Section outline

  • General

    Collapse all Expand all

  • 原子核核核核

    Close-up of jigsaw puzzle pieces on a wooden surface, partially assembled.

    How is science like a jigsaw puzzle?
    ::科学像拼图一样如何?

    Many people enjoy putting jigsaw puzzles together.  As the different pieces go together, the picture begins to become clearer.  When the puzzle is completed, you see that what had been a confused collection of individual components that made little or no sense by themselves fit together to give a clear picture.
    ::许多人喜欢把拼图拼图拼在一起。 随着不同拼图的拼图拼合在一起,图片开始变得更加清晰。 当拼图拼图完成后,你就会看到一个混为一谈的单个组件集集,这些元件本身几乎或完全没有意义,它们合在一起就能清晰地描绘出一个清晰的画面。

    Science works the same way as a jigsaw puzzle.  Different researchers make individual discoveries that answer a specific question or questions.  When enough data are gathered, we get a better understanding of a process or a structure.  The experiments of Crooke, Millikan, Rutherford, and many others gave us pieces of the puzzle that is the atomic nucleus .
    ::科学与拼图一样有效。 不同的研究人员做出个别发现,回答一个特定的问题。 如果收集到足够的数据,我们就能更好地了解一个过程或结构。 克罗克、 米利坎、卢瑟福德和其他许多实验给了我们一块拼图,那就是原子核。

    Different Models of the Nucleus
    ::" 核心 " 不同模型

    After the and were discovered, people began to try to build a picture of the .  The Thomson model had electrons mixed in with a positive core of some sort that provided electrical neutrality.  Rutherford showed that this model was incomplete.  His picture of the atom involved a small solid core that alpha particles could zoom past with very few collisions.  So the picture of the atom became a little clearer – electrons surrounded a very small core nucleus.  The discovery of the helped fill out the picture even more.  We now have protons and neutrons in a concentrated center of the atom with electrons surrounding the nucleus.
    ::发现后,人们开始尝试绘制图象。汤姆森模型将电子与某种能提供电子中和的正核混合在一起。卢瑟福德显示该模型不完整。他关于原子的图象涉及一个小的固态核,该原子的粒子可以通过很少的碰撞来放大过去。因此原子的图象变得略为清晰 — — 电子环绕着一个很小的核心核。发现该模型有助于更全面地填充图象。我们现在在原子的集中中心有质子和中子,核心周围有电子。

    One problem still existed.  We have a number of positively charged protons in the nucleus.  Why don't they push each other apart? Physicists postulate a strong nuclear force that acts at very short distances. At these distances the attraction between protons is greater than the force causing the positive charges to push each other away. Neutrons are also involved in this process somehow.  So the strong force holds protons together, it holds neutrons together, and it causes protons and neutrons to be attracted to one another.
    ::还有一个问题仍然存在。 我们核中有一些正电质子。 为什么它们不相互推开? 物理学家们假设有强大的核力量在很短的距离内运行。 质子之间的吸引力大于导致积极电荷相互推开的力量。 中子也参与了这一过程。 因此强力将质子放在一起, 它把中子放在一起, 并导致质子和中子被相互吸引。

     

       

    Summary 
    ::摘要

    • Rutherford proposed a model of the atomic nucleus which had a solid core.
      ::卢瑟福提议了一个原子核心模型 其核心是坚固的
    • Physicists postulate a strong nuclear force holds the protons and neutrons together in the nucleus of the atom.
      ::物理学家假定强力核力量 将质子和中子放在原子核心

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How did Rutherford change our thinking about atomic structure?
      ::卢瑟福是如何改变我们对原子结构的想法的?
    2. What is our current picture of the atom?
      ::我们目前关于原子的情况是什么?
    3. Why is the presence of positively charged protons a problem with current models of the atom?
      ::为什么现在的原子模型 与有正面反应的质子的存在有问题?
    4. How do we explain why the nucleus does not fall apart?
      ::我们如何解释核心为何不崩溃?