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  • 心理-心理问题

    Problem: Mind and Body
    ::问题:精神与身体

    No doubt about it, we are acculturated with the idea that we have minds. Yes, minds!  We are taught in many different ways that we have both minds and bodies. Very few doubt this and very few think much about the meaning of this belief that we have both a body and a mind. We learn of this view from many sources and as those around us appear to share in the same view, we have no reason to doubt it or question it. However, there are problems with the view and more and more people are changing their beliefs and positions as experience, critical thinking and science appear to provide reasons and evidence that challenge the popular belief.
    ::毫无疑问,我们有思想,有思想,有思想,有思想,有思想,有思想,有多种不同的方式教导我们,有思想和身体,很少有人怀疑这种信念的含义,我们从许多方面和我们周围的人看来都认为这种看法是相同的,我们没有理由怀疑或质疑这种看法。然而,观点存在问题,越来越多的人正在改变他们的信仰和立场,因为经验、批判性思维和科学似乎提供了质疑大众信仰的理由和证据。

    We believe that we have a body and a mind and somehow they are different from one another. Our language reinforces this view as well. Many common expressions assume this view that humans have minds.
    ::我们认为,我们有一个身体和一种思想,不知何故,它们彼此不同,我们的语言也加强了这种观点。许多共同的表达方式都认为人类有思想。

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    EPISD Critical Knowledge and Creative Thinking Goal
    ::EPISD 关键知识和创造性思维目标

    Consider the following fairly common expressions in the English language:    
    ::考虑以下相当常见的英语表达方式:

    • What’s on your mind?
      ::你在想什么?
    • Are you losing your mind? 
      ::你疯了吗?
    • Are you out of your mind?                          
      ::你疯了吗?
    • A mind is a terrible thing to waste. 
      ::一个人的思想是可怕的浪费。
    • You are always on my mind.
      ::你总是在我脑海里
    • Great minds think alike!
      ::伟大的头脑会想得一样!
    • Free your mind.
      ::自由的心意 自由的心意 自由的心意 自由的心意 自由的心意 自由的心意 自由的心意 自由的心意 自由的心意 自由的心意
    • What are you a master mind or something?
      ::你是什么大脑还是什么?
    •  It is a matter of mind over matter.
      ::这个问题是一个思想问题。
    •  I have a mind to… 
      ::我有一个想法...
    • He has a mind like a steel trap.
      ::他有像钢铁陷阱一样的头脑
    • Back of one's mind
      ::脑后回想
    • Bear in mind
      ::记住
    • Blow one's mind
      ::吹吹一个人的心
    • Boggle the mind
      ::错乱大脑
    • Bring to mind
      ::带回记忆
    • Call to mind
      ::唤起记忆
    • Cross one's mind
      ::十字心的十字心
    • Change one's mind
      ::改变心意
    • Come to mind
      ::想起来了
    • Frame of mind
      ::思维框架框架
    • Go out of one's mind
      ::发自内心的疯狂
    • Great minds
      ::伟大的心灵
    • Half a mind
      ::半心半心
    • Have a good mind to
      ::好好想着
    • In one's mind's eye
      ::在一个人的心眼里
    • In one's right mind
      ::在一个人的正确心意中
    • Know one's own mind
      ::知道一个人的心
    • Load off one's mind
      ::将一个人的脑袋卸下
    • Lose one's mind
      ::失去理智
    • Make up one's mind
      ::自己决定吧
    • Meeting of the minds
      ::心智相决
    • Never mind
      ::没关系
    • Of two minds
      ::两种思想
    • One-track mind
      ::单轨思维
    • On one's mind
      ::一心一意
    • Open mind
      ::开放思想
    • Closed minded
      ::闭闭闭心灵
    • Piece of one's mind
      ::心灵的一小片
    • Presence of mind
      ::思想的存在
    • Prey on one's mind
      ::一个人心想的Prey
    • Put one in mind of
      ::记住
    • Read someone's mind
      ::读别人的心
    • Set one's mind at rest
      ::休息时放心自在
    • Slip one's mind
      ::转动一个人的心
    • Speak one's mind
      ::说出自己的心意
    • To my mind
      ::在我脑中
    • It's all in your mind
      ::这一切都在你的脑中
    • Don't mind
      ::不要介意
    • Put your mind to it
      ::专心致志
    • Mind bending
      ::头脑弯曲
    • Narrow minded
      ::心心狭隘
    • Messing with your mind
      ::乱想乱想
    • Mind games
      ::思想游戏游戏
    • Mind boggling
      ::头脑混杂
    • State of mind  
      ::思想状态
    • Out of sight (out of mind)
      ::失明(失明)
    • Peace of mind
      ::心灵和平
    • Mind over matter
      ::思念在物质上
    • No doubt in my mind
      ::我心中毫无疑问
    • Wrap your mind around this
      ::环绕着这个环绕着你的心
    • In my mind's eye
      ::在我脑中
    • Set your mind to it
      ::专心致志
    • Get your mind out of the gutter
      ::让你的头脑走出阴沟
    • A meeting of the minds
      ::思想的交汇
    • Great minds think alike
      ::高明的心智相像
    • Peace of mind    
      ::心灵和平
    • Beyond my mind's comprehension
      ::我无法理解
    • Put your mind at ease
      ::思想放轻松

