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  • General

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  • 岩石圈和软流圈

    Toothpaste being squeezed onto a toothbrush, illustrating fluidity of certain solids.
     

    Can you think of a solid that can flow?
    ::你能想到一个可以流动的固体吗?

    You use one twice a day! Toothpaste is a solid that can flow. Is the  asthenosphere  made of toothpaste? Only if the toothpaste is  ultramafic  in composition, and then it would only be able to flow if it were really, really hot. Still, the toothpaste analogy gives you a good image of how the asthenosphere might behave if you squeezed it
    ::您每天使用一次 ! 牙膏是一种可以流动的固体。 牙膏是用牙膏制成的吗 ? 只有牙膏的成分是特制的, 并且只有在非常热的情况下它才能流动。 不过, 牙膏类比可以很好地显示如果挤压的话, 牙膏会如何行事 。

    Lithosphere
    ::利电圈

    The  lithosphere  is composed of both the  crust  and the portion of the upper mantle that behaves as a brittle, rigid solid. The lithosphere is the outermost mechanical layer of the Earth. The lithosphere is about 100 kilometers thick. How are crust and lithosphere different from each other?
    ::平流层由地壳和上层地壳部分组成,它们表现为坚固的坚硬薄状。 平流层是地球最外层的机械层。 平流层厚约100公里。 地壳和平流层之间有什么不同?

    The definition of the lithosphere is based on how Earth materials behave, so it includes the crust and the uppermost mantle, which are both brittle. Since it is rigid and brittle, when stresses act on the lithosphere, it breaks. This is what we experience as an  .
    ::平地圈的定义基于地球物质的行为方式,因此它包括地壳和最上层的地壳,两者都是易碎的。由于它既硬又易碎,当对地圈的压力作用时,它就会破裂。这就是我们所经历的。

    Although we sometimes refer to Earth's  plates  as being plates of crust, the plates are actually made of lithosphere. Much more about Earth's plates follows in the chapter " Plate Tectonics ."
    ::尽管我们有时把地球板块称为地壳板块,但板块实际上是由地平层制成的。 有关地球板块的更多资料,见“板块构造”一章。

    Asthenosphere
    ::后地层

    The  asthenosphere  is the next mechanical layer.  It consists of the solid upper mantle material that is so hot that it behaves plastically and can flow. The lithosphere rides on the asthenosphere.  Because the asthenosphere can flow, it bends and deforms instead of breaking under  stress .
    ::等离子层是下一个机械层。 它由坚固的上层层层材料组成, 它非常热, 以至于它能够以塑料形式活动, 并且可以流动。 等离子层在等离子层上飞行。 因为等离子层可以流动, 它会弯曲和变形, 而不是在压力下断裂 。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The lithosphere is the brittle crust and uppermost mantle.
      ::岩层是易碎的地壳和最上层的地壳
    • The asthenosphere is a solid but it can flow, like toothpaste.
      ::天体是一个坚固的,但它可以流动, 就像牙膏一样。
    • The lithosphere rests on the asthenosphere.
      ::岩层圈位于天体圈上

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Where is the lithosphere? What layers does it include?
      ::地圈在哪里?它包括哪些层?
    1. What is the asthenosphere?
      ::什么是天体圈?
    1. How do the lithosphere and asthenosphere differ?
      ::地圈和地圈如何不同?
    1. If the lithosphere is resting on the asthenosphere and you put a lot of weight on the lithosphere, say ice in a glacier, how would the lithosphere respond?
      ::如果岩层沉积在天体层上 你对岩层加了很多重量 比如冰川中的冰 岩层会如何反应呢?

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use this resource to answer the questions that follow.
    ::使用此资源回答下面的问题 。

     

     

    1. Where is the crust? What is it made of?
      ::地壳在哪里?
    1. How thin is the crust?
      ::地壳有多薄?
    1. What layer is next and where is it?
      ::下一层是哪一层,在哪里?
    1. What is the mantle made of?
      ::地壳是用什么做的?
    1. Where does lava come from? What is magma?
      ::岩浆从何而来?
    1. Where is the outer core? What is it made of?
      ::外核在哪里?
    1. What is at the center of the Earth? Where is it?
      ::地球的中心是什么?
    1. What is the inner core made of? Is it solid, liquid or gas? Why?
      ::内核是由什么构成的?它是固体的,液体的还是气体的?为什么?
    1. How do scientists know what is below the crust?
      ::科学家怎么知道地壳下面是什么?