5.14 量数

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  量数

  

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  Can you guess how many people are in this stadium?
  ::你能猜到这个体育场里有多少人吗?

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  If you attend a college or professional football game, you need a ticket to get in. It is very likely that your ticket may specify a gate number, a section number, a row, and a seat number. No other ticket can have the same four parts to it. It may have the same gate, section, and seat number, but it would have to be in a different row. Each seat is unique and allows only one occupant to fill it.
  ::如果您参加大学或专业足球比赛,您需要一张入场罚单。您的入场罚单很可能会指定一个门号、区号、区号、行号和座位号。其他任何一张门票都不能有相同的四个部分。它可能有相同的门号、区号和座位号,但必须是不同的行。每个座位都是独一无二的,只允许一位乘客填写。

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  Quantum Numbers
  ::量数

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  We use a series of specific numbers, called quantum numbers , to describe the location of an in an associated . Quantum numbers specify the properties of the atomic and the electrons in those orbitals. An electron in an atom or has four quantum numbers to describe its state. Think of them as important variables in an equation which describes the three-dimensional position of electrons in a given atom.
  ::我们用一系列的具体数字,称为量子数字,来描述一个相关数字的位置。量子数字具体说明原子和这些轨道中的电子的特性。原子中的电子或有四个量子数字来描述其状态。在描述一个特定原子中电子的三维位置的方程式中,把它们视为重要的变量。

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  Principal Quantum Number "> $\begin{align*}(n)\end{align*}$
  ::主要量数

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  The principal quantum number , signified by "> $\begin{align*}(n)\end{align*}$ , is the main energy level occupied by the electron. Energy levels are fixed distances from the nucleus of a given atom. They are described in whole number increments (e.g., 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ...). At location $\begin{align*}n=1\end{align*}$ , an electron would be closest to the nucleus, while  $\begin{align*}n=2\end{align*}$ the electron would be farther, and  $\begin{align*}n=3\end{align*}$ farther yet. As we will see, the principal quantum number corresponds to the row number for an atom on the periodic table .
  ::以 表示的主量数是电子使用的主要能量水平; 能源水平与给定原子核的距离是固定的, 它们以整数递增方式描述( 例如, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, ......)。 在 n=1 位置, 电子将最接近核, 而 n=2 电子将更远, n=3 更远。 正如我们所看到的, 主量数与周期表上的原子的行号相对应。

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  Angular Momentum Quantum Number  $\begin{align*}(l)\end{align*}$
  ::角动量量数 (l)

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  The angular momentum quantum number , signified as $\begin{align*}(l)\end{align*}$ , describes the general shape or region an electron occupies – its orbital shape. The value of $\begin{align*}l\end{align*}$ depends on the value of the principle quantum number $\begin{align*}n\end{align*}$ . The angular momentum quantum number can have positive values of zero to $\begin{align*}(n-1)\end{align*}$ . If $\begin{align*}n=2\end{align*}$ ,  $\begin{align*}l\end{align*}$ could be either 0 or 1.
  ::角动量量数以 (l) 符号表示,描述电子占据的一般形状或区域-其轨道形状。I值取决于原则量数值 n。角动量量数的正值为零至(n-1) 1。如果 n=2, 则 n=2, 值为0或1。

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  Magnetic Quantum Number $\begin{align*}(m_l)\end{align*}$
  ::磁量量数(毫升)

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  The magnetic quantum number , signified as $\begin{align*}(m_l)\end{align*}$ , describes the orbital orientation in space. Electrons can be situated in one of three planes in three dimensional space around a given nucleus  $\begin{align*}(x, y,\end{align*}$ and $\begin{align*}z)\end{align*}$ . For a given value of the angular momentum quantum number $\begin{align*}l\end{align*}$ , there can be  $\begin{align*}(2l+1)\end{align*}$ values for $\begin{align*}m_l\end{align*}$ . As an example:
  ::磁量数的符号为(ml),表示空间的轨道方向。电子可以位于三维空间三平面中的三平面之一,围绕给定核(x、y和z)。对于角动量量量数I的给定值来说,毫升的值可能为2l+1。例如:

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  $\begin{align*}n=2\end{align*}$
  ::n=2 n=2

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  $\begin{align*}l = 0 \end{align*}$ or 1
  ::1=0或1

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  for $\begin{align*}l=0 , \ m_l=0\end{align*}$
  ::l=0, ml=0

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  for $\begin{align*}l = 1, \ m_l = -1, \ 0, \ +1\end{align*}$
  ::l= 1, ml1, 0, +1

  Principal Energy Levels and Sublevels

  Principal energy level	Number of possible sublevels	Possible Angular Momentum Quantum Numbers	Orbital Designation by Principal Energy Level and Sublevel
  $\begin{align*}n=1\end{align*}$	1	$\begin{align*}l=0\end{align*}$	1 s
  $\begin{align*}n=2\end{align*}$	2	播放段落 $\begin{align*}l = 0\end{align*}$ ::1=0 播放段落 $\begin{align*}l=1\end{align*}$ ::1=1	播放段落 2 s ::2 秒 2s 播放段落 2 p ::2p 2p
  $\begin{align*}n=3\end{align*}$	3	播放段落 $\begin{align*}l=0\end{align*}$ ::1=0 播放段落 $\begin{align*}l=1\end{align*}$ ::1=1 播放段落 $\begin{align*}l=2\end{align*}$ ::1=2	播放段落 3 s ::3s 3s 播放段落 3 p ::3p 3p 播放段落 3 d ::3d 3d
  $\begin{align*}n=4\end{align*}$	4	播放段落 $\begin{align*}l=0\end{align*}$ ::1=0 播放段落 $\begin{align*}l=1\end{align*}$ ::1=1 播放段落 $\begin{align*}l=2\end{align*}$ ::1=2 播放段落 $\begin{align*}l=3\end{align*}$ ::1=3	播放段落 4 s ::4s 4s 播放段落 4 p ::4p 4p 播放段落 4 d ::4d 4d 播放段落 4 f ::4f

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  Table shows the possible magnetic quantum number values  $\begin{align*}(m_l)\end{align*}$ for the corresponding angular momentum quantum numbers $\begin{align*}(l)\end{align*}$ of $\begin{align*}l=0, \ l=1, \ l=2,\end{align*}$ and $\begin{align*}l=3\end{align*}$ .
  ::表格显示了相应的角动量量数数(l)可能值(ml),即l=0、l=1、l=2和l=3。

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  Spin Quantum Number  $\begin{align*}(m_s)\end{align*}$
  ::旋转量序数(毫秒)

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  The spin quantum number describes the spin for a given electron. An electron can have one of two associated spins,  $\begin{align*}\left(+\frac{1}{2}\right)\end{align*}$ spin, or $\begin{align*}\left(-\frac{1}{2}\right)\end{align*}$ spin. An electron cannot have zero spin. We also represent spin with arrows  $\begin{align*}\uparrow\end{align*}$ or $\begin{align*}\downarrow\end{align*}$ . A single orbital can hold a maximum of two electrons and each must have opposite spin.
  ::旋转量子数描述给定电子的旋转。 电子可以有两个相关的旋转, (+12) 旋转, 或 (- 12) 旋转。 电子不能有零旋转。 我们也可以用箭头表示旋转。 单轨道最多可以维持两个电子, 每个电子必须有相反的旋转 。

    

   

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  Summary
  ::摘要

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  • Quantum numbers specify the arrangements of electrons in orbitals.
    ::量子数字具体说明轨道中电子的安排。
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  • There are four quantum numbers that provide information about various aspects of electron behavior.
    ::有四个量子数字 提供有关电子行为各个方面的信息。

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  Review
  ::回顾

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  1. What do quantum numbers do?
     ::量子数字是做什么的?
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  2. What is the principal quantum number?
     ::主量数是多少?
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  3. What does the spin quantum number represent?
     ::旋转量数数字代表什么?