    There are a number of movies that have been made that contain as themes or as devices, the exchange of minds or the migration of a mind from one body to another. In these movies the idea is clearly in view and assumed that the mind is an entity that is not physical and can move from one body (brain) to another and along with it goes the person. There are movies in which minds are switched between two persons of opposite sex, skin color, or ethnicity or social or economic status.
    ::制作的电影中,有一些是主题或装置、思想交流或思想从一个身体转移到另一个身体。在这些电影中,思想是清晰可见的,并假定思想是一个实体,不是身体的,可以从一个身体(脑)转移到另一个身体(脑),也可以随身体而去。在有些电影中,思想在两个异性、肤色、种族或社会或经济地位的人之间转换。

    lesson content

    EPISD Critical Knowledge and Creative Thinking Goal
    ::EPISD 关键知识和创造性思维目标

    Consider these:
    ::考虑以下几点:

    • Big
      ::大
    • All of Me
      ::我所有的人
    • 17 Again
      ::再来17次
    • Vice V ersa
      ::副韦尔萨
    • Like Father Like Son
      ::像像儿子一样像父亲一样
    • Dream A  Little Dream
      ::梦想一个小梦
    • Man W ith Two Brains
      ::两脑人
    • Prelude To A  Kiss
      ::以吻为先
    • Ghost
      ::鬼灵
    • Chances A re
      ::可能的机会
    • Family M an
      ::家庭男子
    • Mr. Destiny
      ::命运先生
    • Frequency
      ::频率频率频率
    • Freaky Friday
      ::怪怪的星期五
    • Wish Upon A  Star
      ::星星一星一星一星一星一星一星一星一星 一星一星一星一星一星一星一星一星一星一星一星一星一星一星
    • Source C ode
      ::源代码

    In all of them there is the common element--that the mind of a person is the seat of that person’s being and identity. Further, the films appear to teach us that the mind of a person can "move" from one site or physical human body (brain) to another. We shall not consider whether or not such "switching" is possible (at least not as a planned part of this course). Instead just focus on the idea of a mind as something that can, at least in theory and in the movies, occupy one or another human body. It is not something physical, and can move right through matter, the brain, the wall, and the atmosphere and arrive inside of another head, skull, and brain. There are many films that depict minds or soul moving through physical barriers and entering another human body. Now people viewing these films don’t generally get up a leave the theater or change the channel because they believe that such events are not possible and are preposterous. No, quite the contrary, audiences are prepared to accept the possibility that such events might occur and they remain to follow the rest of the action in the film. 
    ::在所有这些影片中,都有共同的元素 — 一个人的心智是一个人的自我和身份的所在地。 此外,电影似乎告诉我们一个人的心智可以从一个站点或身体(脑)“移动 ” 到另一个人的身体(脑 ) 。 我们不应该考虑这种“魔术”是否可能(至少不是这门课的一个计划部分 ) 。 相反,他们只关注心智的想法,至少在理论和电影中,可以占据一个人或另一个人的身体。它不是物理的东西,也可以通过物质、大脑、墙壁、大气和另一个头、头骨和大脑来移动。有很多描绘人的思想或灵魂的电影通过身体屏障进入另一个人的身体。现在,看这些电影的人一般不会离开剧院或改变频道,因为他们认为这种事情不可能发生,而且是荒谬的。 恰恰相反,观众准备接受这种事件可能发生的可能性,并且继续跟踪电影的其余动作。

