where the Israelites reside.
    ::除了以色列人居住的戈斯根以外,埃及人和野兽都遭受了天灾。

    The Lord kills all the first-born in the land of Egypt.
    ::上帝杀死了埃及土地上所有长子

    With the Lord's approval, Joshua mows down Amalek and his people.
    ::约书亚在主的许可下, 将阿马利克和他的百姓, 和他的宗族,压倒在地。

    With the Lord's approval, a slave may be beaten to death with no punishment for the perpetrator as long as the slave doesn't die too quickly.
    ::如果上帝同意 奴隶可能会被殴打致死 只要奴隶不会死得太快 罪犯就不会受到惩罚

    "Put every man his sword by his side, and go in and out from gate to gate throughout the camp, and slay every man his brother, and every man his companion, and every man his neighbor.
    ::人 各 人 各 人 各 人 各 人 各 人 各 人 各 人 各 人 各 人 各 人 、 各 人 各 人 各 人 、 各 人 各 人 各 人 各 人 、 各 人 各 人 各 人 各 人 、 各 人 各 人 各 人 各 人 、 各 人 各 人 各 人 各 人 、 各 人 各 人 各 人 各 人 、 各 人 各 人 各 人 、 各 人 各 人 各 人 、 各 人 各 的 弟 弟 弟 弟 弟 、 各 各 人 各 人 各 的 鄰 舍

    With the Lord's approval, the Israelites slay 3000 men.
    ::在上帝的许可下 以色列人杀害了3000人

    The Lord promises the Israelites that, if they are obedient, their enemies will "fall before your sword."
    ::上帝向以色列人保证,如果他们服从命令,他们的敌人将在你们的剑下坠落。

    "I will also send wild beasts among you, which shall rob you of your children."
    ::我 也 要 使 野 兽 在 你 們 中 中 間 、 使 你 們 的 孩 子 被 劫 掠

    , , , As a punishment, the Lord will cause people to eat the flesh of their own sons and daughters and fathers and friends.
    ::作为一种惩罚,主将使人们吃自己的儿女、父亲和朋友的肉。

    Human sacrifice is condoned. (Note: An example is given in )
    :sad注:举个例子)

    The Lord smites the people with a great plague.
    ::主用大瘟疫击打人民

    God makes Miriam a leper for seven days because she and Aaron had spoken against Moses.
    ::上帝使米里亚姆麻风七天 因为她和亚伦对摩西说过话

    A Sabbath breaker (who had gathered sticks for a fire) is stoned to death at the Lord's command.
    ::安息日的破坏者,奉主的命令,被用石块砸死。

    The Lord causes the earth to open and swallow up the men and their households (including wives and children) because the men had been rebellious.
    ::真主使大地张开,吞噬众人和他们的家属,因为众人确是悖逆的。

    A fire from the Lord consumes 250 men.
    ::主的火烧了250人

    A plague from the Lord kills 14,700 people.
    ::上帝的瘟疫杀死了14700人

    The Israelites utterly destroy the Canaanites.
    ::以色列彻底摧毁迦南人

    Fiery serpents, sent by the Lord, kill many Israelites.
    ::上帝派来的火蛇 杀死了许多以色列人

    With the Lord's approval, the Israelites slay Og "... and his sons and all his people, until there was not one survivor left ...."
    ::在上帝的许可下,以色列人杀死了Og "... 和他的儿子和人民,直到一个幸存者..."

    (KJV) "And the Lord said unto Moses, take all the heads of the people, and hang them up before the Lord against the sun ...."
    ::主对 摩西说 、 你 把 百姓 的 头 、 都 带走 、 在 主 面前 挂在 日光 面前

    "He went after the man of Israel into the tent, and thrust both of them through, the man of Israel, and the woman through her belly."
    ::他 跟 着 以色列 人 进 帐篷 、 把 以色列 人 、 女人 、 和 以色列 人 、 和 他 的 腹 、 都 推 通过

    24,000 people die in a plague from the Lord.
    ::24000人死于上帝的瘟疫

    The Israelites capture Midianite women and children.
    ::以色列人俘虏了米甸妇女和儿童。

    Moses, following the Lord's command, orders the Israelites to kill all the Midianite male children and "... every woman who has known man ...." (Note: How would it be determined which women had known men? One can only speculate.)
    ::穆萨,奉主的命令,命令以色列人杀死所有麦地安人中的男孩,并命令他们说:......每个认识男人的女子......。”

    32,000 virgins are taken by the Israelites as booty. Thirty-two are set aside (to be sacrificed?) as a tribute for the Lord.
    ::以色列人以32 000个处女为战利品,以32 000个处女为主的牺牲品。

    The Israelites utterly destroy the men, women, and children of Sihon.
    ::以色列人彻底毁灭了西宏的男女老幼。

    The Israelites utterly destroy the men, women, and children of Og.
    ::以色列彻底毁灭了奥格的男女老幼。

    The Lord commands the Israelites to "utterly destroy" and show "no mercy" to those whom he gives them for defeat.
    ::主命令以色列人"彻底毁灭" 并"不怜悯"那些他给他们的失败者

    "When the Lord delivers it into your hand, put to the sword all the males .... As for the women, the children, the livestock and everything else in the city, you may take these as plunder for yourselves."
    ::"当上帝把它交到你们手中 把所有的雄性都交到剑上..."

