7.1 自由?这是真实的吗?神话?也许不是!
Section outline
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What is Free Will?
::什么是自由意志号?What is at stake with this issue of Free Will are notions of responsibility and in particular moral responsibility. The more advances in science that present the picture of the universe as being deterministic, the more there arises the question of whether or not human actions are in any way exempt from that idea that all physical events are determined by prior events. How are humans to be considered possessed of free will when their actions might be described as being determined by their prior states of being?
::自由意志问题与责任、特别是道德责任的概念何在关系重大。 科学进步越是将宇宙描绘成决定性的,就越产生这样一个问题:人类行为是否以任何方式不受这种观念的制约,即所有物理事件都是由先前的事件决定的。 当人类的行为被描述为由其先前的状态所决定时,人类如何被视为拥有自由意志呢?Free Will or Not? Determinism or Free Will?
::自由意志还是自由意志?Free will is the ability of agents to make choices unconstrained by certain factors. Factors of historical concern have included metaphysical constraints (for example, logical, nomological , or theological determinism), physical constraints (ex., chains or imprisonment), social constraints (ex., threat of punishment, censure , or structural constraints ), and mental constraints (ex, compulsions, phobias , neurological disorders , or genetic predispositions ). The principle of free will has religious, legal, ethical, and scientific implications. [1] For example, in the religious realm , free will implies that individual will and choices can coexist with an omnipotent divinity. In the law, it affects considerations of punishment and rehabilitation . In ethics, it may hold implications for whether individuals can be held morally accountable for their actions. In science, neuroscientific findings regarding free will may suggest different ways of predicting human behavior…. T he need to reconcile freedom of will with a deterministic universe is known as the Problem of Free Will or sometimes referred to as the Dilemma of Determinism . This dilemma leads to a moral dilemma as well: How are we to assign responsibility for our actions if they are caused entirely by past events?
::自由意志是代理人作出不受某些因素限制的选择的能力。历史关注的因素包括:形而上学的限制(例如逻辑、名词学或神学决定因素)、身体限制(例如,锁链或监禁)、身体限制(例如,锁链或监禁)、社会限制(例如,惩罚威胁、训斥或结构性限制)、精神限制(例如,惩罚威胁、谴责或结构性限制)、精神限制(例如,强迫、恐惧、神经紊乱或遗传倾向);自由意志原则具有宗教、法律、伦理和科学影响。[1]例如,在宗教领域,自由将意味着个人意愿和选择可以与无所不能的神话共存。在法律中,它影响到惩罚和康复的考虑。在道德方面,它可能影响到个人能否对其行为承担道德责任。在科学方面,关于自由意志的神经科学结论可能提出不同的方式来预测人类行为。.意志自由与确定论宇宙之间的需要被称为自由意志问题,有时被称为决定论的Dilimma。这种困境也会导致一种道德困境:如果过去的事件是造成我们完全的责任?Are you free? What makes you think so?
::你自由了吗 你怎么这么认为Humans are either free or they are not. They either possess free will and can use it or they do not have it at all. They either have it and can use it as often as they want to do so or they have only the appearance of free will and really never make decisions or choices devoid of prior influences that determine the outcome of the decision or choice making procedure.
::人类要么自由,要么没有自由;要么拥有自由意志,可以使用自由意志,要么根本没有自由意志;要么拥有自由意志,可以随意使用自由意志;要么只有自由意志的外表,真正地从不做出决定或选择决定程序结果的、没有事先影响的决定或选择。That there may be social or physical constraints is not the issue here. Humans are not able to fly using only their own bodies to propel them through the air. You could say that humans are not "free" to do so but that would be to misuse the word "free" and change its meaning from "being able to choose" to "being physically able to do".
::问题不在于社会或身体上的限制。 人类不能只用自己的身体飞翔,用自己的身体在空气中推进它们。 你可以说,人类不能“自由”这样做,而是滥用“自由”一词,从“能够选择”改为“身体上能够做”。There may be repercussions or consequences for our actions so that a person might want to say something like "I am not free to rob a bank and by that mean that if they did they would be pursued and captured and imprisoned. If persons have free will, then that might mean simply that they can make the choice to rob a bank and flee capture. So "freedom" does not mean the ability to make decisions and to act without undesirable consequences.
