6.1 我们社会中的青少年
Section outline
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Objectives
::目标目标目标和目标目标目标目标目标Explain how adolescence developed as a distinct stage of the life cycle in the States United.
::解释在美国,青春期是如何发展成为生命周期中一个独特的阶段的。Identify and explain the five characteristics of adolescence.
::查明和解释青春期的五个特点。
Universal Generalizations
::普遍化Adolescence is not a universal concept.
::青少年不是一个普遍概念。Most values and norms are learned during childhood.
::大多数价值观和规范都是在童年时期学习的。Peer groups are important influence on adolescence.
::同龄人群体对青春期有着重要影响。Most teenagers often develop their values and personal identity.
::大多数青少年往往发展自己的价值观和个人身份。
Guiding Questions
::问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问What challenges did teenagers face 20 years ago? 30 years ago?
::二十年前青少年面临什么挑战?How would your life be different if all Americans were considered adults at the age of 13?
::如果所有美国人在13岁时都被视为成年人,你的生活会有什么不同呢?How does adolescence differ from childhood?
::青春期与童年有何不同?Which of the characteristics of adolescence presents the greatest challenge for teenagers today?
::今天青少年面临的最大挑战是青春期的哪个特点?Adolescence in Society
::社会中的青春期青少年In many preindustrial societies, young people go directly from childhood to adulthood after taking part in particular rites of passage. Adolescence is not universal. The concept of adolescence is a relatively new concept as a life stage.
::在许多工业化前社会,青年人在参加特定成年仪式后,从童年到成年直接从童年到成年,青春期并不普遍,青春期的概念作为一个生命阶段是一个较新的概念。The relationships adolescents have with their peers, family, and members of their social sphere play a vital role in their development. is a crucial period in social development, as adolescents can be easily swayed by their close relationships. The extreme influence peers can have over an individual makes these relationships particularly important to personal development. Peers begin to help the adolescent understand the existence, formation, and specification of . Research shows there are four main types of relationships that influence an adolescent: parents, peers, community, and society.Parents
::父母父母When children go through , there is often a significant increase in parent-child conflict and a less cohesive familial bond . Arguments often concern new issues of control, such as curfew, acceptable clothing, and right to privacy. Parent-adolescent disagreement also increases as friends demonstrate a greater impact on the child. This is especially true when new influences on the adolescent are in opposition to parents' values. Social media now plays a role in parent-adolescent disagreement, as the advent of the internet has now become a complex place for children to navigate.
::当儿童经历时,父母与子女之间的冲突往往显著增加,家庭联系不那么紧密。 争论往往涉及新的控制问题,如宵禁、可接受的衣服和隐私权。随着朋友对儿童产生更大的影响,父母与青少年之间的分歧也有所增加。当对青少年的新影响与父母的价值观形成对立时,情况尤其如此。社交媒体现在在父母与青少年的分歧中扮演了角色,因为互联网的到来已经成为儿童浏览的复杂场所。
The parent-child relationship
::父母-子女关系When children go through puberty, there is often a significant increase in parent-child conflict, and a less cohesive familial bond.
::当儿童进入青春期时,父母与子女之间的冲突往往大量增加,家庭联系缺乏凝聚力。While adolescents strive for freedoms, the unknowns can be frightening for parents. Although conflicts between children and parents increase during adolescence, they are often related to relatively minor issues. Regarding important life issues, many adolescents will still share the same and values as their parents. Adolescents who have a good relationship with their parents are less likely to engage in various risk behaviors, such as smoking, drinking, fighting, and/or unprotected .
::虽然青少年争取自由,但未知因素对父母来说可能是可怕的,尽管青少年中儿童和父母之间的冲突增加,但往往与相对较小的问题有关,就重要的生活问题而言,许多青少年仍然与父母具有同样的价值和价值观,与父母关系良好的青少年不太可能从事各种危险行为,如吸烟、酗酒、打架和/或得不到保护。Peers
::相对等点High quality friendships may enhance a child's development regardless of the characteristics of those friends. As children begin to gain bonds with various people, they start to form friendships, which can be beneficial to development. Strong peer groups are especially important during adolescence when parental supervision decreases and interaction with peers increases. Adolescents associate with friends of the opposite sex much more than in childhood, and tend to identify with larger groups of peers based on shared characteristics.
::高质量的友谊可以促进儿童的发展,而不管这些朋友的特性如何。随着儿童开始与不同的人建立纽带,他们开始形成友谊,从而有利于发展。在青春期,当父母监督的减少和与同龄人的互动增加时,强大的同龄人群体尤其重要。青少年与异性朋友的联系远远多于童年,而且往往根据共同的特点认同较大的同龄人群体。Peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop social skills such as , sharing, and leadership. Peer groups, or cliques, can have positive influences on an individual, such as academic and performance. They can also have negative influences via , such as encouraging drug use, drinking, vandalism, stealing, or other risky behavior. Susceptibility to peer pressure increases during early adolescence.
::同侪团体为成员提供发展社会技能的机会,如分享、领导等;同侪团体或文化团体可以对个人产生积极的影响,如学术和表现。它们也可以通过鼓励吸毒、酗酒、破坏、偷盗或其他冒险行为等方式产生消极影响。 在青少年早期,对同侪压力的可感性会增加。While peers may facilitate positive social development for one another, they may also hinder it. Emotional reactions to problems and emotional instability have been linked with physical aggression among peers. Both physical and are linked to a vast number of enduring psychological difficulties, including depression.