    "In the cities of the nations the Lord is giving you as an inheritance, do not leave alive anything that breathes."
    ::在各民族的城市里,真主将赏赐你们一种遗产,你们不要留任何呼吸者在大地上。

    With the Lord's approval, the Israelites are allowed to take "beautiful women" from the enemy camp to be their captive wives. If, after sexual relations, the husband has "no delight" in his wife, he can simply let her go.
    ::在上帝的许可下,以色列人可以把敌人阵营中的“漂亮女人”作为她们的妻子。 如果丈夫在性关系之后对妻子“不高兴 ” , 他就可以放她走。

    "You will eat the fruit of the womb, the flesh of the sons and daughters the Lord your God has given you."
    ::你们要吃子宫的果实, 和真主所赐你们的儿女的肉。

    , Joshua receives the Lord's blessing for all the bloody endeavors to follow.
    ::约书亚得到主的祝福 所有的血腥努力跟随。

    With the Lord's approval, Joshua destroys the city of Jericho--men, women, and children--with the edge of the sword.
    ::约书亚在主的许可下 摧毁了杰里科城 男人 女人 和孩子

    Achan, his children and his cattle are stoned to death because Achan had taken a taboo thing.
    ::阿慎,他的孩子和牛群 被石块砸死 因为阿慎做了禁忌的事

    With the Lord's approval, Joshua utterly smites the people of Ai, killing 12,000 men and women, so that there were none who escaped.
    ::约书亚在主的许可下, 痛击爱人, 杀死一万二千男女, 以致没有一个人逃出。

    With the help of the Lord, Joshua utterly destroys the Gibeonites.
    ::在主的帮助下,约书亚彻底摧毁了吉遍人

    With the Lord's approval, Joshua utterly destroys the people of Makkedah.
    ::约书亚在主的许可下 彻底毁灭了麦凯达人

    With the Lord's approval, Joshua utterly destroys the Libnahites.
    ::约书亚在主的许可下 彻底摧毁了利普那人

    With the Lord's approval, Joshua utterly destroys the people of Lachish.
    ::在主的许可下,约书亚彻底毁灭了拉希人。

    With the Lord's approval, Joshua utterly destroys the Eglonites.
    ::约书亚在主的认可下 彻底摧毁了伊格隆人

    With the Lord's approval, Joshua utterly destroys the Hebronites.
    ::约书亚在主的认可下 彻底摧毁希伯伦人

    With the Lord's approval, Joshua utterly destroys the Debirites.
    ::约书亚经过主的认可 彻底摧毁了德比里派

    (A summary statement.) "So Joshua defeated the whole land ...; he left none remaining, but destroyed all that breathed, as the Lord God of Israel commanded."
    ::於是,约书亚击败了全地。他没有留下留下任何物,而是摧毁了呼吸的一切,这是以色列的主所命令的。

    The Lord orders horses to be hamstrung. (Exceedingly cruel.)
    ::主下令宰杀马匹。

    "And the lord gave them into the hand of Israel, ...utterly destroying them; there was none left that breathed ...."
    ::主 将 他 們 交 在 以色列 手中 、 完全 摧毁 他 們 . 没有任何人 呼吸 .

    "For it was the Lord's doing to harden their hearts that they should come against Israel in battle, in order that they should be utterly destroyed, and should receive no mercy but be exterminated, as the Lord commanded Moses."
    ::"因为主要使他们的心坚硬,以便他们战斗而来攻打以色列,以便他们完全被毁灭,以便他们蒙主的怜悯,而除绝外,绝无应受恩惠的。这是真主所命令穆萨的。"

    Joshua utterly destroys the Anakim.
    ::约书亚彻底摧毁了阿纳基姆人

    With the Lord's support, Judah defeats 10,000 Canaanites at Bezek.
    ::在上帝的支持下 犹大在贝塞克击败了1万迦南人

    With the Lord's approval, Judah pursues Adoni-bezek, catches him, and cuts off his thumbs and big toes.
    ::在主的许可下 犹大追逐阿多尼比泽克 抓住他 割掉他的拇指和大脚趾

    With the Lord's approval, Judah smites Jerusalem.
    ::犹大在主的许可下 击打耶路撒冷

    With the Lord's approval, Judah and Simeon utterly destroy the Canaanites who inhabited Zephath.
    ::在主的许可下 犹大和西门彻底摧毁了 居住在济法特的迦南人

    The Israelites kill about 10,000 Moabites.
    ::以色列人杀害了大约10 000名摩阿比人。

    (A restatement.) Shamgar killed 600 Philistines with an oxgoad.
    ::Shamgar用牛羊杀死了600名非利士人。

    Jael takes a tent stake and hammers it through the head of Sisera, fastening it to the ground.
    ::Jael拿起帐篷的木桩 用锤子刺穿西塞拉的头部 绑在地上

    The Gideons defeat the Midianites, slay their princes, cut off their heads, and bring the heads back to Gideon.
    ::基甸人打败了米甸人 杀害了他们的王子 砍了他们的头 把头带回基甸