::我们的行动可能会有影响或后果,这样一个人可能想说“我不能自由抢银行,这意味着如果他们抢银行,他们就会被追捕和监禁。 如果有人有自由意愿,那么这也许就意味着他们可以选择抢银行和逃离俘虏。 因此,“自由”并不意味着能够作出决定和采取行动而不产生不良后果。Freedom in this context of the freedom versus determinism issue has a meaning that identifies it with possessing free will or being able to make choices for ones self.
::在自由与确定论问题的这一背景下,自由具有一种含义,即认为自由与拥有自由意志或能够为自己作出选择。EPISD Informed Problem Solvers Goal
::EPISD 信息化解决问题者目标Freedom's Not Just Another Word By DAVID HACKETT FISCHER , February 7, 2005 New York Times
::2005年2月7日《纽约时报》.......There is no one true definition of liberty and freedom in the world, though many people to the left and right believe that they have found it. And, yet, there is one great historical process in which liberty and freedom have developed, often in unexpected ways.
::世界上没有自由和自由的真正定义,虽然许多左右和右翼的人相信他们找到了自由和自由。然而,有一个伟大的历史过程,自由和自由的发展往往是以意想不到的方式发展起来的。The words themselves have a surprising history. The oldest known word with such a meaning comes to us from ancient Iraq. The Sumerian " ama-ar-gi ," found on tablets in the ruins of the city-state of Lagash, which flourished four millenniums ago, derived from the verb " ama-gi, " which literally meant "going home to mother." It described the condition of emancipated servants who returned to their own free families - an interesting link to the monument in Baghdad. (In contemporary America, the ancient characters for " ama-ar-gi " have become the logos of some libertarian organizations, as well as tattoos among members of politically conservative motorcycle gangs, who may not know that the inscriptions on their biceps mean heading home to mom.)
::这个词本身有着惊人的历史。最古老的、有如此含义的名词来自古老的伊拉克。苏美尔语“ama-ar-gi”出现在四个千年前蓬勃发展的拉加什市州废墟上的石碑上,它源于动词“ama-gi”,这实际上意味着“回家找母亲”。 它描述了自由的仆人们回到自己的自由家庭的状况,这是与巴格达纪念碑的一个有趣的联系。 (在当代的美国,“ama-ar-gi”的古代人物已成为一些自由主义组织的标志,以及政治保守摩托帮派成员的纹身,他们可能不知道他们身上的刻字意味着要回家妈妈。 )Equally surprising are the origins of our English words liberty and, especially, freedom. They have very different roots. The Latin libertas and Greek eleutheria both indicated a condition of independence, unlike a slave. (In science, eleutherodactylic means separate fingers or toes.) Freedom, however, comes from the same root as friend, an Indo-European word that meant "dear" or "beloved." It meant a connection to other free people by bonds of kinship or affection, also unlike a slave. Liberty and freedom both meant "unlike a slave." But liberty meant privileges of independence; freedom referred to rights of belonging. ...
::同样令人惊讶的是,我们英语语言自由的起源,特别是自由的起源。它们有着非常不同的根基。拉丁的解放派和希腊的eleutheria都表示一种与奴隶不同的独立条件。 (在科学中, eleutherodactylic 意指不同的手指或脚趾。 )然而,自由来自与朋友一样的根基,印度-欧洲的词意指“亲爱的”或“被奴役 ” 。 这意味着通过亲属关系或感情联系与其他自由人民的联系,也与奴隶不同。 自由和自由都意味着“不像奴隶 ” 。 但自由意指独立特权; 自由指归属权。Freedom? Is it real?
::自由是真实的吗?FREEDOM
::自由DETERMINISM
::销毁杀伤人员地雷Free Will
::自由意志Determinism
::确定论Mind
::脑 脑意识Destiny
::命运Self
::自自自Fate
::命运命运I have Free Will
::我有自由意志Will of God or of the gods
::上帝或神的旨意I choose.
::我选择。What will be, will be
::将是什么,将是什么I
::一一It was meant to be
::它本意是Free Choice
::自由选择Laws of Nature
::自然法、自然法和自然法Essentialism
::原原论Determinism
::确定论Autonomy
::自治Without external coercion
::不受外部胁迫Without ignorance
::无无知Hard Determinism-- B.F.Skinner
::B. F. 斯金纳Soft Determinism-- W.James
::W. 詹姆斯Compatibilism- W.T. Stace
::兼容主义-W.T. StaceMost people born in the 20 th Century were raised with a conflicting set of beliefs concerning the issue of freedom. On the one hand people have been taught or encouraged to believe that they are responsible for their actions and that they are capable of choosing from among the options that are presented to them. Yet there is in the language that is used and in the ideas people claim to hold as true another view entirely, namely that there are forces, or a force, over which humans have no control and that determines what occurs. There are those who claim that they are free and believe that here is such a thing as fate or destiny at the same time.
