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  • 决定因素主义和兼容主义

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    Determinism
    ::确定论

     Are you free or not... Let's find out.
    ::你有空还是没有自由?

    1. Universal Determinism's
      1. Everything is the effect of some cause or causes.
        ::一切都是某种原因或原因的影响。
      2. For everything that exists there are antecedent conditions.
        ::凡存在的东西,都是有古老的条件的。

      ::世界性决定论的一切都是某种原因或原因的影响,对于存在的一切来说,都是有先例的。
    2. Causal determinism - every event has a cause
      ::造成决定性因素-每个事件都有原因
    3. Thesis of determinism: everything whatever is caused.
      1. All things follow natural law, regular patterns.
        ::所有事情都遵循自然法则 规律规律
      2. All events are predictable if enough is known.
        ::如果知道的情况足够多,所有事件都是可以预测的。

      ::确定论的理论:无论什么原因。所有事情都遵循自然法则,规律。所有事件如果足够清楚,都是可以预测的。
    4. Determinism and human behavior: all behaviors have a cause.
      ::确定论和人类行为:所有行为都有其原因。
    5. Hard determinism - causal determinism is true, and therefore, free action and moral responsibility are impossible. 
      ::确定论----因果关系确定论是真实的,因此,自由行动和道德责任是不可能做到的。

    Read
    ::已读

    lesson content

    EPISD Informed Problem Solvers
    ::EPISD EPISD 信息化解决问题者

    •  
    •  

    The metaphysical theory about human freedom and free will and ethical theories may be in conflict. Two theories may be in conflict with one another but one can't resolve the conflict by assuming either one to be true or false to resolve the conflict. Humans cannot be held responsible for their behavior because they could not have acted otherwise.
    ::有关人类自由和自由意愿的元物理理论以及伦理理论可能存在冲突。 两个理论可能相互冲突,但一个无法通过假设冲突是真实的或虚假的来解决冲突。 人类不能为自己的行为负责,因为他们不可能采取其他行动。

    There are laws that govern all physical events.  Humans are physical and human actions are physical events.  All events have their causes in prior events and the laws that govern the physical universe. Human actions are behaviors.  Human behaviors are the result of their inherited genetic pattern, their chromosomes, and their basic physical drives and their prior experiences (conditioning, learned behaviors).  All humans are animals and as such they have a drive for food, drink, sex, and rest.  All humans have learned other behaviors from their interactions with their physical and social environments (other people).  Humans have been conditioned by deliberate and accidental patterns of stimulus response reinforcements .  Humans have been rewarded or punished for their behaviors.  Humans repeat those behaviors they are rewarded for and avoid those behaviors they have been conditioned to associate with punishment.  The conditioning may have been deliberate with hugs and kisses and food from parents for good behavior and frowns and scolding and denial of food or other experiences for behavior that was not to be repeated.  Teachers in school act in a similar pattern offering rewards and punishments and so they condition our behavior as well.  Siblings and friends act likewise towards us.  So humans are the products of physical factors.  All human actions are caused by those prior factors. Each of us knows that humans have behaviors that are predictable.  The D eterminists believe that when they have greater knowledge of the laws of human behavior they will be able to:
    ::有规范所有物理事件的法律。人类是身体,人的行为是物理事件。所有事件都有其先前的事件的原因,而自然宇宙的法律也有其原因。人类的行为是行为。人类的行为是人类遗传基因模式、染色体、基本身体驱动力和先前经历(调节、学习行为)的结果。所有人类都是动物,因此,他们都有追求食物、饮料、性行为和休息的动力。所有人类都从与身体和社会环境(他人)的相互作用中学习了其他行为。所有事件都有其先前事件的原因,以及管理物理宇宙的法律。人类的行为是受到奖励或惩罚的。人类的行为是因其行为而受奖赏或受惩罚的;人类的行为是其遗传遗传基因模式、染色体、基本身体驱动力和先天体验的结果(调节、学习行为)。 人类的调节可能是用拥抱、亲吻和食物来精心策划的,因为良好的行为、挥霍、责、否认食物或其他行为是不会重复的。学校教师的行为是类似的奖赏和意外模式,因此他们的行为受到惩罚。人类的行为受到奖赏或惩罚。人类行为的惩罚。 人类的行为是人类的行为的最好的行为。 人类的每个朋友和行为都了解人类的事物的事物。