    The Gideons slaughter the men of Penuel.
    ::基甸人屠杀了佩努埃尔人

    Abimalech murders his brothers.
    ::Abimomelech谋杀了他的兄弟。

    Abimalech and his men kill all the people in the city.
    ::Abimomelech和他的手下杀死了城里所有的人

    "A woman dropped a stone on his head and cracked his skull. Hurriedly he called to his armor-bearer, 'Draw your sword and kill me, so that they can't say a woman killed me.' So his servant ran him through, and he died."
    ::一个 女人 把 石頭 扔 在 他 的 头上 、 打碎 他 的 头骨 . 他 急切 呼唤 拿 兵器 的 人 、 說 、 你 拔剑 、 杀了我 、 使 他 不 能 说 有 女人 殺 我 . 他 的 仆人 就 跑过 他 、 他 就 死 了

    Jepthah sacrifices his beloved daughter, his only child, according to a vow he has made with the Lord.
    ::Jepthah按照他与上帝的誓言 牺牲了他心爱的女儿,他唯一的孩子

    The Spirit of the Lord comes upon a man and causes him to slay thirty men.
    ::主 的 灵 、 降 在 人 身 上 、 使 他 殺 死 三 十 人

    Samson slays 1000 men with the jawbone of an ass.
    ::参孙用屁股的下巴杀死一千人

    The Philistines gouge out Samson's eyes.
    ::非利士人挖出萨姆森的眼睛

    Samson, with the help of the Lord, pulls down the pillars of the Philistine house and causes his own death and that of 3000 other men and women.
    ::参孙,在主的帮助下, 拔下非利士人的支柱 并造成他自己的死亡 和其他3000名男女的死亡。

    The Danites slay the quiet and unsuspecting people of Laish.
    ::Danites杀死了安静的和毫不怀疑的Laish人。

    A group of sexual depraved men beat on the door of an old man's house demanding that he turn over to them a male house guest. Instead, the old man offers his virgin daughter and his guest's concubine (or wife): "Behold, here are my virgin daughter and his concubine; let me bring them out now. Ravish them and do with them what seems good to you; but against this man do not do so vile a thing." The man's concubine is ravished and dies. The man then cuts her body into twelve pieces and sends one piece to each of the twelve tribes of Israel.
    ::一群淫荡的男子,在老人家的门前,打了一个男子的房门,要求他把一个男子的房客交给他们。他却把他的处女和房客的媳妇交付给她们。(他们说):这是我的处女和房客的妻子。现在,我把他们拿出来。你应当以他们和他们俩为朋友。你应当以他们俩为朋友,而以他们俩为朋友,你应当以他们俩为妻室。对于这个人,不要做一件丑事。他的房客,是被打碎的,是死的。然后,他把她的尸首割成十二块,并派一只弹到以色列的十二支派中的每一支派。

    The Israelites smite 25,000+ "men of valor" from amongst the Benjamites, "men and beasts and all that they found," and set their towns on fire.
    ::以色列人从比雅米人中 击打25000+“勇士 ” 、 “人和野兽 以及他们发现的一切 ” , 并放火烧城。

    "... Go and smite the inhabitants of Jabesh-gilead with the edge of the sword and; also the women and little ones.... every male and every woman that has lain with a male you shall utterly destroy." They do so and find four hundred young virgins whom they bring back for their own use.
    ::"... 去用剑的边缘和女人和小妇人... ...去打那些贾比什基列的居民...

    The Philistines slay 30,000 Israelite foot soldiers.
    ::非利士人杀害了3万以色列徒步士兵。

    The Lord afflicts the Philistines with tumors in their "secret parts," presumably for having stolen the Ark.
    ::上帝用“秘密部分”中的肿瘤折磨非利士人, 可能是因为他偷了方舟。

    God kills seventy men (or so) for looking into the Ark (at him?). (Note: The early Israelites apparently thought the Ark to be God's abode.)
    ::真主因观察船体而杀害了七十人。(注意:早起的以色列人,确已以为船是真主的归宿)

    Samuel and his men smite the Philistines.
    ::撒母耳和他的手下击打非利士人。

    With the Lord's blessing, Saul and his men cut down the Ammonites.
    ::在主的祝福下 索尔和他的手下 消灭了安蒙人

    Jonathan and his men strike down the Philistines.
    ::乔纳森和他的手下,攻打非利士人。

    Saul smites the Amalekites.
    ::索尔点燃了阿马力人。

    , "This is what the Lord says: Now go and smite Amalek, and utterly destroy all that they have; do not spare them, but kill both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass ....' And Saul ... utterly destroyed all the people with the edge of the sword."
    ::主 如此 說 、 你 們去 攻打 亞马利克 、 彻底 毁灭 他 們所 拥有 的 、 不 要 饶恕 他 們 、 只 要 杀 人 和 女人 、 婴儿 、 奶牛 、 牛 、 羊 、 骆驼 、 屁股 . 掃罗 、 用 刀子 的 边缘 、 彻底 毁灭 了 所有人

    "Samuel hewed Agag in pieces before the Lord ...."
    ::"萨穆埃尔在主面前 将阿加格肢解成碎片..."

