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  • General

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  • 个人与群体利益和不平等

    Individual vs . Group Interest
    ::个人与集体利益

    So there are a variety of theories on government. There are a variety of political philosophies.  Each offers its view on how it is that government is to hold and exercise power over individuals.  Each operates within a more general view of how it is that society ought to be regulated. Each has what P lato would term an “ideal model”  according to that model government acts. One of the ways in which governments must act is to resolve the conflicts that arise in every society between the interests that individuals have in their own welfare and happiness and the interest that the group as a whole has in its welfare.
    ::因此,关于政府的理论多种多样。 政治哲学多种多样。 每个人对政府如何掌握和行使对个人的权力提出了自己的看法。 每个人在社会应该如何管理这一更广义的视角下运作。 每个人拥有柏拉图根据这种政府行为模式所定义的“理想模式 ” 。 政府必须采取行动的方式之一是解决每个社会中个人在福利和幸福方面的利益与整个群体在福利方面的利益之间的冲突。

    In any society there is a natural tension between the interests of individuals and the interest of the group as a whole. There is a conflict between what individuals want and what serves their interests and what is needed for the welfare, safety and security of the entire group.  Government needs to moderate that conflict. Depending on the type of view that is operative concerning the nature of the social arrangement and the nature of government, the conflict will be resolved in favor of one or the other sets of interests.
    ::在任何社会中,个人的利益与整个群体的利益之间存在自然的紧张关系,个人想要的东西与为他们的利益服务的东西之间,以及整个群体的福利、安全和保障所需要的东西之间,存在着冲突,政府需要缓和这种冲突,取决于对社会安排的性质和政府性质的看法,冲突将以有利于某一组利益的方式解决。

    Crash Course Philosophy: Political Ideology in the USA
    ::崩溃课程哲学哲学:美国政治意识形态学

    Examples:  
    ::实例:

    1. Individuals may believe that they have the right to smoke tobacco. The group or society as a whole has an interest in preserving its health and well-being. How is the conflict to be resolved? In different societies there are different resolutions. In those favoring individualism there may be a great amount of freedom and a great reluctance on the part of government to restrict the liberties of individuals even when they are placing the welfare of others in jeopardy. In other societies that favor the common good over that of individuals there is less reluctance on the part of that government to intervene in the personal lives of individuals in order to preserve the common welfare and provide for the common good.
      ::个人可能认为他们有权吸烟; 群体或整个社会都关心维护自己的健康和福祉; 冲突如何解决?在不同的社会里,有不同的解决办法; 支持个人主义的人可能有很大的自由,政府方面很不愿意限制个人自由,即使他们把他人的福利置于危险之中; 在其他有利于共同利益而不是个人利益的社会里,政府不太不愿意干预个人的个人生活,以维护共同福利和提供共同利益。
    2. Individuals have an interest in preserving their earnings and using them as they see fit. In most countries the government takes a portion of those earnings through taxation and distributes the goods and services purchased with those funds as the government thinks best to provide for the more general good.
      ::个人对保持其收入和酌情使用这些收入感兴趣。 在大多数国家,政府通过税收收取其中的一部分收入,并分配用这些资金购买的货物和服务,因为政府认为最好能提供更普遍的福利。
    3. Individuals may want to ride in their automobiles without wearing a seat belt. Society acts to protect itself from foolish behavior that threatens the common welfare. Government enacts laws requiring the use of seat belts in order to reduce the number of accidents in which the drivers are injured and become so impaired that society must provide for their medical and physical care for the rest of their lives.
      ::政府颁布法律,要求使用安全带,以减少司机受伤和受损的事故数量,使社会必须为他们的余生提供医疗和身体护理。
    4. Individuals have an interest in self-protection, sporting pleasure, or hunting and so want to have guns and handguns.  Society has an interest in reducing injuries and deaths caused by the use of such devices as weapons involved in crimes or accidents.  In some countries government has acted for the common welfare and has prohibited private ownership of such devices.
      ::个人对自我保护、体育娱乐或狩猎感兴趣,因此希望拥有枪支和手枪; 社会关心减少使用诸如犯罪或事故所涉武器等装置造成的伤亡; 在一些国家,政府为了共同利益采取行动,并禁止私人拥有这种装置。

