Section outline

  • General

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  • 青少年的挑战

    Objectives
    ::目标目标目标和目标目标目标目标目标

    Identify and explain some of the social problems facing contemporary teenagers.
    ::查明并解释当代青少年面临的一些社会问题。

    Analyze the factors that contribute to social problems of teenagers.
    ::分析造成青少年社会问题的因素。

    Explain the consequences social problems cause adolescence.
    ::解释社会问题对青少年造成的后果。


    Universal Generalizations
    ::普遍化

    Adolescence can be confusing and challenging time of life.
    ::青少年的生活时间可能会令人困惑,具有挑战性。

    The norms dealing with sexual behavior vary greatly from society to society.
    ::处理性行为的规范因社会不同而有很大差异。

    Early sexual activity can have negative health effects.
    ::早期性活动可能对健康产生不利影响。

    Adolescents are faced for the first time with important decisions which can have serious consequences on their lives
    ::青少年第一次面临可能对其生活产生严重影响的重要决定。


    Guiding Questions
    ::问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问

    Is it more difficult to be a teenager today than 20 years ago?  40 years ago?
    ::今天的青少年比20年前更困难吗?40年前?

    What type of social issues do teenagers face today?
    ::青少年今天面临什么样的社会问题?

    What are the causes and consequences of these problems?
    ::这些问题的原因和后果是什么?

    What causes and what are the consequences of suicide?
    ::自杀的原因和后果是什么?

    Challenges of Adolescence
    ::青少年的挑战

    The teen years are a time when adolescents begin developing a separate identity from their parents. It can be an exciting and confusing time for teens as they gain independence and begin preparing for adulthood. Teens in  Americans face several common problems that can affect their emotional, social and physical development.  America's teens face new problems when it comes to bullying. While past generations might have worried about getting into a fistfight with a bully, many of today's teens face possible violence with weapons. Cyberbullying also is a new problem, and it can lead to rumors and insults being spread in an instant. According to HealthyChildren.org, bullying places teens at risk for many other problems, including low self-esteem, social withdrawal and social anxiety. Truancy and academic problems can also stem from bullying.
    ::青少年开始与父母建立独立身份,这对青少年来说是一个令人兴奋和困惑的时刻,因为他们获得独立并开始准备成年。美国人的青少年面临着一些共同的问题,这些问题可能会影响他们的情感、社会和身体发展。美国青少年在欺凌方面面临着新的问题。虽然过去几代人可能担心与欺凌者进行拳击,但今天的很多青少年可能面临武器暴力。网络欺凌也是一个新问题,并可能导致谣言和侮辱在瞬间传播。根据健康儿童组织(HealityChildChildom.org),欺凌青少年会面临许多其他问题的风险,包括自尊心低、社会退缩和社会焦虑。欺凌和学术问题也可能源于欺凌。

    While bullying has been around for ages, the Internet has made bullying easier and more widespread than ever, making it one of the major issues teens face today. It gives people who are normally afraid of confrontation the ability to bully others anonymously and those who would bully anyway a wider selection of “weapons” with which to attack. Facebook, Twitter and other social media networks give bullies the ability to enlist the help of others in their bullying schemes and publicize whatever they want to about their victim. A lot of teens are left stressed out, wondering if something they said or something they did will wind up posted on Facebook for all to see.  
    ::虽然欺凌已经存在了很长时间,但互联网却使得欺凌变得比以往更容易和更加普遍,成为当今青少年面临的主要问题之一。 它让那些通常害怕对抗的人能够匿名欺凌他人,而那些反正会欺凌他人的人能够以更多的“武器”来攻击他人。 Facebook、Twitter和其他社交媒体网络让欺凌者有能力在欺凌计划中寻求他人的帮助,并公布他们想要的受害人信息。 许多青少年被忽略了,他们不知道他们说了什么或者他们做了什么,都会在Facebook上张贴给大家看。