::在20世纪出生的大多数人,在自由问题上,都有一套自相矛盾的信念,一方面,人们被教导或鼓励相信他们对自己的行为负责,并且能够从向他们提出的选择中作出选择;然而,在人们所使用的语言和主张中,人们声称将另一种观点完全视为真实的观点,即有力量或力量,人类无法控制,决定发生什么;有人声称他们是自由的,认为这里既有命运,也有命运。Questions to Consider
::供考虑的问题EPISD Critical Knowledge and Creative Thinking Citizens Goal
::EPISD 关键知识和创造性思维公民目标-
How can it be that people are free to chose their own paths through life and yet all has been set out by the forces (deities) that have determined each person's ultimate end or destiny?
::人们如何能够自由地选择自己的生活道路,然而,决定每个人最终结局或命运的势力(神灵)却确定了一切? -
Are humans free to make decisions concerning their behavior or not?
::人类有自由决定自己行为与否的自由吗? -
If humans are not free then what becomes of the notion of responsibility and accountability?
::如果人类不是自由的,那么责任和问责制的概念又会变成什么? -
What is to be done with those humans who commit crimes if they did so due to factors over which they had no control?
::对那些犯罪的人,如果由于无法控制的因素而犯罪,怎么办? -
Are you one of those people who claim to believe in fate?
::你是那些自称相信命运的人之一吗? -
Do you think that all things occur as they were meant to occur?
::你认为所有的事情都会发生吗? -
Do you believe that "what will be will be?" (
que sera sera
)
::你相信"会是什么?" (que sera sera)
If you do and you think that you are free to make decisions and that the future is undetermined you are a believer in contradictory ideas. The idea of a fate or destiny rests on the belief (in the absence of proof that is clearly convincing) that there is some power or agency that does determine the sets of experiences to be encountered by humans as well as their ultimate demise in both time and manner. You are believing in things that cannot all be true at the same time.
::如果你这样做,而且你认为自己可以自由作出决定,而未来是不确定的,你就相信相互矛盾的想法。命运或命运的理念取决于一种信念(在没有明显令人信服的证据的情况下),即某些权力或机构确实决定了人类将遇到的各类经验,以及他们最终在时间和方式上的死亡。你相信的是不可能同时发生的事情。Does infallible foreknowledge of a human act by a deity or the "fates" take away free will? People that can consistently maintain both free will and infallible foreknowledge are called compatibilists . They have a very difficult time providing evidence and reasoning to support their position. People that prove that only one of them can be true are called Incompatibilists . They hold that free will and infallible foreknowledge by any entity contradict with each other. Here are attempts to explain and argue for each of these views.
::不可否认地知道神或“神”的人类行为是否夺走了自由意志?能够始终保持自由意志和不可否认的先知的人被称为兼容论者,他们有非常困难的时间提供证据和推理来支持他们的立场。那些证明其中只有一个是真实的人被称为不兼容论者。他们认为任何实体的自由意志和不可否认的先知互相矛盾。这里是试图解释和争论每一种观点。Scenario 1
::假想1C has determined that at time ( T) you will be in location ( F) and event ( E ) that you are hit by a meteorite and die. Opps! Sorry! Now, you can do whatever you like but if there is such a fate then at T you will be at F and then E you die. Sorry again. But you can make a decision to remain where you are now at location (l) when time T comes and avoid E . But you do not know the future and so when T comes around you have made decisions that place you at F and you get hit and die.
::C已经确定,在时间(T),你会在地点(F)和事件(E)中,被陨石击中而死亡。Opps!对不起!现在,你可以做你想做的事,但如果有这种命运的话,那么在T,你会在F,然后死亡。再次抱歉。但当T来的时候,你可以决定留在位置(l),而T来的时候,你避开E。但你不知道未来,当T来的时候,你做了决定,让你在F,你被击中,然后死亡。Were you free to decide to remain at l or to go to some other location ( O ) when T came? People are brought up to believe that they are, but if there is a C that has determined that you are to be at F at T and get hit then you do not have such freedom to make the decision to be at O , act on it and to be at O, or I, and not die.