    Ghost- Clip
    ::幽灵翻转

    These films tend to be comedies, romantics or even horror. They are part of the culture. The result is that we have a great number of people who believe that they possess a mind and that it is something that makes them what they are or it is what houses their personal identities.  Further, they believe that the mind is not a physical entity but that it is non-physical, even spiritual, and can survive outside of the physical body and somehow can survive the death of the body and over half of the world’s people believe that it is capable of entering into another body and having another life (reincarnation, metempsychosis, the transmigration of souls).  This view that we have both a non-physical mind and a physical body is known as dualism .
    ::这些电影往往是喜剧、浪漫甚至恐怖的电影。它们是文化的一部分。结果是,我们有很多人相信他们拥有一种思想,而这种思想是使他们成为自己或拥有个人身份的东西。 此外,他们认为,这种思想不是物质实体,而是非物质实体,甚至是精神实体,可以在身体之外生存,并且可以某种程度上在身体死亡之后生存下去,世界上超过一半的人相信它能够进入另一个身体,拥有另一种生命(再生、美化、灵魂迁移 ) 。 这种观点认为,我们既有非身体的心理,也有身体的体质,被称为二元主义。

    Now there are some that have come to doubt and disbelieve in such a view. They have been brought up with another belief system or have come to disbelieve in dualism due to a consideration of evidence and the implications of the claims of the dualists.  Of those who do not believe that we have both a body and a mind are those who do not believe that we have bodies. These are known as idealists .  Another group, growing larger all the time, believes that we do not have mind at all, at least not as a separate and non-physical entity apart from our physical bodies. What we have are only physical bodies, which include the brain, which is responsible for what previously was thought to be the work of the mind.
    ::现在,有人怀疑,有人不信这种观点。他们曾被教化成另一种信仰体系,或由于证据的考虑和二元论者主张的影响而不信二元论。那些不相信我们既有身体又有思想的人,就是那些不相信我们有身体的人。这些人被称为理想主义者。另一个不断成长的团体认为我们根本没有思想,至少没有思想,除了我们的身体外,我们没有独立和无形的实体。我们只有身体,包括大脑,他们负责以前认为是大脑的工作。

    How is it that there is a problem with the commonly held belief that human beings have both minds and bodies? How is it that there are a number of different views on this?  What is the correct view? If there is a problem? What is the solution?
    ::普遍认为人有头脑和身体的信念怎么会有问题?对此又有什么不同看法?正确的观点是什么?如果有问题?解决办法是什么?

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    The problem comes about once you really consider what the implications are of believing that minds are not physical objects and that they still somehow or other influence the physical object that is our brain in order to get our bodies to do what they do. Nothing seems more obvious to most people but that our minds do interact with our bodies. I make up my mind to type something and my mind gets my brain to stimulate the neurons that continue to excite other neurons through my body down to my arms, hands and fingers which strike the keys according to the ideas and the plan that my mind is directing them to follow. It is quite obvious.  But wait! Lots of things have been obvious at one time or another and then have turned out not to be true. Could this be one of them? That sun looks not so big, not so hot, not so far away and that it is moving and yet I know now that despite how it appears and how I thought of the sun, that it simply isn’t true. The truth is quite otherwise. Could this be the case with the idea that I have a mind? More and more people are coming to think so.  Why? 
    ::一旦你真正思考了 认为大脑不是物理物体 并且它们仍然以某种方式或其他方式影响 作为我们大脑的物理物体 以便让我们的身体做他们该做的事, 这个问题就会发生。 大多数人似乎没有比这更明显的事情, 但我们的大脑确实与我们的身体互动。 我下定决心打字一些东西, 我的大脑得到我的大脑来刺激神经元, 这些神经元继续通过我的身体刺激其他神经元, 进入我的手臂, 手和手指, 这些神经元根据我的思想和计划, 敲动钥匙。 这是很明显的。 但是等待! 很多事情在某个时候是显而易见的, 结果却不是真实的。 这会不会是它们中的一个呢? 太阳看起来不那么大,不那么热,没有那么远, 它正在移动着,而我现在知道,尽管它看起来如何,我是如何想到太阳,但是它根本不是真实的。 事实并非如此。 这是否与我有思想的想法有关? 越来越多的人会这样思考呢?为什么呢?