    Depression

    ::萧条

    Another issue concerning teens is depression.  According to the American Academy of Adolescent and Child Psychiatry, "About 5 percent of children and adolescents in the general population suffer from depression at any given point in time." While adults with depression often appear sad, teens with depression usually report physical health problems, appear irritable and exhibit behavioral problems. Depression can cause teens to isolate themselves and withdraw from activities. Academic problems often arise as depression can lead to increased absences from school, difficulty concentrating and decreased motivation.
    ::有关青少年的另一个问题是抑郁症。 根据美国青少年与儿童精神病学研究院(American Institute of American Commission of Child and Child Asscience, Access of American Commission ) , “ 普通人口中约有5%的儿童和青少年在任何特定时间都患有抑郁症 ” 。 虽然抑郁症的成年人经常出现悲伤,但患有抑郁症的青少年通常报告身体健康问题,看上去刺激和表现出行为问题。 抑郁症可以导致青少年孤立自己和退出活动。 抑郁症经常产生学术问题,因为抑郁症可能导致更多的失学、难以集中和动机下降。

    Obesity
    ::肥胖症

    Obesity is an issue affecting many American teens.  According to the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, "Between 16 and 33 percent of children and adolescents are obese," which means they are more than 10 percent exceed the recommended weight for their height. Obesity can place teenagers at risk of many medical problems such as diabetes, high blood pressure, heart disease and breathing problems. It can also cause social problems for teenagers because they are more likely to suffer from low self-esteem and be less popular with their peers.
    ::肥胖是影响许多美国青少年的一个问题。 根据美国儿童和青少年精神病学学会(American Child and Diden Actistical),“Between 16%和33%的儿童和青少年肥胖 ” ( Between 16 and 33%的儿童和青少年肥胖 ) , 这意味着他们的身高超过建议体重的10%以上。 肥胖可能使青少年面临糖尿病、高血压、心脏病和呼吸问题等许多医疗问题的风险。 肥胖还可能给青少年带来社会问题,因为他们更容易遭受低自尊,更不会受到同伴的欢迎。

    http://www.livestrong.com/article/1000831-common-teen-problems-america/
    ::http://www.liverenger.com/article/100831-common-teen-Problems-America/


    Teen Challenges

    For many people, adolescence is a time of uncertainty, growth and opportunities.
    ::对许多人来说,青春期是一个充满不确定性、增长和机会的时期。

    http://www.stageoflife.com/Teen_Challenges.aspx
    ::http://www.stageflifef.com/Teen_Challenges.aspx http://www.stageflif.com/Teen_Challenges.aspx 。

    Substance Abuse
    ::药物滥用

    A major concern for many adolescence in the United States is substance abuse.  According to the National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University, adolescent substance use is America's No. 1 public health problem. According to a recent study by the center, "46 percent of all high school students currently use addictive substances; 1 in 3 of them meets the medical criteria for addiction." The use of addictive substances before the age of 18 greatly increases the likelihood of developing an addiction. Many factors contribute to teen substance abuse problems, such as peer pressure and media messages.  Alcohol is the substance abused most frequently by adolescents, followed by marijuana and tobacco.  In the past month, 39 percent of high school seniors reported drinking some alcohol, almost 23 percent reported using marijuana, and 16 percent reported smoking cigarettes.
    ::美国许多青少年的一个主要关切是药物滥用。根据哥伦比亚大学全国成瘾和药物滥用中心的资料,青少年药物的使用是美国第1号公共健康问题。根据该中心最近的一项研究,“目前所有高中学生中46%的人使用上瘾药物;其中三分之一的人符合上瘾医疗标准。”18岁前上瘾药物的使用大大增加了成瘾的可能性。许多因素导致青少年滥用药物问题,例如同龄压力和媒体信息。酒精是青少年滥用最多的药物,其次是大麻和烟草。在过去一个月中,39%的高中学生报告饮酒,将近23%的人报告吸大麻,16%的人报告吸烟。

    More adolescents drink alcohol than smoke cigarettes or use marijuana.  Within the past month, almost four out of 10 high school seniors report drinking some alcohol and more than one in five have engaged in “binge drinking” daily in the past two weeks. Drinking endangers adolescents in multiple ways including motor vehicle crashes, the leading cause of death for this age group.   Nearly one in four adolescents has ridden in a car with a driver who had been drinking.   Genetic factors and life stressors influence adolescents’ alcohol abuse, but parents and guardians can help by monitoring adolescents’ activities and keeping channels of communication open.
    ::上个月,10名高中生中几乎有4名报告饮酒,每5名高中生中就有1名以上在过去两周中每天 " 饮酒 " 。饮酒以多种方式危及青少年,包括汽车撞车,这是这一年龄组的主要死亡原因。每4名青少年中就有1名在一辆车上骑着司机喝酒。遗传因素和生活压力因素影响青少年酗酒,但父母和监护人可以通过监测青少年的活动和开放沟通渠道来提供帮助。