    The women sing as they make merry: "Saul has slain his thousands and David his ten thousands."
    ::女人们在欢乐的时候唱道: "萨尔杀死了成千上万人,大卫杀死了10万人。"

    "David left neither man nor woman alive ....". (Note: This implies that children and infants were included in the slaughter.)
    :sad注:这意味着儿童和婴儿被包括在屠宰中。 )

    David smites the Amalekites.
    ::大卫击打阿马利基人。

    Abner kills Asahel.
    ::阿布纳杀了阿撒赫

    Joab and Abishai kill Abner.
    ::Joab和Abishai杀了阿卜纳

    Rechan and Baanah kill Ish-bosheth, behead him, and take his head to David.
    ::Rechan和Baanah杀了Ish -bosheth, 砍了他头, 把他的头带到David。

    David has Rechan and Baanah killed, their hands and feet cut off, and their bodies hanged by the pool at Hebron.
    ::David Rechan和Baanah被杀死,他们的手脚被砍断,尸体被吊在希布伦的游泳池上。

    "And David did as the Lord commanded him, and smote the Philistines ...."
    ::大卫按照主的命令 击杀非利士人

    Because she rebuked him for having exposed himself, Michal (David's wife) was barren throughout her life.
    ::因为她责骂他,因为她暴露了自己,Michal(David的妻子)在一生中是不会生育的。

    (A listing of some of David's murderous conquests.)
    :sad大卫的一些谋杀征服者名单。 )

    David hamstrung all but a few of the horses.
    ::David除了几匹马外 都被宰了

    David slew 22,000 Syrians.
    ::David杀死了22000叙利亚人。

    , "The Lord gave victory to David wherever he went."
    ::"上帝在大卫无论去向何地 都给了他胜利"

    David slew 18,000 Edomites in the valley of salt and made the rest slaves.
    ::戴维在盐谷杀死了18000埃多米人 并成为了其余的奴隶

    David slew 47,000+ Syrians.
    ::David杀死了47 000+叙利亚人。

    David has Uriah killed so that he can marry Uriah's wife, Bathsheba.
    ::大卫杀了乌里亚 以便他能娶乌里亚的妻子 巴斯谢巴

    , The Lord strikes David's child dead for the sin that David has committed.
    ::主因大卫的罪过 将大卫的孩子击毙

    Amnon loves his sister Tamar, rapes her, then hates her.
    ::Amnon爱他妹妹Tamar 强奸她 然后恨她

    Absalom has Amnon murdered.
    ::Absalom把Amnon杀死了。

    -7 20,000 men are slaughtered at the battle in the forest of Ephraim.
    ::- 720,000人在以法赖姆森林的战斗中被屠杀

    Joab's men murder Absalom.
    ::Joab的人谋杀了Absalom

    Joab's men murder Amasa and leave him "... wallowing in his own blood in the highway. And anyone who came by, seeing him, stopped."
    ::Joab的手下谋杀了Amasa,留下他 "...

    The Lord sends a pestilence on Israel that kills 70,000 men.
    ::上帝向以色列发出瘟疫 杀死70,000人

    Solomon has Adonijah murdered.
    ::所罗门谋杀了阿多尼贾赫

    Solomon has Joab murdered.
    ::所罗门谋杀了Joab

    Solomon has Shime-i murdered.
    ::所罗门谋杀了Shime -i

    A man is killed by a lion for eating bread and drinking water in a place where the Lord had previously told him not to. This is in spite of the fact that the man had subsequently been lied to by a prophet who told the man that an angel of the Lord said that it would be alright to eat and drink there.
    ::一个人因食食面包和饮水而被狮子杀死,当时,主曾对他说过不要吃,尽管先知后来欺骗他,并告诉他说,上帝的一位天使说,在那里吃饭和喝酒是正常的。

    The Israelites smite 100,000 Syrian soldiers in one day. A wall falls on 27,000 remaining Syrians.
    ::以色列人在一天之内击落了10万叙利亚士兵,还击落了27 000名其余叙利亚人。

    Fire from heaven comes down and consumes fifty men.
    ::天上的火从天上降下,有五十人被烧死。

    Forty-two children are mauled and killed, presumably according to the will of God, for having jeered at a man of God.
    ::42名儿童因对一个上帝的人作弊而遭到殴打和杀害,大概是根据上帝的旨意。

    Elisha curses Gehazi and his descendants forever with leprosy.
    ::Elisha用麻风病诅咒Gehazi和他的后代。

    The Lord answers Elisha's prayer and strikes the Syrians with blindness. Elisha tricks the blind Syrians and leads them to Samaria.
    ::主回答艾莉莎的祷告,以失明打击叙利亚人。艾莉莎欺骗了盲人叙利亚人,把他们带往撒玛利亚。

    "So we cooked my son and ate him. The next day I said to her, 'Give up your son so we may eat him,' but she had hidden him."
    ::于是,我们煮了我儿子,吃了他。第二天,我对她说:你们交出你的儿子,以便我们吃了他。她就把他藏起来了。

