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  • General

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  • 酸 - 命名和公式

    A pipette adding liquid to a gold sample in a bowl for testing.


    How is gold tested?
    ::金子是如何测试的?

    A spot test for gold has been in use for decades.  The sample is first treated with nitric .  Other may react or dissolve in this acid, but gold will not.  Then the sample is added to a of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid.  Gold will only dissolve in this mixture.  The term “acid test” arose from the California gold rush in the late 1840s when this combination was used to test for the presence of real gold.  It has since come to mean, “tested and approved” in a number of fields.
    ::对黄金的抽查已经使用了几十年。 样本首先用硝基处理 。 其它的可能会在酸中反应或溶解, 但金不会。 然后, 样本会添加到硝酸和盐酸中。 黄金只会在混合物中溶解 。 “ 酸测试”一词来自1840年代末期加利福尼亚的黄金潮流, 那时这种混合用于测试真金的存在。 从那时起,它在许多领域都意味着“ 测试和批准 ” 。

    Acids
    ::酸酸

    An acid can be defined in several ways.  The most straightforward definition is that an acid is a molecular that contains one or more hydrogen atoms and produces hydrogen (H + ) when dissolved in water. 
    ::一种酸可以用几种方式定义。最直接的定义是,一种酸是一种分子,含有一个或多个氢原子,在溶解于水中时产生氢(H+)。

    A: Various types of vinegar bottles; B: Halved grapefruit displaying juicy segments.
    (A) Vinegar comes in a variety of types, but all contain acetic acid. (B) Citrus fruits like grapefruit contain citric and ascorbic acids.

    This is a different type of compound than the others we have seen so far.  Acids are molecular, which means that in their pure state they are individual molecules and do not adopt the extended three-dimensional structures of like NaCl.  However, when these molecules are dissolved in water, the between the hydrogen and the rest of the molecule breaks, leaving a positively-charged hydrogen ion and an .  This can be symbolized in a chemical equation :
    ::酸是分子,这意味着在纯分子状态下它们是个别的分子,不采用像纳科尔这样的延伸三维结构。然而,当这些分子在水中溶解时,氢与分子分解的其余部分之间,留有正电离子和一个。这可以用化学方程式来象征:

    HCl → H + + Cl -
    ::HCl + H+ + Cl-

    Since acids produce H + upon dissolving in water, the H of an acid is written first in the formula of an inorganic acid.  The remainder of the acid (other than the H) is the anion after the acid dissolves.  Organic acids are also an important class of compounds, but will not be discussed here.  A binary acid is an acid that consists of hydrogen and one other .  The most common binary acids contain a halogen .  An oxoacid is an acid that consists of hydrogen, oxygen, and a third element.  The third element is usually a .
    ::由于酸在水溶解时产生H+,一种酸的H首先写在无机酸的配方中。酸的其余部分(H除外)是酸溶解后的阴离子。有机酸也是一个重要的化合物类别,但在这里将不予讨论。二进制酸是一种由氢和另外一种组成的酸。最常见的二进制酸含有卤素。氧化酸是一种由氢、氧和第三元素组成的酸。第三元素通常是氢、氧和第三元素。

    Naming Acids
    ::命名酸

    Since all acids contain hydrogen, the name of an acid is based on the anion that goes with it.  These anions can either be monatomic or polyatomic.  The name of all monatomic ions ends in – ide.  The majority of polyatomic ions end in either – ate or – ite , though there are a few exceptions such as the cyanide ion (CN - ).  It is this suffix of the anion that determines how the acid is named as displayed in the rules and Table .
    ::由于所有酸都含有氢,一种酸的名称都以与之相伴的阴离子为基础。这些阴离子既可以是元化的,也可以是多亚化的。所有元离子的名称都以 - ide 结尾。 多数多亚离子的终点要么是 -ate 要么是 - ite , 尽管有少数例外,比如氰化物离子(CN- ) 。 正是这个阴离子的后缀决定了该酸是如何在规则和表格中被命名的。

    Naming System for Acids

    Anion Suffix
    ::Anion 后缀

    Example
    ::示例示例示例示例

    Name of Acid
    ::酸名称

    Example
    ::示例示例示例示例

    - ide
    ::- 双

    chloride (Cl - )
    ::氯化氯 (Cl-)

    hydro_____ic acid
    ::盐酸

    hydrochloric acid (HCl)
    ::盐酸(HCl)

    - ate
    ::-日期 -日期

    sulfate (SO 4 2- )
    ::硫酸盐( SO42-)

    _____ic acid
    ::酸

    sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 )
    ::硫酸(H2SO4)

    - ite
    ::- 百ite

    nitrite (NO 2 - )
    ::亚硝酸( NO2)

    _____ous acid
    ::酸

    nitrous acid (HNO 2 )
    ::亚硝酸(HNO2)