    Cigarette smoking among adolescents has declined dramatically in the last 15 years. Today, most adolescents do not smoke, but about one in ten has smoked within the past month and the use of smokeless tobacco increased between 2008 and 2010, but has remained fairly steady since 2010. Tobacco use harms nearly every organ in the body, and more than six million children born between 1983 and 2000 will die in adulthood of smoking-related illnesses.   Multiple factors influence whether an adolescent becomes a regular smoker, including genetics and having parents or peers who smoke. Many adolescents start trying tobacco products at a young age, so prevention efforts in schools, in communities, and in homes, can help and should begin early.
    ::青少年吸烟率在过去15年中急剧下降,今天,大多数青少年不吸烟,但大约十分之一的青少年在过去一个月中吸烟,2008年至2010年期间吸烟率上升,无烟烟草的使用量在2008年至2010年期间保持相当稳定,但自2010年以来一直保持相当稳定。烟草的使用几乎伤害了身体的每一个器官,1983年至2000年期间出生的600多万儿童将在成年时死于与吸烟有关的疾病。多种因素影响青少年是否成为常规吸烟者,包括遗传学和有父母或同龄人吸烟。许多青少年开始在年轻时尝试烟草制品,因此在学校、社区和家庭中的预防努力可以帮助,而且应该尽早开始。

    Illicit drug use—which includes the abuse of illegal drugs and/or the misuse of prescription medications or household substances—is something many adolescents engage in occasionally, and a few do regularly. By the twelfth grade, about half of adolescents have abused an illicit drug at least once. The most commonly used drug is marijuana but adolescents can find many abused substances, such as prescription medications, glues, and aerosols, in the home.   Many factors and strategies can help adolescents stay drug free: Strong positive connections with parents, other family members, school, and religion; having parents present in the home at key times of the day; and reduced access in the home to illegal substances.
    ::非法使用毒品——包括滥用非法药物和/或滥用处方药或家用药物——是许多青少年偶尔参与和经常参与的事情,到十二年级时,约有一半青少年至少滥用过一次非法药物,最常用的药物是大麻,但青少年在家里可以发现许多滥用药物,如处方药物、胶水和气溶胶,许多因素和战略可以帮助青少年保持药物自由:与父母、其他家庭成员、学校和宗教建立强有力的积极联系;父母在一天的关键时间留在家中;减少在家里获得非法药物的机会。



    Adolescence and Sexual Behavior

    ::青少年和性行为

    Many young people engage in sexual risk behaviors that can result in unintended health outcomes. For example, among U.S. high school students surveyed in 2013
    ::许多年轻人从事可能导致意外健康结果的性风险行为。 例如,在2013年接受调查的美国高中学生中,

    • 47% had ever had sexual intercourse.
      ::47%的人有过性关系。
    • 34% had had sexual intercourse during the previous 3 months, and, of these
      • 41% did not use a condom the last time they had sex.
        ::41%的人上次性交时没有使用避孕套。

      ::34%的人在过去3个月中发生过性关系,其中41%的人上一次发生性关系时没有使用避孕套。
    • 15% had had sex with four or more people during their life.
      ::15%的人在一生中与四个或四个以上的人发生性关系。
    • Only 22% of sexually experienced students have ever been tested for HIV.
      ::只有22%的性经验丰富的学生接受过艾滋病毒检测。

    Photo: group of adolescent boys and girls

    Sexual risk behaviors place adolescents at risk for HIV infection, other sexually transmitted diseases (STDs), and unintended pregnancy:
    ::性风险行为使青少年面临感染艾滋病毒、其他性传播疾病和意外怀孕的风险:

    • Nearly 10,000 young people (aged 13-24) were diagnosed with HIV infection in the United States in 2013.
      ::2013年,美国有近10 000名年轻人(13-24岁)被确诊感染艾滋病毒。
    • Young gay and bisexual men (aged 13-24) accounted for an estimated 19% (8,800) of all new HIV infections in the United States, and 72% of new HIV infections among youth in 2010.
      ::2010年,年轻男同性恋者和双性恋者(13-24岁)估计占美国所有新感染艾滋病毒病例的19%(8 800人),占青年新感染艾滋病毒病例的72%。
    • Nearly half of the 20 million new STDs each year were among young people, between the ages of 15 to 24.
      ::在每年2 000万新发性病病例中,将近一半是15至24岁的年轻人。
    • Approximately 273,000 babies were born to teen girls aged 15–19 years in 2013.
      ::2013年,约273 000名婴儿是15-19岁少女所生。

    Among American teenagers, the birthrate is substancially higher than other industrialized countries.  The CDC has established national health objectives to address the issue of sexual behavior.  One of its major objectives the CDC encouraged abstinence- not engaging in any type of sexual behavior .  Surveys have indicated the CDC programs have had some success.  Sexual activity among teens has declined and the use of birth control has increased.

    ::在美国青少年中,出生率比其他工业化国家要高得多。疾病防治中心已经制定了解决性行为问题的国家健康目标。疾病防治中心鼓励禁欲,不从事任何类型的性行为。调查表明疾病防治中心的方案取得了一些成功。青少年之间的性活动已经减少,节育的使用也有所增加。

    To reduce sexual risk behaviors and related health problems among youth, schools and other youth-serving organizations can help young people adopt lifelong attitudes and behaviors that support their health and well-being- including behaviors that reduce their risk for HIV, other STDs and unintended pregnancy.
    ::为了减少青年、学校和其他青年服务组织中的性风险行为和相关健康问题,可以帮助青年人采取支持其健康和福祉的终身态度和行为,包括减少其感染艾滋病毒、其他性传染疾病和意外怀孕风险的行为。



    Influences on Early Sexual Activity
    ::对早期性活动的影响

    Social scientists have theorized a series of explanations for why teens partake in sexual behavior.  Many scientists believe social and economic factors contribute to early sexual activity.  Some of these factors are family income level, marital status of parents, and religious participation.  Typically teens from higher income two parent families have lower rates of sexual activity than those teens who come from a lower social income and one parent families.  Sexual activity is also influenced by the norms concerning sexual behavior among teens.  Those teens whose friends engage in sexual behavior are more likely to engage in sexual behavior than those whose friends do not engage in sex.

    ::社会科学家对青少年参与性行为的原因做了一系列的理论解释。许多科学家认为社会和经济因素促成了早期性活动。其中一些因素是家庭收入水平、父母婚姻状况和宗教参与。一般情况下,高收入的青少年、双亲家庭的性活动率低于来自低社会收入和单亲家庭的青少年。性活动还受到青少年性行为规范的影响。那些朋友从事性行为的青少年比朋友不从事性行为的青少年更有可能从事性行为。


    Teen Sexual Activity and Outcomes
    ::青少年性活动和结果

    Early sexual activity is associated with a host of negative outcomes that can have lasting physical, emotional, social, and economic impacts on the lives of young people, particularly teenage girls and young women.
    ::早期性活动与一系列负面结果相关联,这些负面结果可能对青年人,特别是少女和青年妇女的生活产生持久的身体、情感、社会和经济影响。

    Sexually Transmitted Diseases. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates that one in four teenage girls has at least one sexually transmitted infection (STI). Teenage girls, especially, are physiologically vulnerable to these infections, and early sexual activity increases the risk of infection. One study found that those who begin sexual activity at age 13 are twice as likely to become infected as peers who remain sexually abstinent throughout their teen years.
    ::性传染疾病:疾病控制和预防中心估计,每四个少女中就有一个至少感染了一次性传染疾病(性传染感染),特别是少女在生理上易受这些感染,早期性活动增加了感染的风险,一项研究发现,在13岁开始性活动的人感染的可能性是15岁开始性禁欲的同龄人的两倍。