    Jehu tricks and murders Joram.
    ::Jehu的诡计和谋杀Joram。

    Jehu has Ahaziah killed.
    ::耶胡杀死了阿哈齐亚

    Jehu has Jezebel killed. Her body is trampled by horses. Dogs eat her flesh so that only her skull, feet, and the palms of her hands remain.
    ::耶 戶 殺 了 耶 西 伯 、 他 的 身 子 被 马 子 踩 了 . 狗 喫 了 他 的 肉 、 只 剩 了 他 的 头 、 腳 、 手 掌

    Jehu has Ahab's seventy sons beheaded, then sends the heads to their father.
    ::Jehu砍了Ahab的70个儿子的头,然后把头交给他们的父亲。

    Jehu has forty-two of Ahab's kin killed.
    ::Jehu有42名Ahab的亲属被杀。

    "And when he came to Samaria, he slew all that remained to Ahab in Samaria, till he had wiped them out, according to the word of the Lord ...."
    ::当他来到撒马利亚的时候,他宰了撒马利亚的阿哈一带留下的一切,直到他按照主的旨意消灭了他们。

    Jehu uses trickery to massacre the Baal worshippers.
    ::Jehu利用诡计屠杀拜拜巴勒教徒。

    Athaliah destroys all the royal family.
    ::阿塔利亚摧毁了所有皇室

    , Amaziah kills his servants and then 10,000 Edomites.
    ::Amaziah杀死了他的仆人 然后又杀死了1万伊多米人

    Even though he did what was right in the eyes of the Lord, the Lord smites Azariah with leprosy for not having removed the "high places."
    ::尽管他在主的眼中做了正事,主却以麻风病打阿撒利雅,因为主没有把“高处”除去。

    Menahem ripped open all the women who were pregnant.
    ::Menahem撕裂了所有怀孕的妇女。

    An angel of the Lord kills 185,000 men.
    ::上帝的天使杀死了18万5千人

    (KJV) "And he brought out the people that were in it, and cut them with saws, and with harrows of iron, and with axes."
    ::他把那座乐园里的人带出来,拿锯子、铁条和斧头砍了他们。

    500,000 Israelites are slaughtered.
    ::50万以色列人被屠杀。

    Jehoram slays all his brothers.
    ::Jehoram杀死了他所有的兄弟

    Happy will be the man who dashes your little ones against the stones.
    ::快乐的人,会把你们的小孩撞到石头上。

    God is praised as the one who trains hands for war and fingers for battle.
    ::上帝被赞美为为战争而训练手和为战斗而训练手指的人。

    "Everyone who is captured will be thrust through; all who are caught will fall by the sword. Their infants will be dashed to pieces before their eyes; their ... wives will be ravished."
    ::凡 被 抓 的 、 必 被 推 穿 . 凡 被 抓 的 、 必 倒 在 刀 下 . 他 們 的 孩 子 、 必 在 眼 前 摔 碎 . 他 們 的 妻 子 、 必 被 撕 裂

    "Their bows also shall dash the young men to pieces; and they shall have no pity on the fruit of the womb; their eye shall not spare children."
    ::弓 也 必 打 碎 少年人 . 他 們必 不 怜恤 子宫 的 果子 、 他 們 的 眼 、 也 不 容 孩童

    "Prepare slaughter for his children for the iniquity of their fathers."
    ::"为他的孩子准备屠杀 因为他们父亲的罪孽"

    The Lord will cause the oppressors of the Israelite's to eat their own flesh and to become drunk on their own blood as with wine.
    ::上帝会让以色列压迫者吃自己的肉 喝自己的血 喝自己的血 就像喝酒一样

    "They shall die grievous deaths; they shall not be lamented; neither shall they be buried; but they shall be as dung upon the face of the earth: and they shall be consumed by the sword, and by famine; and their carcasses shall be meat for the fowls of heaven, and for the beasts of the earth."
    ::他们必死而死,必死;必死而无忧;必死而无忧;必死而亡;必死而亡;必死而亡,必死不息;必死而死,必阵亡,必阵亡,必阵亡,必阵亡,必阵亡,必阵亡;他们的尸骨,必死在天上禽和大地的野兽的肉中。

    "Those slain by the sword are better off than those who die of famine; racked with hunger, they waste away for lack of food. ... pitiful women have cooked their own children, who became their food ..."
    ::被剑打死的人比死于饥荒的人好;他们饿得要死,他们因缺乏食物而浪费。.可怜的妇女煮了自己的孩子,而她们成了自己的食物。

    The Lord says: "... they will fall by the sword, famine and plague. He that is far away will die of the plague, and he that is near will fall by the sword, and he that survives and is spared will die of famine. So will I spend my wrath upon them. And they will know I am the Lord, when the people lie slain among their idols around their altars, on every high hill and on all the mountaintops, under every spreading tree and every leafy oak ...."
    ::主说:他们将因刀剑、饥荒和瘟疫而堕落。远方的人将死于瘟疫,远方的人将因剑而死,幸存而免于饥荒的人将因饥荒而死。我将这样对他们发怒。当人们在他们的祭坛上、每座山上、每座山上、每棵树下、每棵绿橡树下,每座山上,每座山上,每棵树下,每棵枯叶下,每棵树上,每片树上,每片树上,每片树上,每片树上,每片叶木下,每片树上,每片树上,每片树上,每片树上,每片树下,每片树下,每片树下,每片树下,每片树上,每片树下,每片树下,每片上,每片上,每片下,每片下,各人在他们的偶像被杀害的时候,他们就知道我是真主。

    The Lord commands: "... slay old men outright, young men and maidens, little children and women ...."
    ::主的命令:"... 直接杀死老人, 年轻男人和少女, 小孩和女人."