    • What is a mind? 
      ::什么是大脑?
    • Do you have a mind that is separate from your brain?
      ::你有大脑与大脑分开的头脑吗?
    • Are you sure?
      ::你确定吗?
    • How do you know this?
      ::你怎么知道这个?

    Rene D escartes thought he had proven that we have minds and that they are not material and that we do not need to have a body to have a mind. He arrived at the following idea as his first indubitable idea or clear and distinct idea or obvious truth.
    ::Rene Descartes认为,他已经证明我们有思想,这些思想不是物质,我们不需要一个身体来有思想。 他提出以下想法,作为他第一个无可置疑的想法,或者明确而独特的想法或明显的真理。

    Cogito, ergo sum :   I think, therefore I am  
    ::Cogito,ergo sum:我想,所以我是

    Okay, so you know you have a mind. You must have one because you think. Because you think you also know that you exist in some way. But is the mind (the thing you think with)the same sort of thing as the body, or is it different? If it is different, how is it different?  According to Descartes there are two very different sorts of things that exist or substances: the physical and the spiritual or non-physical. Brains are part of the physical realm and minds are part of the non-physical realm. The two realms make up all that is real.
    :sad笑声) (笑声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声(掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌) (掌声) (掌) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声(掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声) (掌声)

    Dualism is the distinction between
    ::双重主义是区别

    • Physical realm: matter   
      ::物理领域:物质
    • non-physical realm: spirit
      ::精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、精神、

       Bodies                                                                  
    ::机构 机构 机构 机构 机构 机构 机构 机构 机构 机构 机构 机构

    • Have mass, density
      ::具有质量、密度
    • Have location 
      ::具有位置位置
    • Have tactile properties
      ::有触觉属性
    • Have taste, smell, etc.
      ::有品味,有气味,等等。
    • Have duration
      ::拥有期限
    • Are physical
      ::身体上的

     

       Minds
    ::心灵

    • Have no mass
      ::没有质量
    • Have no location
      ::没有位置
    • Have no tactile properties
      ::没有触觉属性
    • Have no taste, smell, etc.
      ::没有品味,没有气味,等等。
    • Have no duration
      ::无持续时间
    • Are not physical
      ::身体不是身体上的

    So, for D escartes and many people before and since his writing the mind is distinct from the body - they are two different sorts of things. 
    ::因此,对于笛卡尔和许多人来说, 在他写作之前和自从他写作以来, 思想与身体是不同的, 它们是两种不同的事物。

    Dualism: the view that there are two sorts of substance in the universe - physical and non-physical. 
    ::二元论:认为宇宙有两种物质——物理和非物理物质——的观点。

    With dualism comes many problems concerning the existence and relation of the two substances. One of those problems is the one we focus one here. So, how does the non-physical mind bring about a causal change (motion) in a physical substance?  Finally, we have it!  This is the problem. How does the non-physical mind bring about a causal change (motion) in a physical substance?
    ::与这两种物质的存在和关系有关的二元主义问题很多,其中之一是我们在这里集中处理的问题之一。非物理思维如何导致物质因果变化(感动)?最后,我们有了!这就是问题所在。非物理思维如何导致物质因果变化(感动)呢?