    Teen Pregnancy and Unwed Childbearing . The National Campaign to Prevent Teen and Unplanned Pregnancy estimates that about one in two Hispanic and black teenage girls and one in five Caucasian teenage girls will become pregnant at least once before turning 20. Overall, nearly one in five adolescent girls will give birth in her teens.
    ::少女怀孕和未婚生育:全国预防少女怀孕和无计划怀孕运动估计,大约每两名西班牙裔和黑人少女中就有一名和每五名高加索少女中就有一名在20岁前至少怀孕一次,总体而言,每五名少女中将有近一名在十几岁时分娩。

    Engaging in early sexual activity elevates the risk of teenage girls becoming pregnant and single mothers. Girls who become sexually active during early adolescence are three times as likely to become single mothers as those who remain abstinent throughout their teenage years. Nearly 40 percent of girls who begin sexual activity at ages 13 or 14 will give birth outside marriage, compared to 9 percent of those who remain abstinent until their early twenties.
    ::早期性活动增加了少女怀孕和单身母亲的风险,在青少年早期性行为活跃的少女成为单身母亲的可能性是青少年期间保持禁欲的三倍,在13或14岁开始性活动的少女中,有近40%将在婚外生育,而在20岁早期仍然禁欲的少女中,有9%将在婚外生育。

    Marital Stability and Maternal Poverty. Sexual activity at an early age may also affect marital and economic stability later in life. Among women in their thirties, those who were sexually active during early adolescence are half as likely to be in stable marriages as those who waited until their early twenties to have sex. Early sexual activity is also linked to maternal poverty. At the time of a large national survey in 1995, nearly 30 percent of mothers who began sexual activity at ages 13 or 14 lived in poverty compared to 12 percent of those who waited until their early twenties.
    ::在30多岁的妇女中,在青春期早期性行为活跃的妇女与在20多岁早期等待性行为的妇女相比,有一半可能处于稳定的婚姻之中; 早期性活动也与孕产妇贫穷有关; 在1995年进行大规模全国调查时,在13或14岁开始性活动的母亲中,有近30%生活在贫困之中,而在20多岁早期等待性行为的妇女中,只有12%生活在贫困之中。

    Parental Influence and Teen Sex
    ::父母影响和青少年性别

    Many policymakers, health professionals, and "safe sex" advocates respond to these troubling statistics by demanding more comprehensive sex education and broader access to contraceptives for minors. They assume that teens are unable to delay their sexual behavior and that a combination of information about and access to contraceptives will effectively lead to protected sex, preventing any form of harm to youngsters. Not only are these assumptions faulty, they tend to disregard important factors that have been linked to reduced teen sexual activity. A particularly noticeable omission is parental influence.
    ::许多决策者、卫生专业人士和“安全性行为”倡导者对这些令人不安的统计数据做出回应,要求开展更全面的性教育,让未成年人有更多机会获得避孕药具。 他们认为青少年无法推迟性行为,同时获得避孕信息能有效导致受保护的性行为,防止对青少年的任何形式的伤害。 这些假设不仅是错误的,而且往往忽略了与减少青少年性活动相关的重要因素。 一个特别显著的遗漏是父母的影响。

    Parents, as teens themselves reveal, are the ones who have the most influence on their children's decisions about sex. Indeed, two-thirds of all teens share their parents' values on this topic.
    ::正如青少年自己所揭示的那样,家长们对其子女的性决策影响最大。 事实上,三分之二的青少年都分享了他们父母在这方面的价值观。

    When it comes to talking about teen sex, both teens and parents report high levels of communication. Parents, however, tend to perceive a greater level of communication than do teens. Nearly all parents (90 percent) report having had a helpful conversation about delaying sex and avoiding pregnancy with their teenage children, compared to 71 percent of teens who report having had such a conversation with their parents. Many parents are also unaware of their teens' actual behavior. In a study of 700 teens in Philadelphia, 58 percent of the teens reported being sexually active, while only one-third of their mothers believed they were.
    ::谈到青少年性行为时,青少年和父母的沟通水平都很高。然而,家长往往认为沟通水平比青少年高。 几乎所有父母(90%)都报告说,他们就推迟性行为和避免与十几岁的子女怀孕进行了有益的对话,而报告与父母进行了这种对话的青少年占71%。许多父母还不知道他们十几岁的实际行为。在费城对700名青少年进行的一项研究中,58%的青少年报告性行为活跃,而只有三分之一的母亲认为他们是活跃的。