    There are many other examples of such conflicts. If you consider some of the social topics of greatest interest and concern today you will probably find this basic conflict involved in it in some way. In the USA in 2001 consider the topics of the government’s tax surplus and what is to be done with it or education and whether or not to allow for vouchers for parents to use in selecting a school. Both of these topics involve individual interest against that of the group.
    ::这种冲突还有其他许多其他例子。 如果你考虑到今天最感兴趣和最关注的一些社会问题,你可能会发现这种基本冲突在某种程度上牵涉其中。 2001年,美国审议了政府税收盈余、应如何处理税收盈余或教育以及是否允许家长在选择学校时使用工资券的问题。 这两个问题都涉及到个人利益,而不是群体利益。

    The topics involved with social and political philosophy are far from being uninteresting or unimportant. The theories of philosophers who discuss such topics are far from being of no concern to that of society. The ideas of philosophers on these matters have led directly or indirectly to revolutions and legislation and many social and political activities in all nations of the world.
    ::与社会和政治哲学有关的议题远非毫无兴趣或无关紧要,讨论此类议题的哲学家理论远非与社会无关,哲学家关于这些问题的想法直接或间接导致世界所有国家的革命和立法以及许多社会和政治活动。

    A great problem facing the USA  and the world at this time that involves the conflict between individual and group interests is the growing enormity of the inequality in wealth and income. Ideas concerning distributive justice and forms of government that would provide for such justice will be involved in the settlement of this conflict.
    ::目前,美国和世界面临的涉及个人和群体利益冲突的一个重大问题是财富和收入的不平等日益严重。 关于分配正义和提供这种正义的政府形式的想法将参与解决这场冲突。

    Inequality
    ::不平等

    The topics involved with social and political philosophy are far from being uninteresting or unimportant. The theories of philosophers who discuss such topics are far from being of no concern to that of society. The ideas of philosophers on these matters have led directly or indirectly to revolutions and legislation and many social and political activities in all nations of the world.  In the coming years there will be more attention given to and perhaps some activity to address the issue of the increasing inequality in wealth and in income between those who have a great deal and the many who have very little. There is perhaps no greater example of the conflict between the interests of the many or the whole of society and the interests of the few individuals who currently enjoy a vastly greater amount of wealth and the influence over social reforms than the vastly larger number of people who have far less wealth and little or no influence over the the agencies of social and economic reform. While many people in the USA indicate that they would prefer a much greater and more equal distribution of goods, services and wealth at the same time they tend to greatly underestimate the degree of the current inequality in both wealth and income. This is true no matter what the political affiliation or leanings. This lack of awareness or ignorance proves to be a major obstacle to meaningful discussions and potential reforms.
    ::涉及社会和政治哲学的题目远非不感兴趣或无关紧要,讨论这些题目的哲学家理论远非社会上无关紧要,哲学家关于这些问题的想法直接或间接地导致世界所有国家的革命和立法以及许多社会和政治活动。在未来几年里,将更加关注和也许有些活动来处理财富和收入日益不平等的问题,即拥有大量财富和收入的人与拥有很少的许多人之间日益不平等的问题。也许没有比目前享有大量财富和对社会改革的影响的少数个人的利益和他们的利益发生冲突的更明显的例子。与财富和立法、对社会和经济改革机构的影响要少得多或很少或没有影响的人相比,这些哲学家的想法直接或间接地导致了社会改革的影响。虽然美国许多人表示,他们更希望更多地、更平等地分配货物、服务和财富,同时他们往往大大低估目前财富和收入不平等的程度。这与政治联系或缺乏重大认识、缺乏重大认识、缺乏重大认识、缺乏重大认识、缺乏重大认识、缺乏重大认识、缺乏重大认识、缺乏重大认识、缺乏可能。