    The Mind/Body Problem
    ::思想/身体问题

    Think of it this way: a mind, being non-physical, would not be able to contact, touch, move, tingle, excite, push, shove, a physical object such as a brain, a neuron, a synaptic fluid or molecule of any type because they are all physical. Consider it this way: in the films that show minds being changed or that show non-physical or spiritual beings, these entities are shown to move right through walls, skulls, windows, brains and all other physical objects.  So, if a mind is not physical and moves through physical objects, then how does the mind get the brain to react or act or to do anything, for that matter. The mind is not made of matter, the brain is.  How can something not made of matter or energy because something made of matter and energy to do anything?
    ::以这种方式思考它: 大脑是非物理的, 无法接触、 触摸、 移动、 触摸、 触摸、 触摸、 振动、 推力、 推力、 推力等物理物体, 如大脑、 神经元、 合成液或分子, 因为它们都是物理的。 以这种方式来思考它: 在显示心正在改变或显示非物理或精神生命的电影中, 这些实体被显示在墙壁、 头骨、 窗口、 大脑和所有其他物理物体中移动。 所以, 如果一种思想不是物理的, 也不是通过物理物体移动, 那么大脑是如何让大脑反应或行动, 或者做任何事情的。 大脑是。 大脑不是物质, 大脑是。 事物不是物质或能量制造的事物, 怎么会因为物质和能量制造的事物做任何事情?

    Freaky Friday
    ::怪怪的星期五

    Descartes thought that it was through the pineal gland! (he thought it was the master control unit where the soul contacted the brain (body) because it was singular and not doubled as are other parts of the brain.) Scientific investigation has now proven that the pineal gland does not function as a central control unit for the brain.
    ::笛卡尔认为它是穿过松树腺的! (他以为是灵魂接触大脑(身体)的主控制单位, 因为灵魂是单数而不是大脑其他部分的倍数。 )科学调查现在已经证明松树腺不作为大脑的中央控制单位。

    Problem : the pineal gland is still a physical thing how does the mind excite it? Or excite the neurons, for that matter? Suppose you would think that it is through a harmonic vibration?
    ::问题:松树腺仍然是物理物质, 大脑是如何兴奋的呢? 或者刺激神经元呢?如果你认为它是通过和谐振动吗?

    Problem: how does a non-physical thing, vibrate?
    ::问题:一个非物理的东西如何 振动?

    Problem : how do we explain the interaction of the mind and body?
    ::问题:我们如何解释大脑和身体的相互作用?

    Mind certainly seems to effect the body: just move your fingers, toes, etc. Some evidence suggests that mind can heal the body.  Body certainly seems to effect the mind: strokes are physical, yet effect the cognitive. Drugs and a high fever can disturb our abilities to think, to focus, concentrate, calculate, etc...mental states can effect changes in the body. There appears to be plenty of evidence from experience in support of some type of interact going on between the mind and the brain. Or is it the brain and the body? 
    ::脑部似乎显然会影响身体: 动动你的手指、脚趾等等。 一些证据表明,脑部可以治愈身体。 身体当然会影响大脑: 中风是身体的,但影响认知。 药物和高烧会干扰我们思考、集中、集中、计算等等的能力。 精神状态可以影响身体的改变。 从经验看,似乎有很多证据可以支持大脑和大脑之间的某种互动。 或者说,大脑和身体?

    Problem : If the mind is a non-physical entity and not the physical brain then harm to the physical brain should not cause any changes in the functioning of the mind. Yet when the brain suffers a physical change from:
    ::问题:如果大脑是一个非物理实体,而不是脑部,那么对脑部的伤害不应导致脑部功能的任何改变。然而,当脑部发生物理变化时:

    • Physical blow to the brain
      ::身体对大脑的打击
    • Electrical shock to the brain
      ::脑电震动
    • Disease growths in the brain
      ::大脑疾病增长
    • Chemical imbalance in the brain
      ::大脑的化学不平衡
    • Chemicals induced into the brain
      ::化学品进入大脑

