7.5 过渡金属离子金属
Section outline
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What kind of coin is this?
::这是什么硬币?Most of us are familiar with the common coins: penny, nickel, quarter. In some areas (such as Las Vegas), you might see large amounts of silver dollars (these get a little heavy in your pocket). But most of us have probably never seen a platinum eagle – an eagle coin, but one that is held primarily by collectors. If you were to take a one-ounce platinum eagle into a store and try to buy one hundred dollars worth of items, the store owner most likely would not believe you when you told them the coin was worth one hundred dollars. It would also be awkward and annoying if you lost one of these coins out of your pocket. Platinum is just one of several that is worth a lot of money (gold is another one).
::我们大多数人都熟悉普通硬币:便士、镍、四分之一。 在一些地区(如拉斯维加斯),你可能会看到一大笔银币(这些银币在你的口袋里有点重 ) 。 但我们大多数人可能从未见过白金鹰 — — 一只老鹰硬币,但硬币却主要由收藏家持有。 如果你把一盎司的白金鹰带到商店,并试图买到价值一百美元的东西,那么店主很可能不相信你,当你告诉他们硬币值一百美元的时候。 如果你从你的口袋里丢掉一枚这些硬币,那也会很尴尬和烦恼。 Platinum只是价值一大笔钱的几个硬币中的一个(金币是另一笔 ) 。The group 1 and 2 form through a simple process that involves the loss of one or more outer shell electrons. These electrons come from the s and are removed very readily.
::第1组和第2组形式通过一个简单的过程形成,该过程涉及一个或一个以上外壳电子的丢失。这些电子来自S,很容易被移除。Transition Metal Ions
::过渡金属离子Most transition differ from the metals of Groups 1, 2, and 13 in that they are capable of forming more than one cation with different ionic charges. As an example, iron commonly forms two different . It can sometimes lose two electrons to form the Fe 2+ ion, while at other times it loses three electrons to form the Fe 3+ ion. Tin and lead, though members of the p block rather than the d block , also are capable of forming multiple ions.
::与第1、第2和第13组的金属大多不同,因为它们能够形成一个以上的电离层,具有不同的电离电荷。例如,铁通常形成两个不同的体。它有时会损失两个电子组成Fe2+离子,而在其他情况下,它会损失三个电子组成Fe3+离子。锡和铅,虽然是p区块的成员,而不是d区块的成员,但也能够形成多个离子。Ionic formation for transition metals is complicated by the fact that these elements have unfilled inner d shells. Although the next higher s orbitals are actually at a lower energy level than the d level, these s electrons are the ones that are removed during ionization.
::由于这些元素有未填充的内体D壳,因此过渡金属的电离层形成复杂。 尽管下一个更高的轨道轨道的能量水平实际上低于 d 级,但这些电子是在电离化过程中被去除的。Table lists the names and formulas of some of the common transition metal ions:
::表格列出了一些共同过渡金属离子的名称和公式:Common Transition Metal Ions 1+
2+
3+
4+
copper(I), Cu +
::铜(I)、铜(Cu+)cadmium, Cd 2+
::镉、镉、镉2+chromium(III), Cr 3+
::铬(III)、铬(Cr3+)lead(IV), Pb 4+
::铅(四),Pb4+gold(I), Au +
::金(一)、奥+金(一)、chromium(II), Cr 2+
::铬(II)、铬(Cr2+)cobalt(III), Co 3+
::钴(III), CO3+tin(IV), Sn 4+
::锡锡(IV), Sn4+mercury(I), Hg 2 2+
::汞(I)、汞22+cobalt(II), Co 2+
::钴(II), CO2+gold(III), Au 3+
::黄金(III)、AO3+silver, Ag +
::银银, Ag+copper(II), Cu 2+
::铜(II)、Cu2+iron(III), Fe 3+
::铁(III), FE3+iron(II), Fe 2+
::铁(II), Fe2+lead(II), Pb 2+
::铅(二),Pb2+manganese(II), Mn 2+
::MAN(II)、MN2+mercury(II), Hg 2+
::汞(II)、汞2+nickel(II), Ni 2+
::镍(II)、镍2+platinum(II), Pt 2+
::platinum(II), Pt2+ 白金(II), Pt2+tin(II), Sn 2+
::锡锡(II), Sn2+zinc, Zn 2+
::锌、Zn2+锌Uses for Transition Metals
::过渡金属用途Because there are so many metals in this group, there are a wide variety of uses. Many of the metals are used in electronics, while others (such as gold and silver) are used in monetary systems. Iron is a versatile structural material. Cobalt, nickel, platinum, and other metals are employed as in a number of . Zinc is a significant component of .
::许多金属用于电子,而其他金属(例如金和银)则用于货币体系。铁是一种多用途结构材料。 钴、镍、白金和其他金属与若干金属一样,被使用。锌是其中的重要部分。Summary
::摘要-
Transition metals have unfilled inner
d
electron shells.
::过渡金属有未填充的内部d电子贝壳。 -
Ions form primarily through loss of
s
electrons.
::电离子主要是通过电子损失形成的。 -
Many transition metals can form more than one ion.
::许多过渡金属可组成一个以上的离子。 -
Transition metals have a wide variety of applications.
::过渡金属有各种各样的用途。
Review
::回顾-
What is unique about the electron configurations of transition metals?
::转换金属的电子配置有什么独特之处? -
Which electrons of transition metal elements are most likely to be lost during ion formation?
::哪些过渡性金属元素电子最有可能在离子形成过程中丢失? -
How many ions can iron form?
::有多少铁离子可以形成? -
Which transition metal forms only one ion?
::哪一种金属只构成一个离子? -
List several uses for transition metals.
::列出过渡金属的若干用途。
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Transition metals have unfilled inner
d
electron shells.