::虽然同龄人可以相互促进积极的社会发展,但也可能阻碍社会发展,对问题和情感不稳定的情绪反应与同龄人之间的身体侵犯有关,既包括身体上的,也包括许多持久的心理困难,包括抑郁症。On a larger scale, adolescents often associate with crowds, or groups of individuals who share common interests or activities. Often, crowd identities may be the basis for stereotyping young people, such as "jocks" or "nerds. " In large, multi-ethnic high schools, there are often ethnically-determined crowds as well. While crowds are influential during early and middle adolescence, they lose influence during high school as students begin to identify more individually.
::在更大范围内,青少年往往与人群或具有共同利益或活动的个人群体有联系,通常,人群身份可能成为定型年轻人的基础,如“jocks”或“nerds”。 在大型、多族裔的高中中,也经常有族裔确定的人群。虽然人群在青少年早期和中年具有影响力,但随着学生开始更个别地识别,他们在高中失去影响力。Source: Boundless. “Cultural and Societal Influences on Adolescent Development.” Boundless Psychology . Boundless, 19 Jun. 2015.
::资料来源:Boundless,“文化和社会对青少年发展的影响”。 Boundless心理学,Boundless,2015年6月19日。
http://www.slideshare.net/shikha9999/growth-and-development-of-adolescence
::http://www.slideshare.net/shikha9999/ 成长和发展Community and Society
::社区和社会There are certain characteristics of adolescent development that are more rooted in than in human biology or . Culture is learned and socially shared, and it affects all aspects of an individual's life. Social responsibilities, sexual expression, and belief system development, for instance, are all likely to vary based on culture. Furthermore, many distinguishing characteristics of an individual (such as dress, employment, recreation, and language) are all products of youth culture. Culture, in this case, is not synonymous with nation or ethnicity.
::青少年发展的某些特征比人类生物学或人类生物学更植根于其中。文化是学习和社会共享的,它影响到个人生活的所有方面。例如,社会责任、性表达和信仰体系的发展都可能因文化而异。此外,个人的许多显著特征(如衣着、就业、娱乐和语言)都是青年文化的产物。在这种情况下,文化并不等同于民族或种族。Community
::社区 社区Culture is learned and socially shared, and it affects all aspects of an individual's life. Social responsibilities, sexual expression, and belief system development, for instance, are all things that are likely to vary by culture.
::例如,社会责任、性表达和信仰体系的发展,都是可能因文化而变化的事物。Differences between families in the distribution of financial responsibilities or provision of allowance may reflect various social background circumstances and intrafamilial processes. These are further influenced by and values. The amount of time adolescents spend on work and leisure activities varies greatly by culture as a result of cultural variations.
::家庭之间在分担经济责任或提供津贴方面的差异可能反映各种社会背景情况和家庭内部过程,这些差异受到进一步的影响和价值,青少年在工作和休闲活动上花费的时间因文化差异而有很大差异。Source: Boundless. “Cultural and Societal Influences on Adolescent Development.” Boundless Psychology . Boundless, 19 Jun. 2015.
::资料来源:Boundless,“文化和社会对青少年发展的影响”。 Boundless心理学,Boundless,2015年6月19日。
::http://www.slideshare.net/shikha9999/ 成长和发展Anticipatory
::预测is the process by which non- -members adopt the and standards of groups that they aspire to join, so as to ease their entry into the group and help them interact appropriately once they have been accepted. It involves changing one's attitudes and behaviors in preparation for a shift in one's role. commonly associated with anticipatory socialization include , play-acting, training, and rehearsing. Examples of anticipatory socialization include law school students learning how to behave like lawyers, older people preparing for retirement, and Mormon boys getting ready to become missionaries.
::非成员采用他们希望加入的团体的组织和标准的过程,以方便他们进入团体,并在被接受后帮助他们适当互动。它涉及改变自己的态度和行为,准备改变自己的角色。通常与预期的社会化有关的是玩耍、培训和排练。预科社会化的例子包括法学院学生学会如何表现为律师、准备退休的老年人和准备成为传教士的摩门教男孩。Anticipatory socialization was first defined by Robert K. Merton. It has its origins in a 1949 study of the United military which found that privates who modeled their attitudes and behaviors on those of officers were likely to be promoted than those who did not.
::预先的社会化最初由Robert K. Merton界定,其起源是1949年对联军的一项研究,该研究发现,以军官的态度和行为为榜样的私人可能比不这样做的私人得到晋升。Source: Boundless. “Anticipatory Socialization and Resocialization.” Boundless Sociology . Boundless, 19 Jun. 2015. Retrieved 21 Jun. 2015 from https://www.boundless.com/sociology/textbooks/boundless-sociology-textbook/socialization-4/socialization-throughout-the-life-span-48/anticipatory-socialization-and-resocialization-300-8972/
::资料来源:Boundless,“Antimitical Socialization and resocialization”,Boundless Socilogy, Boundless, 2015年6月19日,2015年6月21日,检索自https://www.boundless.com/socilogy/textbooks/bredless-socious-textbook/socialization-4/socialization-troduut-the-life-span-48/anticipation-socialization-and-resocialization-300-8972/。
::将 " 关于青春期特点的进一步资料 " 改为 " 关于青春期特点的进一步资料 " 。5 Characteristics of Adolescence Read more :
::社交媒体如何影响青少年