Section outline

  • General

    Collapse all Expand all

  • 地幔

    A piece of kimberlite rock, featuring dark colors and visible mineral fragments.
     

    What does mantle rock look like?
    ::地壳岩石长什么样?

    You can't go to the mantle but small pieces of the mantle can come to you. Kimberlite forms deep in the mantle and is erupted violently into the  crust . Kimberlite can contain diamonds. Most kimberlites reached the surface much earlier in Earth history.
    ::你不能去地铁上,但小块地铁可以来找你。金伯利岩在地铁深处形成,并被猛烈地喷射到地壳上。金伯利岩可以含有钻石。大部分金伯利岩都比地球历史早得多地到达地表。

    Mantle
    ::壁盖

    Beneath the crust is the  mantle . The mantle is made of hot, solid  . Scientists know this because of  ,  meteorites , and the  heat  that comes from inside the  planet . Mantle rock is mostly  peridotite , which is rich in iron and magnesium ( Figure   ). Peridotite is rare at Earth's surface.
    ::地壳下面是地壳。地壳是热的、固态的。科学家们知道这一点,因为陨石和来自地球内部的热量。曼托岩大部分是,它富含铁和镁(Figure ) 。在地球表面,是稀有的。

    Close-up of peridotite rock, displaying green olivine and black pyroxene crystals.
     
    The rock of the mantle is mostly peridotite. Peridotite is formed of crystals of olivine (green) and pyroxene (black).

    Heat Flow
    ::热热流

    Through the process of  conduction , heat flows from warmer objects to cooler objects ( Figure   ). The lower mantle is heated directly by conduction from the  core . In  conduction , heat is transferred as atoms collide. Hot lower mantle material rises upward. As it rises, it cools. At the top of the mantle, it moves horizontally. Over time it becomes cool and dense enough that it sinks. Back at the bottom of the mantle, it travels horizontally. Eventually, the material gets to the   where warm mantle material is rising. The rising and sinking of warm and cooler material is called  convection .
    ::通过导流过程,热量从温暖物体流向冷却物体(图)。下层的地壳直接通过核心的导电而变暖。在导电中,热量随着原子相撞而转移。热低层材料向上上升。随着升起,它会冷却。在地壳的顶部,它会水平移动。随着时间的推移,它会变得冷和密度足以沉没。在地壳底,它会水平移动。最终,材料会到达温暖的地壳材料上升的地方。暖和凉爽的材料的上升和沉没被称为对流。

    Heat transfer in Earth's mantle via conduction and convection.
     
    The lower mantle is heated by conduction from the core. Heat then flows through the mantle by convection

     

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The mantle is composed of solid peridotite.
      ::地壳由固体铁组成。
    • Conduction from the core heats the lower mantle.
      ::核心的导电会给下层的地皮加热
    • Mantle convection brings hot material up toward the surface. It brings cooler material down toward the core.
      ::Mantle对流将热材料带往表面,将更冷却的材料带往核心。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How do scientists know what the mantle is made of?
      ::科学家怎么知道地皮是用什么做的?
    1. What is conduction?
      ::什么是操控?
    1. How does convection work in the mantle?
      ::对流怎么在地皮里工作?

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use this resource to answer the questions that follow.
    ::使用此资源回答下面的问题 。

     

     

    1. In which ocean did researchers try to drill into the mantle in 1961? In 2016?
      ::1961年 研究人员在哪些海洋 钻入地壳? 2016年?
    1. How much of Earth is made of mantle?
      ::地球有多少是用地皮做的?
    1. Where in the ocean would you have the best chance of drilling to the mantle?
      ::你们在海洋中哪有最好的钻孔机会?
    1. Why did the researchers stop drilling in 1961?
      ::为什么1961年研究人员停止钻探?
    1. What noteworthy sample did researchers bring to the surface in 2016?
      ::2016年研究人员给表面带来了哪些值得注意的样本?
    1. What happens at the Moho discontinuity?
      ::莫霍的不连续会怎么样?
    1. What are extremophiles? Where do they live?
      ::什么是极端嗜血症 他们住在哪里?
    1. How deep did the drilling go in 2016? How deep do they hope to get?
      ::2016年钻井的深度是多少?
    1. What do scientists hope to find? Why would that sort of thing be found inside Earth?
      ::科学家们希望找到什么?