    1. Predict exactly what a human will do under any set of circumstances
      ::预测一个人在任何一种情况下会做什么
    2. Manipulate a human into any behavior.
      ::操纵人类的任何行为。

    All that would be needed would be :
    ::所需要的是:

    1. Knowledge of all the laws of human behavior
      ::了解所有人类行为法则
    2. Knowledge of all the prior conditioning any human has had
      ::任何人类拥有的所有先天条件的知识

    Each person knows of the following expressions:
    ::每个人知道以下表达式:

    1. Everyone has a price
      ::每个人都有代价
    2. You know how to push his buttons
      ::你知道怎么按他的按钮

    These expressions support the Determinist view.  If someone has been conditioned for certain behaviors and one knows what those conditioning's are (the buttons) then all one needs to do is to “push” them to get the response that has been conditioned or programmed into the human. 
    ::这些表达方式支持确定论的观点。 如果某个人受到某些行为的制约,而有人知道这些调节(按钮)是什么,那么人们需要做的就是“推”他们,让他们得到已经受限制或被编程进入人类的响应。

    Evidence:
    ::证据:

    1. Children learn quickly about conditioning.  Small children learn what cries and screams will get their parents attention.  They learn what hugs and kisses will get them the gift they want.  Parents learn what rewards and punishments will get their children to do what the parent wants. 
      ::孩子们很快会学会调节。 小孩子会学会什么叫喊和尖叫会引起父母的注意。 他们会学会什么拥抱和亲吻会给他们想要的礼物。 父母会学会什么奖赏和惩罚会让孩子做父母想要的事。
    2. Each of us knows that there have been time when someone has pushed our buttons and we have wished that we would not have lost control but that we did.  We feel bad.  We wanted to act otherwise, under control.  But we lost it!  They push our buttons, really got our goat, got to us and we behaved in a manner that we wished were otherwise. Well, that little description of an experience we all can relate to establishes evidence in support of the determinist position.  We are not free.  We are the products of conditioning.
      ::我们每个人都知道,有一段时间有人按下我们的按钮,我们曾希望我们不会失去控制,但我们做到了。我们感觉很糟。我们想以其他方式行动,但是我们失去了控制。我们失去了它。他们按了我们的按钮,真的得到了我们的山羊,得到了我们的帮助,我们的行为方式与我们的愿望不同。关于我们的经验的这一小小描述,可以用来证明我们的立场是决定性的。我们不是自由的,我们是调节的产物。
    3. Advertisers pay as great deal of money to people who believe that they know something of the laws of human behavior.  Advertising is effective in raising the sales of products.  People buy things to look classy or to fit in with a group.  They often buy things that they cannot afford and have little use for but do so because of the advertising.  The ads push the buttons and get the response that has been conditioned.  People make a great deal of money each year proving that this is so.
      ::广告商向那些认为自己了解人类行为法则的人支付大量金钱。广告在提高产品销售量方面是有效的。人们买东西是为了看优雅,或适合某个群体。他们常常买他们买不起的、没有什么用处但因为广告而买的东西。广告按下按钮并获得已经限定的回复。人们每年都会赚很多钱来证明这一点。
    4. At casinos people put money into slot machines and other games of chance. They don’t always win but they get a return often enough to keep them gambling.  These behaviors are evidence of the laws of conditioning and of intermittent reinforcement. If a person can get another to do what they want how can it be said that people are free?  If everyone has a price to do something and that price is met then they will do it.  They will not refuse.  They cannot refuse.
      ::在赌场里,人们把钱放进空位机和其他赌博游戏中。 他们并不总是赢,但他们经常得到回报,以保持赌博。 这些行为是调节和间歇强化法则的证明。 如果一个人能让别人做他们想要做的事,人们怎么能说自己是自由的呢? 如果每个人都有代价做一些事情,而且价格可以满足,他们就会这样做。他们不会拒绝,他们不会拒绝。他们不能拒绝。
    5. There is an expression to the effect that we all have a price. The price may not be money it could be the guaranteed safety of our children or fame, power, or something else.  If this is true it lends support or evidence in support of the determinist position.  Is it possible for someone to turn down their price when it is offered?  Would that not mean that their price was higher or something different than what was offered?
      ::有一种意思是,我们都有一个价格。 价格可能不是金钱,它可能是保障我们孩子的安全或名声、权力或其他东西。 如果确实如此,它会为支持确定立场提供支持或证据。 当价格被提出时,有人可以拒绝价格吗? 这是否意味着他们的价格更高或与所要的价格不同?