    All of these physical events produce a change in the way people remember, feel, think, and act. If the mind is not physical and not the brain then why do these changes in the brain make any difference to how the mind operates? We know that the physical events made  those changes but how can that be explained if the dualists are correct? Dualism says there should be no consequence to the mind, if it is not physical it cannot be touched by physical agents and acts.
    ::所有这些物理事件都改变了人们的记忆、感觉、思考和行动方式。如果大脑不是身体而不是大脑,那么为什么大脑的这些变化会改变大脑的运行方式? 我们知道,物理事件造成了这些变化,但如果二元论是正确的,那又如何解释这些变化?二元论说,如果不是身体,大脑不应该产生任何后果,物理物剂和行为不能触动大脑。

    Think of all the stories you have read and heard about the mind and what it is supposed to do or to have. Is it your mind that thinks, hopes, dreams, has memories and feelings, and calculates and can imagine things? Our own experiences and the careful study of scientists challenge the part of the story that claims that the mind is non-physical and separate from our bodies. Neuroscience and research is indicating that the entire list is accounted for without need of postulating or claiming or believing in some non-physical mind. Memories, hopes, emotions, and plans are all being located in electrical and chemical and physical entities in the brain.
    ::想想你读过和听到过的所有关于思想及其应该做什么或应该做什么的故事。你的思维是否思考、希望、梦想、记忆和感情,以及计算和想象事情?我们自己的经验和对科学家的仔细研究对声称思想是非物理的和与我们身体分离的部分提出了挑战。神经科学和研究表明,整个清单的计算不需要假定或主张或相信某些非物理思想。记忆、希望、情感和计划都位于大脑中的电气、化学和物理实体中。

    Chemicals influence the physical brain. Chemicals enter the brain cells and alter emotions, perceptions, moods, abilities and more. When they do so it is evidence that there is a  physical mind. Why? The chemicals are physical, they influence the physical brain, the brain influences the feelings and memory and thinking of the person. In this, there is no non-physical mind involved. If the mind was a non-physical it would not be influenced by physical blows or chemicals in the brain since the non-physical mind cannot be touched by physical agents.
    ::化学物质会影响脑部。化学物质会进入脑细胞,并改变情感、感觉、情绪、能力等等。当化学物质进入大脑细胞时,它们就会证明有物理意识。为什么?化学物质是物理的,它们会影响脑部,大脑会影响人的感情、记忆和思维。在这一点上,没有涉及非物理的心理。如果思想是非物理的,它就不会受到大脑中物理打击或化学物质的影响,因为非物理思想不会被物理媒介感动。

    So the mind body problem is located in this precise question of how is it that non-physical entities called "minds" can have any influence over the physical brain or interact with it or cause it to do anything?
    ::所以脑部的问题 在于这个精确的问题, 即所谓的“心”的非物理实体 如何能对大脑 产生任何影响, 或与大脑互动, 或导致大脑做任何事情?

    4 traditional and most logical options:
    ::4个传统和最符合逻辑的选项:

    1. Dualism : two kinds of substance mind and body (brain) that interact or are coordinated in some way.
      ::二元论:两种物质思维和身体(脑)以某种方式相互作用或协调。
    2. Monism : one kind of substance.
      ::单调:一种物质。
    3. Materialism : only material substance exists, there is no spirit.
      ::物质主义:只有物质物质存在,就没有精神。
    4. Idealism : only spiritual substance exists, there is no matter.
      ::理想主义:只有精神物质存在,没有关系。

    We shall examine all the options and then you shall decide for yourself what you should believe.
    ::我将检查一切选择,然后你们自己决定你们所应当信仰的是什么。

    There are the essentialists who believe that mind does exist. They believe in such concepts as the Self, the I, the Ego, and other ideas indicating that there is in the human being an entity that exists and yet is not physical but occupies or associates with the physical body. Among philosophers who have thought so are: P lato, Aristotle, Descartes, and Leibniz. 
    ::有些基本论者认为思想确实存在,他们相信自我、我、伊戈等概念,相信其他观点,认为人类存在实体,但实体并非有形实体,而是占据实体或与身体有关联的实体。 曾这样认为的哲学家包括:柏拉图、亚里士多德、笛卡尔和莱布尼兹。

