Course: 8.3 形成 | The Way To Learn

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化化体化
How are cations formed?
::配方是如何形成的?

In many parts of the country, the water contains high of minerals that stain clothes, build up deposits on bathtubs and water heaters, and create problems with soap foaming properly. This problem is caused by what is called “hard water.” The water contains excessive amounts of such as iron and calcium. These create a lot of problems in the water. Ion exchange resins (seen above) will remove these minerals and clean up the water.
::在国内许多地方,水中含有大量矿物,这些矿物染色衣服,在浴缸和热水器上堆积矿床,并造成肥皂发泡的正常问题,这是所谓的“硬水”造成的。水中含有过多的铁和钙等铁和钙,在水中造成很多问题。 Ion Exchange树脂(见上文)将清除这些矿物,清理水。

Cation Formation
::化化体化

Cations are the positive ions formed by the loss of one or more electrons. The most commonly formed cations of the representative are those that involve the loss of all of the . Consider the alkali metal sodium (Na). It has one valence electron in the third principal energy level. Upon losing that , the sodium ion now has an octet of electrons from the second principal energy level. The equation below illustrates this process.
::代表方最常见的形成方格是涉及全部损耗的方格。考虑碱性金属钠(Na)。在第三主要能量水平上,它有一个valence 电子值。失去该电子时,钠离子现在有一个从第二主要能量水平的电离值。下面的方程式说明了这一过程。

$\begin{aligned} Na \to {Na}^{+} + e^{-} \\ 1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{1} 1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} (octet) \end{aligned}$
$\begin{align*}& \text{Na} \qquad \qquad \ \rightarrow \quad \text{Na}^+ \quad + \quad \text{e}^-\\ & 1s^22s^22p^63s^1 \qquad \ \ 1s^22s^22p^6 \ (\text{octet})\end{align*}$
::Na Na++e- 1s22s22s22p63s1 1s22s22p6 (天体)

The electron configuration of the sodium ion is now the same as that of the neon. The term isoelectronic refers to an and an ion of a different atom (or two different ions) that have the same electron configuration. The sodium ion is isoelectronic with the neon atom. Consider a similar process with magnesium and with aluminum:
::钠离子的电子配置现在与的配置相同。等电子术语指具有相同电子配置的不同原子( 或两个不同的离子)的一和一离子。钠离子与原子是电子的。设想一个与镁和铝类似的过程:

$\begin{aligned} Mg \to {Mg}^{2 +} + 2 e^{-} \\ 1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} (octet) \\ Al \to {Al}^{3 +} + 3 e^{-} \\ 1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} 3 s^{2} 3 p^{1} 1 s^{2} 2 s^{2} 2 p^{6} (octet) \end{aligned}$
$\begin{align*}& \text{Mg} \qquad \qquad \ \rightarrow \quad \text{Mg}^{2+} \quad + \quad 2\text{e}^-\\ & 1s^22s^22p^63s^2 \qquad \quad 1s^22s^22p^6 \ (\text{octet})\\ & \text{Al} \qquad \qquad \quad \rightarrow \quad \ \text{Al}^{3+} \quad + \quad 3\text{e}^-\\ & 1s^22s^22p^63s^23p^1 \quad \ 1s^22s^22p^6 \ (\text{octet})\end{align*}$
::Mg Mg2++2e-1s22s22p63s21s22s22s22p6 (有机物)

In this case, the magnesium atom loses its two valence electrons in order to achieve the same noble- configuration. The aluminum atom loses its three valence electrons. The Mg ²⁺ ion, the Al ³⁺ ion, the Na ⁺ ion, and the Ne atom are all isoelectronic. For representative elements under typical conditions, three electrons is the maximum number that will be lost.
::在此情况下, 镁原子会失去两台保值电子, 以实现相同的高尚配置。铝原子会失去三台保值电子。 Mg2+离子、 Al3+离子、 Na+离子和 Ne原子都是异电子化的。对于典型条件下的代表性元素, 三种电子是损失的最大值。

We can also show the loss of valence electron(s) with an electron dot diagram .
::我们还可以用电子点图显示valence economicn的损失。

$\begin{aligned} Na \cdot & \to {Na}^{+} + e^{-} \\ \cdot Mg \cdot & \to {Mg}^{2 +} + 2 e^{-} \end{aligned}$
$\begin{align*}\text{Na} \cdot & \rightarrow \text{Na}^++\text{e}^-\\ \cdot \text{Mg} \cdot & \rightarrow \text{Mg}^{2+}+2\text{e}^-\end{align*}$
::娜娜·娜·加加·姆加·姆加·姆加·姆加·姆加·姆格2++2e-

Summary
::摘要

Cations form when an atom loses one or more electrons.
::当原子失去一个或多个电子时,即形成配方。

The resulting cation has the electron configuration of the noble gas atom in the row above it in the periodic table.
::由此产生的电离层在周期表上方一行的惰性气体原子电子配置。

Review
::回顾

What is a cation?
::什么是圆珠?

How many valence electrons does the sodium atom have?
::原子钠有多少价值电子?

Which atom is the sodium ion isoelectronic with?
::哪个原子是电离钠是电子化的?

How many electrons does magnesium lose to form the magnesium ion?
::镁离子的形成需要损失多少个电子?

Section outline

General

化 化 体 化

How are cations formed? ::配方是如何形成的?

Cation Formation ::化 化 体 化

Summary ::摘要

Review ::回顾

化化体化

How are cations formed?
::配方是如何形成的?

Cation Formation
::化化体化

Summary
::摘要

Review
::回顾