::当T来的时候,你是否可自由决定留在I,或去别的地方?人们已长大为相信自己是的。但如果有一个C确定你将在F在T受到攻击,那么你没有这种自由来决定自己在O,行动起来,或我,而不是死。If it is your C to be at F at T and have E occur then you have been determined by C to make the decisions that put you at F at T . You have no choice to decide to do anything but to be at F at T .
::如果你的C在F在T和E发生, 那么C已经决定你做决定 让你在F在T。你别无选择决定做任何事情,只有F在T。Ok ay let's try to get freedom back into this. Let's say now you are at l and it is getting close to T and you decide of your own free will (if you have a free will) to go to a location ( O ) other than ( F ). If there is fate then when you decide to go to O something will happen that will force you, against your apparent free will, to go from O instead be at F at T where you get E . But are we still free? Well not quite, because when we make decisions to go from O we do not feel as if we are being forced to go to F . We make decisions throughout our daily life and it appears as if they are free and not forced and that our bodies are not being forced into physical places by physicals agents. So if there is fate and fate determines what happens to us it is not through a series of physical agents acting like thugs and forcing us to do things. No we realize our predetermined fate by actions that appear to be our own choosing. If there is fate it would be fate that acts through us and gives us desires and aims and values and goals and they cause our decisions and they lead to our experiences and to our choices that bring us to F at T to have E . This would be such as to make the decision to go to O and as you are making your way to go to O you are on spot F at time T when you are hit by the meteorite E .
::让我们试着让自由回到这里。让我们假设你现在在I, 并且它正在接近T,你正在决定自己的自由意志(如果你有自由意志的话)去(O)而不是(F)。如果有命运,那么当你决定去(O)的时候,就会发生一些事情。当你决定去(O)的时候,如果你决定去(O),就会发生一些事情,会迫使你,违背你明显的自由意志,从O去(O),而不是去F(F),而去你得到E。但我们还是自由的吗?我们不是完全自由的,因为当我们决定离开O(O)时,我们并不觉得我们被迫去(T),我们在整个日常生活中做决定(如果有自由意志),而不是强迫(如果你有自由意志)去(如果有自由意志)去(如果有自由意志)去(如果有自由意志)去去(如果有自由意志)去(如果有自由意志)去去(O)而不是去去(O),那么我们就会去。我们不会通过你似乎自己选择的行动来意识到我们预定的命运。如果是命运,会通过我们来做决定,并且给我们,让我们有欲望和愿望,目标和目标和目的和目的和目的。他们这样做————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————————Conclusion: If there is fate, there is no free will.
::结论:如果有命运,就没有自由意志。Scenario 2
::假想2OK, let's suppose that there is a cause of events (C), a fate or fates or deity or deities that determine each person's destiny but has no foreknowledge of what will happen and no control over the decision making of humans. The C knows you are at L and wants to arrange that at time T you are at F and have E. So now if there is this sort of fate then some things, some events, will occur where you would react and move from L to F at T and have E. In this case C made you move to F at T. Were you free? Did you have free will? Could you have decided to go to O and not to F at time T? Perhaps, but if there is a C then when you make a decision in your daily life to go to O you would be forced to be at F by some agencies or agents that put you at F at T and boom E. Is this what daily life feels like? Are we regularly deciding to do one thing or go to one place only to be forced to another? If there is fate then it determines everything that happens and the events that lead up to the "Big Events" that are so memorable and the benchmarks of our lives. If there is fate then it determines everything that happens whether large or small events because they all contribute to the production of the memorable and the benchmarks of our lives. If there is such a fate operative we would experience a near constant subversion of our free will choices and the events we do experience will seem forced against our wills. This is not our experience on a minute by minute or hour by hour basis!
::假设事件有原因(C)、命运或命运、神灵或神灵或神灵,决定了每个人的命运,但是没有预知,也没有预知会发生什么,也没有人的决策权。C知道你在L,并且想安排在T在F,有E。所以现在,如果有这种命运,那么,有些事情,有些事件,就会发生,你会作出反应,从L到F在T,然后有E。在这个案子中,C让你在T移动到F。你是否自由?你有自由意志?你是否已经决定去O而不是F在T?也许,但是如果你在L知道你会发生什么,并且没有控制人类的决策权。C知道你在L,并且想要在时间里安排,T在时间里,你有E。所以现在,如果有这样的命运,一些机构或代理人强迫你到F,那么我们的生活会是这样的吗?我们经常决定做一件事情,或者去一个地方只到另一个地方?如果有命运的话,它会决定发生什么事情会发生在O, 而不是在时间里?也许,我们这个时刻里会发生什么事情会决定什么事情会发生什么事情会发生。Conclusion : If there is fate, there is no free will.