    In order that he might horrify them, the Lord allowed the Israelites to defile themselves through, amongst other things, the sacrifice of their first-born children.
    ::为了吓唬他们,主允许以色列人 玷污自己, 除其他外,通过牺牲 他们的长子。

    The Lord says that he will cut off both the righteous and the wicked that his sword shall go against all flesh.
    ::主说 、 他 要 砍 掉 公 人 、 和 罪 人 、 使 他 的 刀 、 直 到 肉 身 上

    , God is going to slay the sons and daughters of those who were whores.
    ::上帝将杀死那些妓女的儿女

    "You shall ... pluck out your hair, and tear your breasts."
    ::"你应该... 拔出你的头发, 撕裂你的乳房。"

    "They shall fall by the sword: their infants shall be dashed in pieces, and their women with child shall be ripped up."
    ::他们将倒在剑下,他们的婴儿将被打碎,带着孩子的妇女将被撕碎。

    "... who pluck off their skin ..., and their flesh from off their bones; Who also eat the flesh of my people, and flay their skin from off them; and they break their bones, and chop them in pieces, as for the pot, and as flesh within the caldron."
    ::他 拔 了 他 們 的 皮 、 和 他 們 的 肉 、 從 骨 骨 中 取 出 的 肉 、 又 喫 我 百 姓 的 肉 、 把 他 們 的 皮 剥 掉 、 又 把 他 們 的 骨 折 打 碎 、 把 他 們 的 骨 切 碎 、 如 锅 、 如 炉 中 的 肉

    , , , , , , , , , Some will spend eternity burning in Hell. There will be weeping, wailing and gnashing of teeth.
    ::有些人将永居火狱中,将哭泣、哭泣和痛哭。

    "... the brother shall deliver up his brother to death, and the father his child, ... children shall rise up against their parents, and cause them to be put to death."
    ::"... 哥哥要把他的兄弟送死, 父亲要他的孩子, ...孩子要站起来反抗他们的父母, 并让他们被处死。"

    "For I have come to turn a man against his father, a daughter against her mother, a daughter-in-law against her mother-in-law a man's enemies will be the members of his own family."
    ::"因为我来到此地 将一个男人背叛他的父亲 女儿背叛她的母亲 儿媳妇背叛她岳母 男人的敌人将是他的家人"

    Jesus curses [the inhabitants of] three cities who were not sufficiently impressed with his great works.
    ::耶稣咒骂三个城市的居民,他们对于他的善功,并不印象深刻。

    Paul purposefully blinds a man (though not permanently).
    ::保罗故意使一个人蒙蔽眼界,他不是永久的。

    Read
    ::已读

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    EPISD Informed Problem Solvers Goal
    ::EPISD 信息化解决问题者目标

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    Hell: An Excessive Punishment
    ::Hell: 过度惩罚

     All perfect and yet there is the creation of the universe? Why? How could the deity then be all perfect if there is a reason for creation the being is not perfect because it has needs or purposes that need to be fulfilled.
    ::宇宙的创造是完美的,但宇宙的创造是完美的?为什么?如果有创造的理由,宇宙不是完美的,因为它有需要或需要实现的目的,那么神怎么会是完美的呢?为什么?如果创造的理由不是完美的,那么神怎么会是完美的呢?

    • A spiritual being cannot be physical being.
      ::精神不能成为肉体。
    • A physical being cannot be a spiritual being.
      ::身体不能成为精神。
    • A perfect being  can not be physical as it would be limited and finite and would be subject to change and to the laws of the physical universe and it would decay.
      ::一个完美的身体不可能是物理的,因为它是有限的和有限的,并会受到改变和物理宇宙的定律的制约,而且会腐烂。
    • A perfect being  can not be physical as it would need to be in time and space and thus have a beginning and an end.
      ::一个完美的身体不可能是物理的,因为它需要时间和空间,从而有开始和结束。

    And one more thing, the deity is written of and spoken of as male: god , the father.  How is god to be thought of a male?  To be a male a being would need a sexual nature.  God would need to have what makes a male a male: DNA, chromosomes and genes, the xy chromosome pair in the 23 paired position of human DNA, sex organs.  To be male god would need to have ….  But that seems ridiculous and totally pointless.   In other words it make no sense, literally!  How can a spiritual being have physical properties?  What would the one god need those organs for? How could it be possible?
    ::还有一件事,神神是用男性写成和说的:上帝,父亲。上帝是怎样看待男性的?男性需要性爱的性格。上帝需要男性的性格:DNA、染色体和基因、人类DNA23对相位置的Xy染色体、性器官。要成为男性神灵,这似乎很荒谬,完全没有意义。换句话说,精神上怎么会有生理属性?一个上帝需要这些器官做什么?怎么可能?这怎么可能呢?