    By "wealth" what is meant would be the total value of all that a person possesses which would include the value of homes and automobiles, boats, personal possessions, businesses and any savings or stocks and bonds or any other such investments.  Wealth is usually not used for daily expenditures or factored into household budgets, but combined with income it comprises the family's total opportunity "to secure a desired stature and standard of living, or pass their class status along to one's children."  Moreover, "wealth provides for both short- and long-term financial security, bestows social prestige, and contributes to political power, and can be used to produce more wealth."  Hence, wealth possesses a psychological element that awards people the feeling of agency, or the ability to act.  The accumulation of wealth grants more options and eliminates restrictions about how one can live life.
    ::财富通常不用于日常开支,也不计入家庭预算,但与收入相结合的则是家庭的全部机会“确保理想的生活水平和生活水平,或将其阶级地位传给子女。” 此外,财富提供短期和长期的财政保障,赋予社会威望,促进政治权力,并可用于创造更多的财富。 因此,财富具有心理因素,赋予人们代理机构的感觉或行动能力。 财富的积累提供了更多的选择,并消除了对一个人如何生活的限制。

    Read
    ::已读

       

    In 2014 the top 1% of the USA population (330,000,000) possessed 40% of all the wealth in the USA. That would be 3 million people who have as much as 120 million people. The bottom 80% own just 7% of the whole. By 2015 reports indicated that the top 1% own more than the bottom 90%. That would be 3 million people who have as much as 290 million people. The gap is growing each year. That gap between the top 10% and those in the middle is more than 1,000% and the gap between the top 1% and the middle class is 2000%.
    ::2014年,美国最富有的1%人口(33 000 000 000人)拥有美国全部财富的40%。 也就是说,有1亿2千万人口。 最底层的80%人口拥有全部财富的7 % 。 到2015年,最底层的1 %人口拥有90%以上人口。 最底层的1 %人口拥有9亿人口。 差距每年都在扩大。 最上层的10 %人口和中层人口之间的差距超过1 000 % , 最高层的1 % 和中层人口之间的差距为2000 % 。

    Dennis Gilbert asserts that the standard of living of the working and middle classes is dependent upon income and wages, while the rich tend to rely on wealth, distinguishing them from the vast majority of Americans.
    ::Dennis Gilbert声称,工人和中产阶级的生活水平取决于收入和工资,而富人则倾向于依赖财富,将他们与绝大多数美国人区分开来。

    Workers in the USA  need to labor for a month in order to earn what the typical CEO earns in one hour.  Inequality in wealth is not the same as inequality in income, but they are related and similar in many ways.  In Inequality For All —a 2013 documentary with Robert Reich in which he argued that income inequality is the defining issue for the USA — R eich states that 95% of economic gains went to the top 1% net worth (hnwi) since 2009 when the recovery allegedly started.
    ::美国的工人需要一个月的劳动才能挣得典型的CEO一小时的收入。 财富不平等不等同于收入不平等,但在许多方面是相互关联和相似的。 2013年,在罗伯特·里奇的纪录片中,他争辩说收入不平等是美国的一个决定性问题。 Reich指出,自2009年据称复苏开始以来,95%的经济收益达到了最高净值1%(hnwi ) 。

    The disparity grows greater each year and the economic structures support that continuing.  In a special report in the N ew Y ork T imes "By Molding Tax System, Wealthiest Save Billions"  by N oam S cheiber and P atricia Cohen   D ecember 29, 2015. It is reported that  "the very wealthiest families are able to quietly shape tax policy that will allow them to shield their income using maneuvers available only to several thousand A mericans"
    ::不平等每年都在扩大,而经济结构也支持这种持续。 诺姆·谢贝尔和帕特里夏·科恩(Patricia Cohen)2015年12月29日的《纽约时报 》 ( Yy By Molding Tax System, Prevenyest saved亿万富翁 ) 的特别报告“2015年12月29日 ” 。 据报道, “ 最富有的家庭能够悄悄地制定税收政策,让这些家庭能够利用只有数千个美国人才能得到的策略来保护自己的收入 ” 。

    You can read commentary on the inequality in N ew Y ork city in a column by P aul K rugman, " I nequality and the  C ity."  You can read about how the tremendous accumulation has changed the skyline in N ew Y ork C ity "as a new high society climbs in M anhattan, it's a race to the top."
    ::你可以在保罗·克鲁格曼的专栏“不平等与城市”中读到关于纽约市不平等的评论。你可以读到巨大的积聚如何改变了纽约市的天线, “当一个新的高社会在曼哈顿攀登,

    Wealth and Inequality in America
    ::美国的财富不平等和不平等