    Possible approaches to the mind - body problem 
    ::处理脑----身体问题的可能办法

    1. Dualism mind and body both exist
      ::双重思想和身体都存在
    2. Variations
      1. Interactionism - minds and bodies exist and interact in some way
        ::互动 -- -- 思想和身体存在,以某种方式互动
      2. Epiphenomenalism - body acts on mind but minds do not act on bodies
        ::情感-身体在思想上行动,但思想不在身体上行动
      3. Double aspect theory  - there is one substance with two aspects (mind/body)
        ::双重方面理论 -- -- 有一种物质,有两个方面(小/体)
      4. Parallelism - minds and bodies exist in separate dimensions and are coordinated
        ::平行主义----思想和团体存在不同层面,相互协调
      5. Pre-established harmony  - minds and bodies are set in motion and coordinated from the beginning of time by a deity that creates the universe
        ::预先建立的和谐 -- -- 思想和身体由创造宇宙的神灵从开始启动并协调
      6. Occasionalism - on the occasion of the mind making a decision the body is moved by the creator (deity) to do whatever the mind has decided to make the body do.
        ::偶发主义-当思想做出决定时 身体被创造者(神)感动 做任何决定 使身体做决定的事情
      7. Monism: materialism - only body exists there are no minds.  The brain accounts for the activities previously associated with the mind. In Monism: Materialism there are several variations such as;
        1. Behaviorism
          ::行为行为主义
        2. Logical behaviorism
          ::逻辑行为主义
        3. Semantic behaviorism
          ::语义行为主义
        4. Folklore
          ::民俗
        5. Functionalism
          ::实权主义
        6. Structuralism
          ::结构主义

        ::主体主义: 物质主义 - 只有身体是没有头脑的。 大脑是以前与思想相关的活动的代号。 在主体主义中: 物质主义有多种不同, 比如: 行为学逻辑行为主义; 语言主义行为主义; 民俗行为主义; 功能主义结构主义。
      8. Monism: idealism - there are no bodies only minds. All that exists is ideas.  All is idea in the mind of the creator. Each human is a subset of ideas in the mind of the creator. We have similar ideas at similar times and think that we have bodies and are experiencing the same computers and rooms and chairs as other people because all is coordinated in the mind of the creator of all. The D ivine C reator thought of the creation and there it was, as ideas in the mind of the creator.
        1. In this world Hinduism holds a form of this and C hristian S cientists hold similar views.
          ::在这个世界上,印度教有一种这种形式,基督教科学家也有类似的看法。

        ::理想主义: 理想主义 - 没有机构 只有思想。 所有存在的东西都是思想。 所有的东西都是在创造者的思想中。 每个人在创造者的思想中都是思想的子集。 我们有着相似的想法, 认为我们的身体和经历的计算机、房间和椅子与其他人相同, 因为所有人都在创造者的思想中相互协调。 神造者对创造和创造的思考,就像创造者的思想中的思想一样。 在这个世界上,印度教拥有一种这种观点,基督教科学家也有类似的观点。

      ::互动 - 思想和身体存在,互动方式有某种方式; 思想和身体—— 身体在思想上行动,但思想在身体上不采取行动; 双重方面理论 - 有一种物质,有两个方面(精神/身体)的平行主义—— 思想和身体存在于不同的层面,并且相互协调: 思想和身体从一开始就通过创造宇宙的神性而运动和协调; 思想和身体是由创造者(信仰)在思想作出决策时(信仰),身体被创造者(信仰)所感动, 做任何决定,做任何决定。 名教: 物质主义 - 只有没有思想存在。 大脑解释以前与思想相关的活动。 在名教中: 物质主义有多种不同的方面,例如; 建筑学: 理论学: 学: 理论行为学: 理论性行为主义; 理论论: 理论论: 理论论- 没有只有心灵。 所有事物的存在都是思想的创造者(信仰) 思想都是创造者思想的一部分。 每个人类思想都是创造者思想的一部分。 我们有着相似的理念, 在类似时代和思想中, 我们有类似的想法, 思想在电脑和思想中, 思想是相同的思想, 思想是 思想是相同的, 思想, 思想是 思想, 思想和思想是相同的, 思想的, 思想是, 思想是, 思想, 思想是, 思想是, 思想和思想和思想, 思想, 思想是, 思想是, 思想, 思想, 思想的, 思想的, 思想的, 思想, 思想的, 思想是, 思想, 思想是, 思想的, 思想的, 思想的, 思想的,是相同的,是相同的, 思想的, 思想的, 和思想和思想的,是, 思想的, 思想的,是,是,是,是,是,是, 思想的,是,是,是, 思想的,是,是, 思想的,是,是,是,是, 思想的,是,是,是,是,是,是, 和思想和思想和思想的,是的,是, 和思想的,是,是的,是的,是的,是,是,是,是,是,是,是,是,

