8.5 过渡金属成形

章节大纲

• 选择节常规

  折叠 展开

  常规

  全部折叠 展开全部

  • 选择活动新闻通告

    

    新闻通告 讨论区
• 选择节过渡金属化

  折叠 展开

  过渡金属化

  

  播放段落

  How do transition metals form ions?
  ::金属如何转化成离子?

  播放段落

  The are an interesting and challenging group of .  They have perplexing  patterns of distribution that don’t always follow the electron filling rules.  Predicting how they will form is also not always obvious.
  ::电子填充规则并不总是遵循电子填充规则。 预测它们将如何形成也并非总是显而易见的。

  播放段落

  Transition Metal Ions
  ::过渡金属离子

  播放段落

  Transition metals belong to the d block, meaning that the d sublevel of electrons is in the process of being filled with up to ten electrons.  Many transition metals cannot lose enough electrons to attain a noble- electron configuration .  In addition,  the majority of transition metals are capable of adopting ions with different charges.  Iron, which forms either the Fe ²⁺ or Fe ³⁺ ions, loses electrons as shown below.
  ::过渡性金属属于d区块,这意味着电子的分级水平正在被填充多达10个电子,许多过渡性金属不能损失足够的电子以达到高贵电子配置,此外,大多数过渡性金属能够以不同电荷吸收离子。铁构成的Fe2+或Fe3+离子会失去电子,如下文所示。

  播放段落

  $$\begin{array}{rl}& \text{Fe}\to {\text{Fe}}^{2+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\\ & [\text{Ar}]3d^{6}4s^2[\text{Ar}]3d^6\\ & \text{Fe}\to {\text{Fe}}^{3+}+3{\text{e}}^{-}\\ & [\text{Ar}]3d^{6}4s^2[\text{Ar}]3d^5\end{array}$$

  
  ::FeFe2++2e-[[阿 3d64s2 [阿 3d6Fe3+3e-[阿 3d64s2 [阿 3d5

  播放段落

  According to the Aufbau principle , the electrons fill the 4 s sublevel before beginning to fill the 3 d sublevel.  However, the outermost s electrons are always the first to be removed in the process of forming transition metal .  Because most transition metals have two , the charge of 2+ is a very common one for their ions.  This is the case for iron above.  A half-filled d sublevel ( d ⁵ ) is particularly stable, which is the result of an iron losing a third electron.
  ::根据Aufbau原则,在开始填满3D子级之前,电子填满了4个子级。然而,最外层电子在形成过渡金属的过程中总是第一个被移除。由于大多数过渡金属有2个,2+的电荷对其离子非常常见。以上铁的情况就是如此。半填d子级(d5)特别稳定,这是铁失去第3个电子的结果。

  

  播放段落

  A. Rust is a complex combination of oxides of iron(III), among them iron(III) oxide, Fe ₂ O ₃ . B. Iron(II) sulfate, FeSO ₄ , has been known since ancient times as green vitriol and was used for centuries in the manufacture of inks.
  ::A Rust是氧化铁(III)的复杂组合,其中包括氧化铁(III),Fe2O3.B.硫酸铁(II)硫酸盐,FeSO4,自古以来就被称为绿色三丁醇,几个世纪以来被用于制造墨水。

  播放段落

  Some transition metals that have relatively few d electrons may attain a noble-gas electron configuration.  Scandium is an example.
  ::某些具有相对较少 d 电子的过渡性金属可能达到高温气体电子配置。 就是一个例子。

  播放段落

  $$\begin{array}{rl}& \text{Sc}\to {\text{Sc}}^{3+}+3{\text{e}}^{-}\\ & [\text{Ar}]3d^{1}4s^2[\text{Ar}]\end{array}$$

  
  ::ScSc3++3e - [[Ar]3d14s2 [Ar]

  播放段落

  Others may attain configurations with a full d sublevel, such as zinc and copper.
  ::另一些国家则可能达到完全的D分级配置,如锌和铜。

  播放段落

  $$\begin{array}{rl}& \text{Zn}\to {\text{Zn}}^{2+}+2{\text{e}}^{-}\\ & [\text{Ar}]3d^{10}4s^2[\text{Ar}]3d^{10}\\ & \text{Cu}\to {\text{Cu}}^{+}+{\text{e}}^{-}\\ & [\text{Ar}]3d^{10}4s^1[\text{Ar}]3d^{10}\end{array}$$

  
  ::Znn2++2e-[[Ar]3d104s2[Ar]3d10CuCu++e-[Ar]3d104s1[Ar]3d10

  播放段落

  The resulting configuration above, with 18 electrons in the outermost principal energy level, is referred to as a pseudo noble-gas electron configuration .  It gives particular stability to the Zn ²⁺ and Cu ⁺ ions.
  ::由此形成的上述配置,在最外层主要能源水平上有18个电子,被称为假的惰性气体电子配置,使Zn2+和Cu+离子特别稳定。

   

   

  播放段落

  Summary
  ::摘要

  播放段落
  • Transition metal ion formation is more complex than simple cation formation.
    ::过渡性金属离子形成比简单的凝固形成更为复杂。
  播放段落
  • Transition metal ions often involve rearrangements of both d and s electrons.
    ::过渡性金属离子往往涉及对 d 和 e 电子的重新排列。

  播放段落

  Review
  ::回顾

  播放段落
  1. What block do the transition metals fall in?
     ::过渡金属会掉进什么块?
  播放段落
  2. When writing the electron configuration for a transition metal, which sublevel (s,p,d,f)  is filled first?
     ::当为过渡金属写入电子配置时, 哪个子级别( s, p, d, f) 先填充 ?
  播放段落
  3. When forming transition metal ions, which sublevel (s,p,d,f) loses electrons first? What is the pseudo noble-gas electron configuration?
     ::当形成过渡性金属离子时,哪个子级(s,p,d,f)先失去电子? 假的惰性气体电子配置是什么?