    The empirical evidence on the association between parental influences and adolescents' sexual behavior is strong. Parental factors that appear to offer strong protection against the onset of early sexual activity include an intact family structure; parents' disapproval of adolescent sex; teens' sense of belonging to and satisfaction with their families; parental monitoring; and, to a lesser extent, parent-child communication about teen sex and its consequences.
    ::有关父母影响与青少年性行为之间关联的经验证据是有力的,似乎能有力防止过早开始性活动的父母因素包括:完整的家庭结构;父母不赞成青少年的性行为;青少年的归属感和对家庭满意感;父母的监督;以及在较小程度上父母与子女交流关于青少年性行为及其后果的信息。

    That parents play a role in teen sex points to at least two significant policy implications. First, programs and policies that seek to delay sexual activity or to prevent teen pregnancy or STDs should encourage and strengthen family structure and parental involvement. Doing so may increase these efforts' overall effectiveness. Conversely, programs and policies that implicitly or explicitly discourage parental involvement, such as dispensing contraceptives to adolescents without parental consent or notice, contradict the weight of social science evidence and may prove to be counterproductive and potentially harmful to teens.
    ::父母在青少年性别中扮演的角色至少有两个重要的政策影响:第一,寻求推迟性活动或防止青少年怀孕或性病的方案和政策应当鼓励和加强家庭结构和父母参与,这样可以提高这些努力的总体效力;相反,暗示或明确劝阻父母参与的方案和政策,例如未经父母同意或通知向青少年发放避孕药具等,与社会科学证据的份量相矛盾,并可能证明会适得其反,对青少年有潜在危害。

     


    Youth Suicide
    ::青年自杀自杀

    Suicide (i.e., taking one's own life) is a serious public health problem that affects even young people. For youth between the ages of 10 and 24, suicide is the third leading cause of death. It results in approximately 4600 lives lost each year. The top three methods used in suicides of young people include firearm (45%), suffocation (40%), and poisoning (8%).
    ::自杀(即自杀自杀)是一个严重的公共健康问题,甚至影响年轻人。对于10岁至24岁的年轻人来说,自杀是第三大死亡原因,每年导致大约4600人丧生。在年轻人自杀中使用的三大方法包括火器(45%)、窒息(40%)和中毒(8% ) 。

    Deaths from youth suicide are only part of the problem. More young people survive suicide attempts than actually die. A nationwide survey of youth in grades 9–12 in public and private schools in the United States (U.S.) found that 16% of students reported seriously considering suicide, 13% reported creating a plan, and 8% reporting trying to take their own life in the 12 months preceding the survey. Each year, approximately 157,000 youth between the ages of 10 and 24 receive medical care for self-inflicted injuries at Emergency Departments across the U.S.
    ::年轻人自杀导致的死亡只是问题的一部分。 年轻人在自杀未遂中幸存的比实际死亡的多。 对美国公立和私立学校(美国)九至十二年级青年的全国调查发现,16%的学生报告认真考虑自杀,13%的学生报告制定了计划,8%的学生报告在调查前12个月试图自杀。 每年,大约157,000名年龄在10至24岁之间的年轻人在美国紧急部门接受自残医疗。

    Suicide affects all youth, but some groups are at higher risk than others. Boys are more likely than girls to die from suicide. Of the reported suicides in the 10 to 24 age group, 81% of the deaths were males and 19% were females. Girls, however, are more likely to report attempting suicide than boys. Cultural variations in suicide rates also exist, with Native American/Alaskan Native youth having the highest rates of suicide-related fatalities. A nationwide survey of youth in grades 9–12 in public and private schools in the U.S. found Hispanic youth were more likely to report attempting suicide than their black and white, non-Hispanic peers.
    ::自杀影响所有青年,但有些群体的风险高于其他群体。 男孩比女孩更有可能死于自杀。 在报告的10至24岁年龄组自杀中,81%的死亡是男性,19%是女性。然而,女孩更有可能报告自杀未遂事件。 自杀率的文化差异也存在,土著美国人/阿拉斯加土著青年自杀致死率最高。 在美国公立和私立学校对9至12年级青年的全国性调查发现西班牙裔青年自杀未遂率高于黑人和白人、非西班牙裔青年。