    These questions are part of a branch or sub area of philosophy known as philosophy of mind.  It is one of the most modern of the areas within philosophy. Today it has been influenced by questions being asked in Computer Science, Psychology, N europhysiology, etc. Why?
    ::这些问题是被称为思想哲学的哲学分支或子领域的一部分,是哲学中最现代的领域之一,今天受到计算机科学、心理学、神经生理学等问题的影响。 为什么?

    First computers could do amazing things:
    ::第一台电脑可以做惊人的事情:

    • once they are programmed they are more accurate than humans, and
      ::一旦编程了它们,它们比人类更准确,
    • they are faster at complex computations than humans
      ::复杂的计算速度比人类快

    These devices raise interesting questions such as: what was the machine doing? Could a machine think? To assist us we have a variety of disciplines, each with a great deal of knowledge and a number of theories and each with its own problems.
    ::这些装置提出了一些有趣的问题,比如:机器在做什么?机器能思考吗?为了帮助我们,我们有各种各样的学科,每个学科都拥有大量知识,有一些理论,每个学科都有自己的问题。

    • N europhysiology - knows a lot about how the brain works as a biological mechanism, but cannot find thought anywhere.
      ::神经生理学 — 了解大脑如何作为生物机制, 但任何地方都找不到思考。
    • C omputer science - a great deal of information with respect to the computer, but no knowledge of how to program "thought" into the machine.
      ::电脑科学—— 大量关于电脑的信息, 但却不知道如何将“思考”编程到机器中。
    • Psychology - knowledge of how people behave, but not of consciousness itself or internationality.
      ::- 了解人们的行为方式的心理学知识,但不了解意识本身或国际性。
    • Philosophy - many theories about all of the above - no consensus
      ::哲学-许多关于上述所有这一切的理论-没有共识

    In the following sections we will discuss each of the approaches.
    ::在以下各节中,我们将讨论每种办法。

    Read
    ::已读

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    EPISD Informed Problem Solvers Goal
    ::EPISD 信息化解决问题者目标

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    Philosophical Application
    ::哲学应用

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    EPISD Critical Knowledge and Creative Thinking Goal
    ::EPISD 关键知识和创造性思维目标

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    Read the following quote and answer the question.
    ::阅读以下引文并回答问题。

    “How often has it happened to me that in the night I dreamt that I found myself in this particular place…while in reality I was lying in bed.”
    ::“我常常在晚上梦见自己身处这个特定的地方......而实际上我躺在床上。”

    Can you be certain that you’re not dreaming right now? If so, how?
    ::你能肯定你现在不是在做梦吗?

    Suppose you fell in love with someone who seemed to be the most intelligent, witty, and caring person you’ve ever met. Now suppose that “person” turns out to be an android. 
    ::假设你爱上了一个你见过的最聪明、机智和关怀的人。 现在假设“人”是机器人。

    1. Would you conclude that he or she doesn’t have a mind? Why or why not? 
      ::为何或为何不呢?
    2. Would you still love him or her? Why or why not?
      ::你还会爱他还是她?

    Vocabulary
    ::词汇表

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    EPISD Effective Bilingual Education Goal
    ::EPISD 有效双语教育目标