    The three different suffixes that are possible for the anions lead to the three rules below.
    ::阴离子可能的三个不同的后缀导致以下三项规则。

    1. When the anion ends in – ide, the acid name begins with the prefix hydro -. The root of the anion name goes in the blank ( chlor for chloride), followed by the suffix –ic . HCl is hydrochloric acid because Cl - is the chloride ion. HCN is hydrocyanic acid because CN - is the cyanide ion.
      ::当阴离子以 - ide 结尾时,酸名以前缀水力开始。 阴离子名的根部在空白(氯化物的氯),后面是后缀。 HCl是盐酸,因为氯是氯化物的离子。 HCN是氢氰酸,因为氯化萘是氰化物的离子。
    2. When the anion ends in – ate, the name of the acid is the root of the anion followed by the suffix –ic . There is no prefix. H 2 SO 4 is sulfuric acid (not sulfic) because SO 4 2- is the sulfate ion.
      ::当阴离子结束于-ate,酸的名称是阴离子的根,后面是后缀-ic。没有前缀。 H2SO4是硫酸(不是硫酸 ) , 因为SO42 - 是硫酸离子。
    3. When the anion ends in – ite, the name of the acid is the root of the anion followed by the suffix –ous . Again, there is no prefix. HNO 2 is nitrous acid because NO 2 - is the nitrite ion.
      ::当阴离子以- ite 结尾时,酸的名称是阴离子的根和后缀的根。 再一次,没有前缀。 HNO2是氮酸,因为NO2是亚硝酸。

    Note how the root for a sulfur-containing oxoacid is sulfur- instead of just sulf-.   The same is true for a phosphorus-containing oxoacid.  The root is phosphor- instead of simply phosph-.
    ::注意含硫氧化物的根部是如何是硫磺而不是仅仅是硫磺的。 含磷的氧化物也是如此。 根部是磷, 而不是简单的磷。

    Many foods and beverages contain citric acid. Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid. Car contain sulfuric acid that helps in the release of electrons to create electricity.
    ::许多食品和饮料含有柠檬酸,醋是醋酸的一种稀释溶液,汽车含有硫酸,有助于释放电子来发电。

    Writing Formulas for Acids
    ::酸的写写公式

    Like other compounds that we have studied, acids are electrically neutral.  Therefore, the charge of the anion part of the formula must be exactly balanced out by the H + ions.  Since H + ions carry a single positive charge, the number of H + ions in the formula is equal to the quantity of the negative charge on the anion.  Two examples from the table above illustrate this point.  The chloride ion carries a 1− charge, so only one H is needed in the formula of the acid (HCl).  The sulfate ion carries a 2− charge, so two H’s are needed in the formula of the acid (H 2 SO 4 ).  Another way to think about writing the correct formula is to utilize the crisscross method, shown below for sulfuric acid.
    ::和我们研究的其他化合物一样,酸是中性的。因此,公式的阴离子部分的电荷必须完全由 H+离子平衡。由于H+离子含有单一正电荷,公式中的H+离子数量等于阴离子负电荷的数量。上表的两个例子说明了这一点。氯化离子含有1-电荷,因此酸的公式中只需要1H。硫酸离子含有2-电荷,所以酸的公式中需要2H,因此需要2H,而写正确的公式的另一个方法就是使用下面关于硫酸的填充法。

    Diagram illustrating the crisscross method for writing the formula of sulfuric acid.
    Criss-cross approach to writing formula for sulfuric acid.

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Acids are molecular compounds that release hydrogen ions.
      ::酸是释放氢离子的分子化合物。
    • A binary acid consists of hydrogen and one other element.
      ::二元酸由氢和另一个元素组成。
    • Oxoacids contain hydrogen, oxygen, and one other element.
      ::氧酸盐含有氢、氧和其他元素。
    • The name of the acid is based on the anion attached to the hydrogen.
      ::酸的名称基于与氢相连的阴离子。
    • Writing formulas for acids follows the same rules as for binary ionic compounds.
      ::酸的书写公式遵循与二元离子化合物相同的规则。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Define “acid.”
      ::“酸性”的定义。
    2. What is a binary acid?
      ::什么是二进制酸?
    3. What is an oxoacid?
      ::什么是氧化物?
    4. Name the following acids:
      1. H 2 SO 4
        ::H2SO4
      2. HCN
        ::HCN 中枢
      3. HCl
        ::HCl HCl
      4. H 3 PO 4
        ::H3PO4

      ::酸名称: H2SO4 HCN HCl H3PO4
    5. Write formulas for the following acids:
      1. hydrobromic acid
        ::氢溴酸
      2. perchloric acid
        ::敌氯酸酯
      3. nitrous acid
        ::亚硝酸

      ::下列酸的写公式: 氢溴酸/过氯酸亚硝酸