::结论:如果有命运,就没有自由意志。Consider this:
::考虑以下各点:The idea of a Fate or Destiny rests on the belief (in the absence of proof that is clearly convincing) that there is some power or agency that determines the sets of experiences to be encountered by humans as well as their ultimate demise in both time and manner. As there is no convincing proof such an agency exists we will examine another sense in which freedom or free will is challenged.
::命运或命运的概念基于一种信念(在没有明显令人信服的证据的情况下),即某些权力或机构决定着人类将经历的各类经验,以及它们最终在时间和方式上消亡。 由于没有令人信服的证据,这种机构的存在,我们将审查自由或自由意愿受到挑战的另一种感觉。Are humans free to determine each and every one of their own actions or is there some force, agency, or process that determines it as a result of prior experiences?
::人类是否可自由决定自己的每一项行动,或是否有某种力量、机构或程序根据以往的经验来决定其行动?Consider some simple definitions for the basic positions:
::考虑基本职位的一些简单定义:-
Causal determinism
- every event has a cause
::造成决定性因素-每个事件都有原因 -
Hard determinism
- causal determinism is true, and therefore, free action and moral responsibility are impossible
::核心确定论----因果关系确定论是真实的,因此,自由行动和道德责任是不可能的 -
Soft determinism (or compatibilism)
- causal determinism is true, but we still act as free, morally responsible agents when, in the absence of external constraints, our actions are caused by our desires
::软决定主义(或兼容主义) -- -- 因果关系决定主义是真实的,但我们仍然作为自由、道德负责的代理人行事,在没有外部制约的情况下,我们的行动是由我们的愿望造成的。 -
Indeterminism
- causal determinism is false, since free, uncaused actions that we are morally responsible for are possible
::不确定主义 - 因果关系的确定主义是虚假的,因为我们在道义上要负责的自由、无原因的行动是可能的
Examine this chart to learn of the positions of the traditions on five claims.
::回顾本图表,以了解五种权利主张的传统立场。Situation
::情况状况Hard
::硬硬Determinism
::确定论Soft
::软软Determinism
::确定论Indeterminism
::不确定主义1. Causal determinism is true; every event has a cause.
::1. 因果关系是真实的;每个事件都有其原因。Accept
::接受Accept
::接受Reject
::拒绝拒绝(free actions are uncaused)
:自由行动无原因)
2. If causal determinism is true, then there are no free actions.
::2. 如果因果关系的确定是真实的,那么就没有自由行动。Accept
::接受Reject
::拒绝拒绝Accept
::接受3. There are no free actions.
::3. 没有自由行动。Accept
::接受Reject
::拒绝拒绝(actions caused by our own desires are free)
:Reject
::拒绝拒绝(uncaused actions are free)
:4. If there are no free actions, then there is no moral responsibility.
::4. 如果没有自由行动,就没有道义责任。Accept
::接受Accept
::接受Accept
::接受5. There is no moral responsibility
::5. 没有道德责任Accept
::接受Reject
::拒绝拒绝(compatibilist freedom allows moral responsibility)
:Reject
::拒绝拒绝(indeterminist freedom allows moral responsibility)
:Problems and Arguments
::问题和争论So here we have one form of the problem with the idea of human freedom. Are humans possessed of the capacity to make a decision, a choice, that is not fully determined by antecedent conditions or not? Are humans free, so free that they can do things that are totally unbound by the laws of the physical universe, totally undetermined by previous acts and events and physical circumstances? Or, alternatively, are humans potentially predictable as a physical object, say a dropped book. Pick up a book, hold it about four feet above the ground and let it go. The book will drop to the ground. The book has no choice. The book's actions are determined by the laws of the physical universe. The law of gravity operates on the book.