    It appears that the claim that " everyone has a price" is a very difficult claim to disprove. There is lots of evidence in support of it and none opposed to it because any instance of a price being turned down would be a case of the price being miscalculated by whoever made the offer. It would not be the real price. If this is so, there is something either very powerful about the claim or something wrong.
    ::“每个人都有价格”的说法似乎是非常难以反驳的主张。 有许多证据支持这一主张,但没有人反对这一主张,因为任何价格被否决的事例都是价格被出价者错误计算的例子。 价格不是真实价格。 如果是这样的话,权利主张要么非常有力,要么有错误。

    Some will claim that when offered money to do some act that "never in a million years!  You couldn't pay me enough to do that!" and even claim that for them there is no price.This only means that the price for them has not been offered as yet.  What a person would never do for money they would do to protect the lives of their children or for some other "price" No freedom just different prices for different people for different acts!
    ::一些人会声称,当有人出钱来从事某种“在一百万年中永远不能!你不能给我足够的钱来做这些”的行为时,他们甚至会声称,对他们来说,没有代价。这仅仅意味着,他们的代价还没有提出来。 一个人为了保护他们的孩子的生命或其他“价格”永远不会为了钱而做的事情,没有自由,对不同的人来说,对于不同的行为,没有不同的价格!

    I do not know the personal histories of the students in my class.  I do know some general things about people and what motivates them.  Money is one big conditioning agent.  In class I  offer something to someone I  think is particularly susceptible to a particular offer in return for a behavior I  want exhibited.  It has never failed.
    ::我不知道班级学生的个人历史。我确实知道一些关于人和激励他们的因素的一般情况。钱是一个大的调节工具。在课堂上,我向某个我认为特别容易得到某种特定报价的人提供的东西,以换取我所要展示的行为。它从未失败过。

    Example
    ::示例示例示例示例

    I select a student and take out a five-dollar bill.  I offer five dollars in return for barking like a dog.  He barks.  I hand over the $5.  I offer another student a ten dollar bill.  The student must stand in front of the class and state ” I am an ass”.  He does so and I hand over the $10.  I then ask the class if there is anyone there who would turn down $100,000 in return for dropping out of the course and the college for a semester.  No one has ever said that they would refuse.  They all have a price and if I  can meet it I  can get them to do the act.  I enter the room with an envelope. It is sealed. In it I have a slip a paper on which I have written the action I will make someone do. I have always succeeded. There is something I have the power to do that can get a student to get up and leave the room and the building for the duration of the class. I select a student I  make the offer and they get up and leave.  It does not cost me any money. They are happy. The class is left wondering whether or not the student could have said no. I claim that the student could not have refused, once I met the price. If I  know a person’s buttons, their programming, their conditioning, and if I can push those buttons i can make that person do what i want.
    ::我选择了一个学生,拿了一张五块钱的账单。我提供五块钱,作为狗叫叫的回报。他叫了他。我交出了五块钱。我提供了另一个学生10块钱。我提供了另一个学生10块钱。学生必须站在课前和州前......我是一个屁股......他这样做,我交出了10美元。然后我问班里是否有人会拒绝10万美元作为退课和大学的回报。我从来没有人说过他们会拒绝。他们都有一个价格,如果我能满足,我就可以让他们做一个动作。我用一个信封进入房间。我把它密封了。我有一个滑纸,上面我写了一个动作,我会做一个屁股。我总是成功。我有些东西可以让学生站起来,离开房间和大楼,直到上课结束。我选择了一个学生,我出价,他们就想得到什么,他们想上,他们就走。这不值钱。他们高兴了。我离开这个班子就不知道我是否愿意做一个学生的按键。我能不能做一个学生的按这个按键。

