4.6岩石循环过程
Section outline
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Where do rocks come from?
::岩石从何而来?can be formed in many ways, including being erupted from or compacted from sand. The rock cycle describes how any type of rock can become any other type of rock. The three rock types are joined together by the processes that change one to another.
::岩石周期描述了任何类型的岩石如何成为任何其他类型的岩石。这三种类型的岩石被相互改变的过程结合在一起。The Rock Cycle
::摇滚周期There are three rock types: igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic. All of these rocks can change. In fact , any rock can change to become any other type of rock. These changes usually happen very slowly. Some changes happen below Earth’s surface. Some changes happen above ground. These changes are all part of the rock cycle. The rock cycle describes each of the main types of rocks, how they form, and how they change.
::有三种岩石类型:有色岩石、沉积岩石和变形岩石。所有这些岩石都可以改变。事实上,任何岩石都可以改变成为任何其他类型的岩石。这些变化通常发生非常缓慢。有些变化发生在地球表面之下。有些变化发生在地面之下。有些变化发生在地面上。这些变化都是岩石循环的一部分。岩石循环描述了每一种主要类型的岩石,它们是如何形成的,以及它们是如何变化的。The figure below shows how the three main rock types are related to each other ( Figure ). The arrows within the circle show how one type of rock may change to rock of another type. These are the processes that change one rock type to another rock type.
::下图显示了三种主要岩石类型是如何相互联系的(图 )。圆内的箭头显示一种类型的岩石会如何改变为另一种类型的岩石。这些是将一种岩石类型改变为另一种岩石类型的过程。The Rock Cycle. Processes of the Rock Cycle
::摇滚周期进程There are three main processes that can change rock:
::有三个主要过程可以改变岩石:- Cooling and crystallization . Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to create magma . As magma cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock . The crystals grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. When crystals form from magma it is called crystallization .
::冷却和结晶化。 在地球深处, 温度会变得足够热, 从而产生岩浆。 随着岩浆的冷却, 晶体会生长, 形成一个有皮的岩石。 如果岩浆冷却, 晶体会变大, 如果岩浆保持在地球深处, 它会变大。 如果岩浆迅速冷却, 晶体会变小。 当岩浆形成晶体时, 它被称为结晶化 。
- Weathering and erosion . Water , wind , ice, and even plants and animals all act to wear down rocks. Over time they can break larger rocks into sediments . Rocks break down by the process called weathering . Moving water, wind, and then carry these pieces from one place to another. This is called erosion . The sediments are eventually dropped, or deposited , somewhere. This process is called sedimentation . The sediments may then be compacted and cemented together. This forms a sedimentary rock . This whole process can take hundreds or thousands of years.
::天气侵蚀和侵蚀。 水、 风、 冰, 甚至植物和动物都会磨损岩石。 随着时间的推移, 它们可以将更大的岩石破碎到沉积物中。 岩石会因天气变化的过程而碎裂。 移动水、 风, 然后把这些碎片从一个地方移到另一个地方。 这被称为侵蚀。 沉积物最终会落到一个地方, 或者沉积在某个地方。 这个过程被称为沉积。 沉积物可能会被捆绑和凝固在一起。 这形成一个沉积的岩石。 整个过程需要数百年或数千年时间 。
- Metamorphism . This long word means “to change form.“ A rock undergoes metamorphism if it is exposed to extreme heat and pressure within the crust . With metamorphism , the rock does not melt all the way. The rock changes due to heat and pressure. A metamorphic rock may have a new composition and/or texture.
::这种长长的词意指“改变形态”。如果岩石受到地壳内极端热和压力的影响,它就会发生变形。随着变形,岩石不会完全融化。由于热和压力,岩石会发生变化。变形岩石可能具有新的组成和(或)质地。
The rock cycle really has no beginning or end. It just continues. The processes involved in the rock cycle take place over hundreds, thousands, or even millions of years. Even though for us rocks are solid and unchanging, they slowly change all the time.
::岩石循环真的没有开始或结束。 它只是继续。 岩石循环所涉及的过程发生在数以百计、数千甚至数百万年的时间里。 尽管对我们来说岩石是坚固和不变的,但它们总是缓慢地变化。Summary
::摘要- The three main rock types are igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary.
::三种主要的岩石类型是不光亮的、变形的和沉积的。
- The three processes that change one rock to another are crystallization, metamorphism, and erosion and sedimentation.
::将一个岩石改变为另一个岩石的三个过程是结晶、变形、侵蚀和沉积。
- Any rock can transform into any other rock by passing through one or more of these processes. This creates the rock cycle.
::任何岩石都可以通过一个或一个以上的过程转化成任何其他的岩石。 这就创造了岩石循环。
Review
::回顾- What processes create igneous rocks?
::哪些过程会产生令人发指的岩石?
- What processes create metamorphic rocks?
::哪些过程会产生变形岩石?
- What processes create sedimentary rocks?
::哪些过程会产生沉积岩?
- Cooling and crystallization . Deep within the Earth, temperatures can get hot enough to create magma . As magma cools, crystals grow, forming an igneous rock . The crystals grow larger if the magma cools slowly, as it does if it remains deep within the Earth. If the magma cools quickly, the crystals will be very small. When crystals form from magma it is called crystallization .