::因此,我们这里有人类自由概念问题的一种形式。人类是否有能力做出一个决定,一种选择,这种选择不是完全由先前的条件决定的?人类是否自由,如此自由,可以做完全不受物理宇宙法则约束的事情,完全不受以往的行为、事件和物理环境决定?或者,或者,或者,作为物理物体,人类具有潜在的可预见性,比如一本书。拿起一本书,把它放在地面上四英尺高的地方,然后让它走。这本书会落到地上吗?这本书没有选择。这本书的行为是由物理宇宙法则决定的。重力法则在书上运作。Well, there are those who believe that there is perhaps nothing more obvious than that they are free. They believe that they make decisions all the time. They believe that they have free will.
::有些人认为,也许没有什么比他们自由更明显的了。他们认为,他们有自由意志。他们认为,他们有决定权,他们相信,他们有自由意志。There are others who believe that humans are physical beings that are bound by the laws of the physical universes and that as the human brain are also part of that universe there are laws governing the operations of the brain as well. There are those who believe that the day will come when humans know enough about the laws of the human brain and behavior that humans will be able to predict with great accuracy exactly what a human being will do in a given situation. They believe that human behavior will be as predictable as a book when dropped. They believe that people will need to abandon the idea of human freedom.
::有些人认为,人类是受物理宇宙法则约束的自然人,而人类大脑也是该宇宙的一部分,因此也有关于大脑运作的法律。 有些人认为,当人类足够了解人类大脑法则和人类能够非常准确地预测在某种情况下人类将做什么的行为时,人类就会有这样的一天。 他们认为,人类的行为与被丢弃时的书一样可以预测。 他们认为,人们需要放弃人的自由思想。Now you might not agree with them. You may think that you know that you are free. How do you know that you weren't just encouraged to believe that, taught to believe that, conditioned to believe that, trained to believe that, reinforced into believing that?
::现在你可能不同意他们了。你或许以为自己知道自己是自由的。你怎么知道自己不是被鼓励相信的? 被教导要相信的, 被训练要相信的, 被训练要相信的, 被强化要相信的?Freedom or Myth
::自由或神话Consider this:
::考虑以下各点:You lift up a large book, say a textbook, and raise it four feet above the ground. You let it go and it hits the ground. No problem there! No surprises, just what you expected. Now suppose you lift up the book again and raise it four feet above the ground. In your other hand you hold a single sheet of paper, say printer paper, 8 1/2 x 11 inches. You hold the piece of paper at the same height you are holding the book. You let them go at the same time and they both fall to the ground. The book hits first then the paper. Do it again. Raise them both and then let them go and again. Well each time the same thing happens. The book hits the ground first and the piece of paper arrives on the ground a second or so later. Why does the book hit the ground first?
::你举起一本大书,说一本教科书,然后在地上举起四英尺。你放它走,然后它就落在地上。没有问题!没有惊喜,这里没有惊喜,只是你所期望的。现在假设你再举起这本书,然后在地上举起四英尺。在你的另一手,你拿着一张单张纸,上面写着打印机纸,8/2x11英寸。你拿着一张纸的高度与持有这本书的高度相同。你同时放他们走,他们都倒在地上。书先打到地上,然后再打一遍,再打一遍,把两者都拉起来,然后再放过去。每次都发生同样的事情。书先打地,再把纸放在地上一秒钟或更晚地上。为什么书先打地?Did you answer that the book falls faster and hits the ground first because it is heavier? Lots of people think this. If you do you are in some pretty popular company.
::你是否回答说这本书的写得更快, 并且因为重而先打到地上?很多人这样认为。如果你这样做,你就会加入一个非常受欢迎的公司。But consider this:
::但考虑到这一点:You lift up a large book, say a textbook, and raise it four feet above the ground. You let it go and it hits the ground. No surprises, just what you expected. Now suppose in your other hand you hold a single sheet of paper. You crumple up the paper pretty well. You squeeze it into a small ball. You hold the paper ball four feet above the ground at the same time you are holding the book. You let them go at the same time and they both fall to the ground. Do it again. Raise them both and then let them go. What happens?