    P hilosophy is about ideas and about reasoning and looking at ideas and beliefs and determining if they make sense or not.  So philosophers look at the collection of ideas about the one deity, the supreme being deity, the deity of the Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition.
    ::哲学涉及思想、推理、思考、思想和信仰,以及决定它们是否合理。 因此哲学家们审视了关于一个神的思想集,其中最重要的就是神,犹太教-基督教-伊斯兰传统的神。

    There are problems with any single being having all the properties traditionally assigned to the deity of the Western religions.
    ::任何一个人拥有传统上属于西方宗教神的所有财产都存在问题。

    If the deity is all-powerful would it not have the power to create beings that would know what good was without knowing or committing evil?   If this is not possible then how is the being all-powerful ? If the being must make evil to make good then how is the being all-good ?
    ::如果众神是全能的,难道它不能造出一群人吗?那些人不知道或作恶,却不知道善恶,却不知道善恶。如果这是不可能的,那末,万能的人怎么会是全能的呢?如果作恶者欲行善,那末,行善者是怎样的呢?

    If the being is all-knowing and thus knows in advance that there will be a use of free will that produces evil and then goes and creates free will then the being has made evil and is not all-good. So, there are problems with the set of beliefs associated with the one deity of the Western religions.
    ::如果万物是全知的,而且预先知道将使用自由意志来制造邪恶,然后去创造自由意志,那么,人已作恶而非善事。因此,西方宗教的神灵与众信条之间有问题。

    The idea of god that we have appears to be a combination of ideas from the oldest time of the Judaic tradition combining with ideas of the Greeks for the spread of the idea of the Jewish god by the Christians to the Greeks and Romans.  The god of the Jews is described as a powerful and mean spirited god . The god of the Jews would order entire towns, almost all living humans on the planet to be killed.  The deity of Plato and Aristotle, Greek philosophers, came to be seen as a spiritual and all perfect being.  So the ideas of the early Christians combined features of the two traditions with some ideas of the Zoroastrians from Middle Eastern lands (Persia). Christianity is then characterized as Hellenized Hebraism!  This means that the ideas of the Greeks (Hellenes, saviors of Helen of Troy) are placed over and combined with the ideas of the Hebrews. 
    ::上帝认为,我们似乎是从古老的犹大传统时代的观念结合了希腊人的思想,将基督徒向希腊人和罗马人传播犹太神的思想结合起来。犹太人的神被称为一个强大和卑微的神。犹太人的神将命令整个城镇,地球上几乎所有活人被杀死。希腊哲学家柏拉图和亚里士多德的神灵被看成是精神上的和完美无缺的。因此早期的基督教徒的思想将这两种传统的特点与来自中东土地(帕斯利亚)的索罗亚斯斯特里亚人的一些思想结合起来。基督教被描述为希腊化的希伯来人!这意味着希腊人(希莱恩、特洛伊的海伦的救世主)的思想被翻开,并与希伯来人的思想结合在一起。

    In any exploration into what many people regard as the characteristics or properties associated with god, some would reflect on their ideas and perhaps notice a thing or two about them.  For one, some of the qualities of the deity in combination produce a problem or two, as with evil. For another, ideas people have of the deity are very interesting when you consider the implications of those qualities.
    ::在探索许多人认为与上帝相关的特征或属性时,有些人会思考他们的想法,或许会注意到他们的想法。对于一个人来说,神的一部份品质产生了一两个问题,就像邪恶一样。对于另一个人来说,人们对神的观念非常有趣,当你考虑这些品质的影响时。

    Problems with the concept of the deity of the West 
    ::西方神神的概念问题

    Now for those who believe in the god  of the Judeo-Christian–Islamic tradition they must believe in a single being with characteristics of being: supreme , all-powerful , all-good , all-perfect , all-knowing ,  eternal etc… Why must they?  Well, because they have no choice either they believe in the god  of those traditions or else they make up their own ideas and they are then actually moving out of those traditions and are giving good example of the post modern relativistic, subjectivist tradition of the twentieth century.  The religions of the West have very clear ideas about the Deity they have at the center of their beliefs.  These religions have doctrines and dogma that the faithful must accept.  Now there are many people who think they are in the Judeo–Christian-Islamic tradition but in actuality are not because they have redefined their religions to suit their personal preferences.  Even so, the idea of a supreme   being that most people have is beset with problems not the least of which is the problem of evil .  This problem comes about as a result of combining ideas of a deity found in the Hebrew Tradition with the ideas of perfection found in the works of the Greeks (Plato and Aristotle).  The concept of god  in Western religions results in some perplexing ideas.
    ::现在,那些信仰犹太教-基督教-伊斯兰传统之神的人,必须相信一个具有以下特征的单一人:至高无上的、全能的、好的、完美的、完美的、完美的、全知的、永恒的等等。 为什么他们必须相信呢? 那么,因为他们没有选择,因为他们相信这些传统的神,或者他们自己编造自己的思想,然后他们实际上正在从这些传统中走出来,并且正在为二十世纪的后现代相对主义、主体主义传统树立良好的榜样。西方的宗教对于他们信仰中心所存在的神性有着非常明确的观念。这些宗教有信徒必须接受的教义和教条。现在,许多人认为他们身在犹太教-基督教-伊斯兰传统中,但实际上并不是因为他们重新定义了他们的宗教,以适应他们的个人偏好。即使如此,一个最高思想的想法是,大多数人都面临着并非最坏的问题。这个问题产生于将希伯来希伯来宗教中发现的神性思想与西方宗教的完美思想结合起来的结果。