    Hard Determinism
    ::硬决定因素主义

    Introduction to Hard Determinism
    ::硬决定主义入门

    In Hard Determinism there is no freedom  of the will  at all.  We have been conditioned to believe in freedom.  It is a silly and outmoded idea that stops us from being more effective in reducing criminal behavior and improving the quality of life for everyone.  When criminals are found guilty they need to be reprogrammed, reconditioned to avoid the criminal behavior.  We do not do that now because of the silly beliefs we have in souls, minds and freedom.  Psychology and Neuroscience will continue to provide more and more evidence that people are not free and that we do not have minds.  We have brains  and we have conditioning .  That is all. 
    ::在硬决定主义中,根本就没有意志的自由,我们有条件相信自由,这是一个愚蠢和过时的想法,阻止我们更有效地减少犯罪行为,提高每个人的生活质量。当罪犯被判定有罪时,他们需要重新规划,改造以避免犯罪行为。我们现在没有这样做,因为我们在灵魂、思想和自由方面有愚蠢的信念。心理学和神经科学将继续提供越来越多的证据,证明人们没有自由,我们没有思想,我们有大脑,我们有调节能力,这就是全部。

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    EPISD Critical Knowledge and Creative Thinkers Goal
    ::EPISD 关键知识和创意思想者目标

    Evidence: 
    ::证据:

    1. The brain contains elements that determine what appear to be human decisions:  the neurological basis for decision making.
      ::大脑中含有决定什么似乎是人类决定的因素:决策的神经基础。
    2. The brain in its unconscious processing determines what appear to be conscious choices.
      ::大脑在无意识的处理中决定了什么似乎是有意识的选择。

    Either you are forced to do something by some external agent or you are forced or made to do something by an internal agent such as a reason or a motive or a feeling or a aim or a purpose or a goal that you have.
    ::你要么是被某个外部特工强迫去做某事,要么是被某个内部特工强迫去做某事,比如理由、动机、感觉、目的、目的或目的。

    Either way your behavior is determined by the forces working on you that make you who you are and make you do what you do. No freedom. When you claim that you decide to do x and that the decision to do x was free what do you mean?  What made you decide to do X?Whatever made you decide to do X made you decide to do it.  It made you decide.
    ::无论哪种方式,你的所作所为都是由在你身上工作的力量决定的,这些力量使你成为真正的你,使你做你所做的事情。没有自由。当你声称决定做x,而决定做x是自由的,那是什么意思?是什么使你决定做X?是什么使你决定做X使你决定做它。它使你决定做它。它使你决定做它。

    If I  ask why did you decide to do X and you indicate that it was your values or motives or goals or aims or desires or prior experiences then that is what made you decide. There is no freedom there is only determinism.   Antecedent conditions and experiences have produced as a consequence the decision to do X.
    ::如果我问为什么你决定做X,而你却表示这是你的价值观、动机、目的、目的、目的、愿望或以前的经验,那么这就是你所决定的。没有自由,只有确定主义。 明显的条件和经验导致了做X的决定。

    The point is this is evidence that people act out of motives and you can get them to do things if you know what those motives are. Motives are the result of prior experiences and so people are determined by their past to act in certain ways. They cannot help themselves. They have no free will. They are conditioned to believe otherwise and they enjoy thinking that they are free but the evidence is that they are not.
    ::关键在于,这证明人们出于动机行事,如果你知道这些动机是什么,你可以让他们做一些事情。动机是先前经历的结果,所以人们根据过去决定以某种方式行事。他们不能自助,没有自由意志,他们有信仰的条件,他们认为自己是自由的,但有证据表明自己不是自由的。

    Final Piece of Evidence  
    ::最后证据碎片

    Would you stop reading this book or drop this course in return for $10,000?  Tell the truth! Would you really have a choice?  If I met your price?  You "gotta" do what you "gotta" do!  The "gotta" is your conditioning.
    ::你会停止读这本书,还是放弃这个课程 换取一万美元? 说实话!你真的有选择吗? 如果我满足你的价钱?

    Compatibilism
    ::兼容主义

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    Soft determinism (or compatibilism) is the position or view that causal determinism is true, but we still act as free, morally responsible agents when, in the absence of external constraints, our actions are caused by our desires.  Compatibilism does not maintain that humans are free. Compatabilism does not hold that humans have free will.
    ::软决定主义(或兼容主义)是因果决定主义的正确立场或观点,但是,在没有外部限制的情况下,当我们的行动是由我们的愿望造成的时,我们仍然作为自由、道德负责的代理人行事。 兼容主义并不认为人类是自由的。 兼容主义并不认为人类是自由的。 兼容主义并不认为人类有自由意志。 兼容主义并不认为人类有自由意志。

    What Does Compatibilism Hold ?
    ::" 兼容主义 " 坚持什么?