::你举起一本大书,说一本教科书,然后在地上举起四英尺。你放它走,然后它就落在地上。没有惊喜,只是你所期望的。现在假设在另一手你拿着一张纸。你把纸压得相当好。你把它挤到一个小球里。你把纸球压在地上四英尺,同时你拿着书。你让他们同时走,他们都倒在地上。再做一次。举起这两张,然后放他们走。怎么了?Well the book and the crumpled piece of paper hit the ground at just about the same time. Do it again if you doubt that. Well if you thought that the book was hitting the ground first because it was heavier than the single piece of paper, you have a couple of choices as to what to believe now:
::书和折叠纸大约在同一时间撞到地上。如果你怀疑这一点,再做一次。如果你认为书先打到地上,因为书比单张纸重,你现在可以选择相信什么:-
Somehow the single piece of paper gained a lot of weight and now falls almost as fast as the textbook.
::不知怎的,单张纸 得到了很多重量 现在几乎和教科书一样快。 -
The textbook somehow lost weight and is now about as light as the single piece of paper.
::教科书不知何故减肥了 现在和一张纸一样光亮 -
You were wrong when you thought that the book falls faster because it is heavier.
::你错了 当你认为书的写得更快 因为书的写得更重
If you thought that heavier things fall faster than light things, you were wrong! Oh my, now what to believe! Galileo disproved that idea about heavy things falling faster than lighter things because of the weight. He disproved it over 400 years ago. OK, what's my point here. That the idea about heavy things falling faster than lighter things because of the weight is still popular and it appears to a lot of people to be very obvious but, it is wrong.
::如果你认为重的东西比轻的东西掉得更快,那么你错了! 哦,现在该相信什么!伽利略推翻了重的东西因为重量比轻的东西掉得更快的想法。400多年前他反驳了。好吧,我在这里的观点是什么。关于重的东西因为重量比轻的东西掉得更快的想法仍然很受欢迎,在许多人看来,它似乎非常明显,但是,它是错误的。On how things fall and why they fall as they do. See the following video for common misconceptions.
::有关事情是如何倒塌的,以及它们为什么会倒塌。请看下面的视频,以了解常见的误解。Misconceptions About Falling Objects
::对落落物体的误解So if your belief about why things fall was not correct or not true at all, then consider this: maybe, just maybe, the belief most people have about human freedom is wrong as well. Not everything is as it appears to be.
::所以,如果你相信为什么事情的倒塌并不正确或者完全不正确,那么考虑一下:也许,只是也许,大多数人对人类自由的信念也是错的。 并非一切都像看起来那样。Let's look at ideas of human freedom, even radical ideas. Let's start with exploring what most people already believe and then let's consider the ideas of the critics of freedom, the determinists.
::让我们看看人类自由的理念,甚至激进的理念。让我们从探索大多数人已经相信的东西开始, 然后让我们考虑自由的批评者, 确定论者的想法。There are 3 main positions in the free will debate:
::自由意志辩论中有三个主要立场:-
Hard Determinism
::硬决定因素主义 -
Libertarianism
::自由主义 -
Compatibilism
::兼容主义
Hard D eterminists and libertarians are both I ncompatibilists. They both subscribe to the Incompatibilist thesis that determinism is incompatible with acting freely.
::硬决定主义者和自由主义者都是不兼容主义者。 他们都赞同不兼容论的论调,即确定论与自由行动不相容。Do We Have Free Will or is Everything Determined?
::难道我们有自由意志,还是一切都决定了?Philosophy Applications
::哲学应用-
Do Humans have free will, if so, how free is it? In other words, are all human actions determined, if so how so, to what degree?
::人类有自由意志吗?如果有的话,它有多自由?换句话说,所有人类行动是否都决定,如果是,如何确定,程度如何? -
Suppose that you are a bank teller and are held up at gun point. You decide that heroics are out of the question and hand over the money. Are you acting freely? Why or why not?
::假设你是一个银行出纳者,被枪指着。你认为英雄们是不可质疑的,你却把钱交出来。你自由行动吗?为什么或为什么不行动? -
Psychologists have found that a belief in Determinism caused an increase in immoral behavior. If science succeeds in showing that there is no free will, should we nevertheless pretend that we have free will? Could we do such a thing?
::心理学家已经发现,对决定论的信念导致不道德行为的增加。 如果科学能够成功地证明没有自由意志,那么我们应该假装我们有自由意志吗? 我们可以这样做吗?
Read
::已读EPISD Informed Problem Solvers Goal
::EPISD 信息化解决问题者目标Vocabulary
::词汇表EPISD Effective Bilingual Education Goal
::EPISD 有效双语教育目标 -
How can it be that people are free to chose their own paths through life and yet all has been set out by the forces (deities) that have determined each person's ultimate end or destiny?
