Section outline

  • General

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  • 基底 - 命名和公式

    Workers in a soap-making facility, using large kettles and tools for production.

    What different things are these workers doing to make soap?
    ::这些工人做肥皂有什么不同?

    Soap-making has a long history.  Until recently, soap was made using animal fats and lye from wood ashes.  The lye served as a to break down the fats and help form the soap.  Needless to say, unless the soap was washed to remove the lye, it was very harsh on the skin.  Many families would make their own soap by the lye and fat in a large kettle over an open fire, a long and hot task.
    ::肥皂制作历史悠久,直到最近,肥皂都是用动物脂肪和木灰中的碱液制成的。 淋巴是用来粉碎脂肪和帮助形成肥皂的。 不用说,除非肥皂洗去液液,否则肥皂对皮肤是非常严酷的。 许多家庭会用淋巴和脂肪在大水壶中用自己的肥皂在开着的火堆中做成一个大瓶子,这是一项漫长而热的任务。

    Bases
    ::基底

    The simplest way to define a base is an that produces hydroxide when dissolved in water.  One of the most commonly used bases is sodium hydroxide, illustrated below.
    ::最简单的基点定义方法是水溶解时产生氢氧化物,最常用的一个基点是氢氧化钠,如下文所示。

    Sodium hydroxide shown as pellets and its 3D molecular structure with ions depicted.
    (A) Sodium hydroxide, a base, is a solid that is typically produced as small white pellets. (B) The structure of sodium hydroxide is an extended three-dimensional network. The purple spheres are the sodium ions (Na+). The red and white spheres are oxygen and hydrogen atoms respectively, which are bonded together to form hydroxide ions (OH−).

    Names and Formulas of Bases
    ::基底名称和公式

    There is no special system for naming bases.  Since they all contain the OH - , names of bases end in hydroxide .  The is simply named first.  Some examples of names and formulas for bases are shown in the Table .
    ::没有专门的命名基点系统。 由于这些基点都包含 OH , 基点的名称以氢氧化为终点, 只需先命名。 基准的名称和公式的一些示例在表格中显示 。

    Formula Name
    NaOH sodium hydroxide
    Ca(OH) 2 calcium hydroxide
    NH 4 OH ammonium hydroxide

    Notice that because bases are ionic compounds, the number of hydroxides in the formula does not affect the name.  The must be neutral, so the charges of the ions are balanced just as for other ionic compounds.  Sodium ion (Na + ) requires one OH - ion to balance the charge, so the formula is NaOH.  Calcium ion (Ca 2+ ) requires two OH - ions to balance the charge, so the formula is Ca(OH) 2 .  Hydroxide ion is a polyatomic ion and must be put in parentheses when there are more than one in a formula.
    ::请注意,由于碱是离子化合物,公式中的氢氧化物数量不影响名称。必须是中性的,因此离子的装荷与其他离子化合物一样平衡。 钠离子( Na+) 需要一个OH- 离子来平衡电荷。 公式是 NaOH 。 钙离子( Ca2+) 需要两个OH- 离子来平衡电荷, 所以公式是 Ca( OH) 2 。 氢氧化离子是一种多解离子, 当公式中不止一个时必须置于括号内。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Bases are ionic compounds that produce hydroxide ions when dissolved in water.
      ::碱是离子化合物,在溶解于水中时产生氢氧化离子。
    • The cation is named first followed by “hydroxide.”
      ::电离层首先命名为“氢氧化物”。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is a base?
      ::什么是基地?
    2. What is the charge on the hydroxide anion?
      ::氢氧化氢阴离子的电荷是多少?
    3. Name the following bases:
      1. LiOH
        ::廖
      2. Mg(OH) 2
        ::Mg(OH)2
      3. Fe(OH) 3
        ::Fe(OH)3

      ::标 名: LiOH Mg(OH)2 Fe(OH)3
    4. Write the formulas for the following bases:
      1. nickel (II) hydroxide
        :sad二) 氢氧化氢
      2. aluminum hydroxide
        ::氢氧化铝
      3. silver hydroxide
        ::氢氧化银

      ::写下下列基数的公式: 氢氧化镍(II)氢氧化铝氢氧化氢氢氧化氢