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  • 岩石

    Will this rock be there forever?
    ::这块石头会永远存在吗?

    Rocks may seem permanent, but they're not. Over time a rock will change into another type of rock. How this happens is known as the  rock cycle . There are three main types of rocks. There are several processes that can change one type into another. First we need to learn what the rocks types and processes are.
    ::岩石可能看起来是永久性的,但并不是永久性的。 随着时间的推移, 岩石会变成另一种类型的岩石。 如何发生这种情况被称为岩石循环。 有三种主要的岩石类型。 有几种进程可以改变一种类型的岩石。 首先我们需要了解岩石的类型和过程。

    What is a Rock?
     ::什么是岩石?

    A  rock  is a naturally formed, non-living Earth material. Rocks are made of  . The minerals may be so tiny that you can only see them with a microscope. The minerals may be really large. A rock may be made of only one type of mineral. More often rocks are made of a mixture of different minerals. A few types of rocks are made from materials that are not minerals. For example,  coal  is  organic  so it is not a mineral, nor is it made of minerals. Yet coal is a rock.
    ::岩石是一种自然形成的、非生物的地球材料。岩石是由 . 。 矿物质可能太小, 只能用显微镜看它们。 矿物质可能非常大。 岩石可能只由一种矿物质组成。 岩石往往由不同矿物质混合而成。 几类岩石是用非矿物材料制成的。 例如, 煤是有机的, 它不是矿物, 也不是矿物。 然而, 煤是岩石。

    Four rock samples labeled A, B, C, and D, displaying various textures and colors.

     

    (A) Granite has large crystals because it cools slowly. (B) Basalt has very small crystals because it cools quickly. (C) Coal is made up of organic material. (D) Jade is made of the mineral jadeite.
    :sadA) 花岗岩有大晶体,因为它冷却缓慢。 (B) Basalt有很小的晶体,因为它冷却很快。 (C) 煤炭由有机物质组成。 (D) Jade是由矿物的玉石制成。

    Rocks are named for the combinations of minerals they are made of and the ways those minerals came together. Remember that different minerals form under different environmental conditions. So the minerals in a rock contain clues about the conditions in which the rock formed ( Figure   ).
    ::岩石被命名为矿物的组合和矿物的结合方式。 记住不同环境条件下不同的矿物形式。 因此岩石中的矿物含有岩石形成条件的线索( 图 ) 。

    Rock Types
    ::岩石类型

    Geologists group rocks based on how they form. There are three major rock types. Each will be described in more detail in the coming concepts.
    ::地质学家根据岩石的形成方式对岩石进行分组。有三种主要的岩石类型,在即将到来的概念中将更详细地描述每一种类型。

    •  form when  magma  cools below Earth’s surface or  lava  cools at the surface.
      ::当岩浆在地表下冷却或熔岩在地表冷却时,即为表态。
    •  form when  sediments  are  compacted  and  cemented  together.  Sediments  are pieces of rock. They may be gravel, sand, silt, or clay. Some sedimentary rocks form the solid minerals left behind after a liquid evaporates.
      ::当沉积物被捆绑和凝固时,沉积物会形成形态。沉积物是岩石碎片,可以是碎石、沙、淤泥或粘土。有些沉积岩石形成液体蒸发后留下的固体矿物。
    •  form when an existing rock is changed by  heat  or pressure. The minerals in the rock change but do not melt. The rock experiences these changes within the Earth.
      ::当现有岩石被热或压力改变时, 岩石中的矿物质会变化, 但不会融化。 岩石在地球上会经历这些变化 。

    Rocks can change from one type to another. The rock cycle describes how this happens.
    ::岩石可以从一种类型变换到另一种类型。岩石周期说明了这种情况是如何发生的。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Nearly all rocks are made of minerals. A few are made of materials that do not fit the definition of minerals.
      ::几乎所有岩石都是矿物制成的,少数由不符合矿物定义的材料制成。
    • Igneous rocks form from cooled magma or lava.
      ::从冷却的岩浆或熔岩中形成的微弱岩石
    • Metamorphic rocks form as an existing rock is altered by high temperature or pressure.
      ::现有岩石因高温或高压而改变,因此变形岩石形式变形岩石。
    • Sedimentary rocks form from sediments that are cemented and compacted.
      ::凝固和压实的沉积物形成的沉积物。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Name a rock type that is not made of minerals. How can a rock be made of material that is not minerals?
      ::如何用非矿物材料制成岩石?
    1. What is an igneous rock?
      ::什么是不光彩的岩石?
    1. What is a metamorphic rock?
      ::什么是变形岩石?
    1. What is a sedimentary rock?
      ::什么是沉积岩?

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

    1. How do   form?
      ::形式如何?
    1. Why do lessons about rocks always begin with  ?
      ::为什么关于岩石的教训总是从头开始呢?
    1. What directly correlates with crystal size in an igneous rock?
      ::什么是直接相关 与晶体大小 在一个有色岩石?
    1. How do   form?
      ::形式如何?
    1. What two things related to   do you see at the Grand Canyon?
      ::你在大峡谷看到什么了?
    1. What are  ?
      ::什么东西?
    1. How do   form?
      ::形式如何?
    1. Can an igneous rock become an igneous rock? Can a sedimentary rock become a sedimentary rock? Can a metamorphic rock become a metamorphic rock?
      ::具有皮质的岩石能成为具有皮质的岩石吗? 沉积的岩石能成为沉积的岩石吗? 变形的岩石能成为具有色质的岩石吗?
    1. Draw an diagram of the rock cycle. Include the processes that transform rocks from one type to another.
      ::绘制岩石循环图。 包含将岩石从一种类型转换为另一种类型的进程 。