    1. The thesis of determinism is true, and that accordingly all human behavior, voluntary or involuntary, like the behavior of all other  things, arises from antecedent conditions, given which no other behavior is possible: all human behavior is caused and determined
      ::确定论的理论是真实的,因此,所有人类行为,自愿或非自愿的行为,与所有其他事物的行为一样,都源于先前的状况,在这种情况下,没有其他行为是不可能的:所有人类行为都是由和决定的
    2. Voluntary behavior is nonetheless free to the extent that it is not externally constrained or impeded
      ::然而,自愿行为只要不受外部限制或阻碍,是自由的
    3. The causes of voluntary behavior are certain states, events, or conditions within the agent: acts of will or volitions , choices, decisions, desires etc...
      ::自愿行为的起因是行为人的某些状态、事件或条件:意愿或意志的行为、选择、决定、愿望等。

    What is Compatibilism?
    ::什么是兼容主义?

    1. Compatibilism is determinism with a slight modification for the sake of appearances and for our language use. 
      ::兼容主义是决定性的,为了外表和我们的语言使用,稍作修改。
    2. It is a position taken because of the perceived need to have some idea of accountability or responsibility for human behavior.
      ::之所以采取这一立场,是因为人们认为有必要对人的行为有某种责任感或责任感。
    3. For those who hold this position humans can be held accountable for their actions and blameworthy if they act according to their will (however formed) and are not coerced or forced by external agencies or agents.
      ::对于那些担任这一职务的人,如果他们按照自己的意愿(无论如何形成)采取行动,并且不受外部机构或代理人的胁迫或强迫,那么他们的行动和应负的责任就可以追究他们的责任。
    4. If the motives or goals or other factors that form the will are the results of prior events and experienced and are so determined that does not nullify the idea that the human acts according to a will and has freedom of the will.
      ::如果构成意愿的动机或目标或其他因素是先前事件的结果和经验,而且确定如此,并不否定人类行为符合意愿并享有意志自由的观念。

    What Compatibilism is Not
    ::什么是兼容主义不是

    1. Compatibilism is not a position that combines the libertarian and determinist positions.
      ::兼容主义不是将自由主义立场和确定主义立场结合起来的立场。
    2. Compatibilismis not a compromise of the two other positions.
      ::兼容主义不是对另外两种立场的妥协。
    3. Compatibilism is not a position that holds that humans are "a little bit" free.
      ::兼容主义并不是认为人类是“一点点自由”的立场。
    4. Compatibilism is not a position that holds that humans have "limited free will".
      ::兼容主义并不是认为人类有“有限自由意志”的立场。
    5. Compatibilism is not a position that holds that humans have some free will.
      ::兼容主义并不是认为人类有某种自由意志的立场。

    Humans are either free or they are not. They either possess free will and can use it or they do not have it at all. They either have it and can use it as often as they want to do so or they have only the appearance of free will and really never make decisions or choices devoid of prior influences that determine the outcome of the decision or choice making procedure.
    ::人类要么自由,要么没有自由;要么拥有自由意志,可以使用自由意志,要么根本没有自由意志;要么拥有自由意志,可以随意使用自由意志;要么只有自由意志的外表,真正地从不做出决定或选择决定程序结果的、没有事先影响的决定或选择。

    That there may be social or physical constraints is not the issue here. Humans are not able to fly using only their own bodies to propel them through the air. You could say that humans are not "free " to do so but that would be to misuse the word free and change its meaning from "being able to choose" to "being physically able to do".
    ::问题不在于社会或身体上的限制。 人类不能只用自己的身体飞翔,用自己的身体在空气中推进它们。 你可以说,人类不能“自由”这样做,而是滥用“自由”这个词,改变它的含义,从“能够选择”改为“身体上能够做”。