    Here is one more problem with the concept of the deity beside that of Evil.  Why would a perfect and supreme being create a universe?  If it was for any reason then the being would be incomplete and not yet fulfilled and thus less than perfect.  If it were for no reason other than fun, entertainment, play… then that raises another set of questions.
    ::除了邪恶之外,还有另一个关于神的概念问题。为什么一个完美和至高无上的宇宙会创造出宇宙呢?如果它是出于任何原因,那么它将是不完整的,尚未实现,因此不那么完美。如果它除了乐趣、娱乐、玩耍之外别无他的理由,那么它就会提出另一组问题。

    For those who alter their idea of the god  to suit themselves and make the deity into something other than the classic idea of the Western religions, well they can avoid some of the problems but their god  is not the god of Abraham and Moses as reported in the B ible .. They who have their own idea of god and insist that they have a right to do so would also be in violation of the first commandment that the  god of the Western religions presented to Moses.  The post modernists with their personal ideas of their own personal god have placed their god before the god of Abraham and Moses and Jesus and Mohammed.  It is popular but certainly not orthodox.  It is so popular that most who perform the substitution are unaware that they are holding ideas concerning the nature of god that would have had them condemned as heretics in prior centuries.
    ::那些改变自己对神的观念,以适应自己,使神灵变成西方宗教的经典观念以外的神灵的人,他们可以避免一部分问题,但他们的神不是《圣经》中所记载的易卜拉欣和穆萨的神。他们有自己的神灵,并且坚持自己有权这样做,那也违反西方宗教的神向摩西提出的第一个命令。那些具有自己个人神的个人思想的后现代主义者把他们的神放在亚伯拉罕、摩西、耶稣和穆罕默德的神面前,这是受欢迎的,但肯定不是正统的。他们中大多数人不知道他们持有关于神性的思想,在前几个世纪里,他们会把他们当作异教徒加以谴责。

    Another problem with the deity being all-perfect  is that the being would need to possess all perfections and if freedom is a perfection or a good thing as opposed to its opposite being not god then the deity that is all perfect would also need to be free and yet it cannot be free as it is not free to be or do anything that is less than perfect or the very best possible.  As it cannot be free it is not all-perfect.
    ::至高无上的神性的另一个问题是,人需要拥有一切完美,如果自由是完美或好事,而不是相反的不是上帝,那么,十全十美的神也需要自由,然而,它不能自由,因为它不能自由,因为不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由,不能自由。

    Problem of Sex and the Deity
    ::性与神的问题

    How is it that a deity can be thought of as a spiritual being and yet at the same time as having a sexual nature as a male or female (sexual identities known to species on planet Earth) when a sexual nature is a physical nature determined by physical entities such as chromosomes and organs?  There are psychological and sociological explanations offered as to why deities are given sexual natures by humans.  There is even now a position taken that the nature of the deity at the time of the construction of the tales at the start of the traditions in the West was not singular and the deity was at times referred to as male and other times female and even that the name given to the deity (YHWH) known as the the Tetragrammaton suggested a fluid sexual identity.
    ::如何将神灵视为精神上的存在,而与此同时,在性性质是由诸如染色体和器官等物理实体所决定的生理性质时,如何将神灵视为男性或女性(地球上物种所知道的性身份)的性性质?对于为什么神灵由人类赋予性性质,人们提出了心理和社会学的解释。甚至现在还采取了一种立场,即西方传统开始时构筑故事时神灵的性质不是单一的,神灵有时被称为男性,有时被称为女性,甚至被称为男性,甚至被称为女性,甚至被称作Tetragrammaton的神灵的名字也暗示了一种流畅的性特征。

    Philosophy Applications 
    ::哲学应用

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    EPISD Critical Knowledge and Creative Thinkers Goal
    ::EPISD 关键知识和创意思想者目标

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      Conception of God
    ::上帝的概念

    What exactly should our conception of a deity be?  Is it possible for a deity to have all the qualities associated with the god of the Judeo-Christian-Islamic tradition:  Supreme, All powerful, All good, Eternal, All Knowing, etc……
    ::我们的神究竟应该是什么概念?神能拥有犹太教-基督教-伊斯兰传统之神的一切品质吗:至高无上、至高无上、至高无上、永世无上、无所不知等等?

    What do you think of god?
    ::你觉得上帝怎么样?

    Answer the above prompt in complete sentences and in the style of a philosopher.
    ::以完整的句子和哲学家的风格迅速回答上述问题。

    Vocabulary
    ::词汇表

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    EPISD Effective Bilingual Education Goal
    ::EPISD 有效双语教育目标