8.10 金属债券
章节大纲
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Why do metals behave the way they do?
::为什么金属会像他们那样行事?The image above is of a copper plate that was made in 1893. The utensil has a great deal of elaborate decoration and the item is very useful. What would have happened if we decided that copper (I) chloride was just as good a material (well, it does have copper in it). The CuCl would end up as a powder when we pounded on it to shape it. behave in unique ways. The bonding that occurs in a metal is responsible for its distinctive properties: luster, malleability, ductility, and excellent conductivity.
::上面的图像是1893年制造的铜板。 有很多精密的装饰, 物品非常有用。 如果我们决定氯化铜(I)是一样好的原料( 里面确实有铜 ) , 那么会发生什么? 当我们按着铜板来塑造铜板时, CuCl 就会变成粉末。 行为举止独特。 在金属中发生的结合是其独特特性的责任: 光滑性、 易容性、 导管性以及极好的导电性。The Metallic Bond
::金属债券Pure metals are crystalline solids, but unlike , every point in the crystal lattice is occupied by an identical . The electrons in the outer energy levels of a metal are mobile and capable of drifting from one metal atom to another. This means that the metal is more properly viewed as an array of positive surrounded by a sea of mobile . Electrons which are capable of moving freely throughout the empty of the metallic crystal are called delocalized electrons (see Figure ). A metallic bond is the attraction of the stationary metal to the surrounding mobile electrons.
::纯金属是晶状的固体,但不同之处在于,晶体板中的每个点均被一个相同的物体占据。金属外能水平中的电子是移动的,能够从一个金属原子漂移到另一个金属原子。这意味着金属被更恰当地视为由移动海洋环绕的一组正值。能够在金属晶体的空隙中自由移动的电被称作脱落电子(见图 )。金属结合是固定金属吸引到周围移动电子的。In a metal, the stationary metal cations are surrounded by a sea of mobile valence electrons that are not associated with any one cation.
::在金属中,固定的金属板块周围环绕着移动价值电子的海洋,这些电子与任何一种板块都没有关联。Properties of Metals
::金属属性The metallic bonding model explains the of metals. Metals conduct electricity and very well because of their free-flowing electrons. As electrons enter one end of a piece of metal, an equal number of electrons flow outward from the other end. When light is shone on to the surface of a metal, its electrons absorb small amounts of energy and become excited into one of its many empty orbitals. The electrons immediately fall back down to lower energy levels and emit light. This process is responsible for the high luster of metals.
::金属联结模型可以解释金属的特性。 金属进行电力操作, 并且由于它们的自由流电子而很好。 当电子进入一块金属的一端时, 数量相等的电子从另一端向外流动。 当光线被射向金属的表面时, 其电子吸收了少量的能量, 并进入许多空轨道之一。 电子会立即下降到较低的能量水平, 并释放光线。 这一过程是金属高度光滑的原因之一 。The American Platinum Eagle is the official platinum bullion coin of the United States and was first minted in 1997. The luster of a metal is due to its metallic bonds.
::美国白金鹰是美国官方的白金公牛硬币,于1997年首次铸造。 金属的光滑是由于其金属债券造成的。Recall that ionic compounds are very brittle. Application of a force results in like-charged ions in the crystal coming too close to one another, causing the crystal to shatter. When a force is applied to a metal, the free-flowing electrons can slip in between the stationary cations and prevent them from coming in contact. Imagine ball bearings that have been coated with oil sliding past one another. As a result, metals are very malleable and ductile . They can be hammered into shapes, rolled into thin sheets, or pulled into thin wires.
::提醒注意离子化合物非常易碎。 电力的应用导致晶体中的类似电荷离子太近, 导致晶体粉碎。 当对金属施压时, 自由流电子会滑入定点中间, 防止它们发生接触 。 想象一下被涂满油层的球轴承会相互滑过。 结果, 金属会非常易流和诱导。 它们会被敲碎成形状, 被卷到薄板上, 或被拉到薄线上 。Summary
::摘要-
The metallic bond is responsible for the properties of metals.
::金属债券对金属的特性负责。 -
Metals conduct electricity and heat well.
::金属的电能和热能运作良好。 -
Metals are ductile and malleable.
::金属是管道和易腐的。 -
Metals have luster.
::金属有光泽。
Review
::回顾-
What is a delocalized electron?
::什么是异地电子? -
Why do metals conduct electricity and heat well?
::为什么金属能很好地供电和取暖? -
Why do metals have luster?
::为什么金属有色素?
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The metallic bond is responsible for the properties of metals.