    There may be repercussions or consequences for our actions so that a person might want to say something like "I am not free to rob a bank and by that mean that if they did they would be pursued and captures and imprisoned.  If persons have free will they can make the choice to rob a bank and flee capture.  Freedom in this context of the freedom versus determinism issue has a meaning that identifies it with possessing free will or being able to make choices for ones self.
    ::这可能对我们的行动有影响或后果,这样一个人可能想说“我不能自由地抢银行,这意味着如果他们抢银行,他们就会被追赶、抓捕和监禁;如果有人有自由意志,他们可以选择抢银行和逃跑。 自由与确定论问题的这一背景下的自由意味着它与拥有自由意志或能够为自己作出选择。 ”

    Read
    ::已读

    lesson content

    EPISD Informed Problem Solvers Goal
    ::EPISD 信息化解决问题者目标

    •  

    Crash Course on Compatibilism
    ::关于兼容主义的崩溃课程

    Criticisms of Compatibilism:
    ::对兼容主义的批评:

    The D eterminists criticize the C ompatibilists for for claiming that there is any freedom at all.  The D eterminists think the C ompatibilists are defining freedom in a different manner in order to make the claim that there is some freedom of choice. The D eterminists hold that all apparent decision making or choices are determined by internal and external factors, including desires, motives, principles that are in turn the effects of prior causes.
    ::决定因素主义者批评兼容论者声称存在任何自由。 决定因素论者认为兼容论者以不同的方式定义自由,以宣称存在某种选择自由。 决定因素论者认为,所有明显的决策或选择都由内部和外部因素决定,包括欲望、动机和原则,而这些原则反过来又由先前原因的影响决定。

    The Libertarians criticize the C ompatibilists for being D eterminists in a different guise.
    ::自由主义者批评兼容论者以不同名义成为决定因素论者。

    Fatalism and Determinism
    ::致命主义和决定性主义

    1. Universal causation + causal determination of all human behavior
      ::普遍因果关系+所有人类行为的因果确定
    2. Fatalism concerning the past-it cannot be changed
      ::无法改变关于过去的致命主义
    3. Fatalism concerning the future-it cannot be changed
      ::未来命运的致命主义是无法改变的
    4. The future is already known by God-Divine Omniscience
      ::未来已经为上帝所知道
    5. Therefore, all events are unavoidable
      ::因此,所有事件都是不可避免的

    Argument for Fatalism
    ::致命主义的论据

    Law of Excluded Middle
    ::排除中等法律法

    1. All statements are true or false
      ::所有声明都是真实的或虚假的
    2. All statements about the future are true or false
      ::所有关于未来的说法都是真实的或虚假的
    3. Statements that are true or false can not be changed, altered or avoided
      ::真实或虚假的言论不得更改、改变或避免
    4. Therefore, all future events are already determined and unavoidable. 
      ::因此,今后的所有事件都已经确定和不可避免的。

    Invincible Fate
    ::不可战胜的命运

    People make statements about "the" "future".  Do these statements or claims exist as true or false statements?  If so, is the future already set, is it determined?  If not then what is the meaning of such statements or claims? 
    ::人们就“未来”作出陈述。这些陈述或主张是真实的还是虚假的?如果是这样,未来是否已经确定,是否确定?如果不是,这些陈述或主张的含义是什么?

    Read
    ::已读

    lesson content

    EPISD Informed Problem Solvers Goal
    ::EPISD 信息化解决问题者目标

    •  
    •  

    Conclusion
    ::结论 结论 结论 结论 结论

    1. Free or Determined?  You choose? 
      ::自由还是决心?
    2. Or has your thinking has already been determined by prior events?  There are a variety of positions and each has strong and weak aspects.
      ::或者你的想法已经由以前的事件决定了吗? 各种立场各有不同,每个立场都有强弱的一面。
    3. Which position has the best evidence and reasoning in support of it?
      ::哪一种立场有最佳证据和理由支持它?
    4.  Which position is your position?  
      ::你的位置是哪个?
    5. Do you choose not to have a position? 
      ::您是否选择不拥有职位 ?
    6. Have you been programmed, trained or conditioned into making that response?
      ::你是否被编程、训练或有条件 做出这种反应?

     Philosophy Applications  
    ::哲学应用

    lesson content

    EPISD Critical Knowledge and Creative Thinkers Goal
    ::EPISD 关键知识和创意思想者目标

    lesson content

     

    Vocabulary
    ::词汇表

    lesson content

    EPISD Effective Bilingual Education Goal
    ::EPISD 有效双语教育目标