    Several factors can put a young person at risk for suicide. However, having these risk factors does not always mean that suicide will occur.
    ::有几个因素可能使年轻人面临自杀风险,但是,有这些风险因素并不一定意味着自杀会发生。

    Sidebar Notes:
    ::侧边栏注释 :

    If you or someone you know is having thoughts of suicide, contact the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline at 1-800-273-TALK (1-800-273-8255), or .
    ::如果您或某人有自杀的念头,请联系全国自杀预防生命线,电话:1-800-273-TALK(1-800-273-8255)或。

    Suicide has many warning signs. For more information, visit the .
    ::自杀有许多警告迹象。

    Risk factors :
    • History of previous suicide attempts
      ::以往自杀企图的历史
    • Family history of suicide
      ::自杀家庭史
    • History of depression or other mental illness
      ::抑郁或其他精神疾病史
    • Alcohol or drug abuse
      ::酗酒或药物滥用
    • Stressful life event or loss
      ::压力过重的生命事件或损失
    • Easy access to lethal methods
      ::容易获得致命方法
    • Exposure to the suicidal behavior of others
      ::接触他人自杀行为
    • Incarceration
      ::监禁

    Most people are uncomfortable with the topic of suicide. Too often, victims are blamed, and their families and friends are left stigmatized. As a result, people do not communicate openly about suicide. Thus an important public health problem is left shrouded in secrecy, which limits the amount of information available to those working to prevent suicide.
    ::大部分人对自杀问题感到不自在,受害者往往受到指责,他们的家庭和朋友受到污名化,因此人们不公开谈论自杀问题,因此一个重要的公共健康问题被秘密地掩盖,这限制了防止自杀者获得的信息量。

    The good news is that research over the last several decades has uncovered a wealth of information on the causes of suicide and on prevention strategies. Additionally, CDC is working to monitor the problem and develop programs to prevent youth suicide.  
    ::好消息是,过去几十年的研究发现了大量关于自杀原因和预防战略的信息。 此外,疾病防治中心正在努力监测这一问题并制定预防青少年自杀的方案。

    The Sociological view of Suicide
    ::自杀的社会学观点

    Suicide is a major challenge facing American adolescence.  Suicide among teens now exceeds the suicide rates of the general population.  In order to gain a better understanding of suicide, a sociological view must be taken into account.  Social Integration is the degree to which people are connected to their social groups. Let's check your own personal degree of social integration. On a piece of paper right down how many close family members you have. Then add in how many close friends and coworkers you have. Finally add in all others whose name you know and they know yours. This number is one measure of your social integration. But, to really get an idea you might evaluate these relationships. In other words list your top 6 closest relationships in order. Make a short list of the 6 closest relationships you have. Now, rank 1 for the closest, 2 for next closest and so on up to 6th. Durkheim realized from his suicide studies that the closer we are to others, the more socially integrated we are and the less likely we are to commit suicide. The second concept to understand is called anomie.
    ::自杀是美国青少年所面临的一个重大挑战。 青少年自杀现在超过了一般人口的自杀率。 为了更好地了解自杀率, 必须考虑到社会学观点。 社会融合是人们与社会团体的联系程度。 让我们检查一下自己个人融入社会的程度。 在一张纸上, 你有多少亲近的家庭成员。 然后在一张纸上加上多少亲近的朋友和同事。 最后, 在所有其他人中添加一个你认识和认识自己名字的人。 这个数字是衡量你融入社会程度的尺度之一。 但是, 要真正了解一下这些关系, 你才能真正地评估一下。 换句话说, 列出你最接近的6个关系。 现在, 列出一个最接近的6个关系的短列表, 排在下一个最接近的, 排在第6位上。 杜尔海姆从他的自杀研究中了解到, 我们与其他人越接近, 社会一体化越多,我们就越不可能自杀。 第二个概念被称为“ anomie ” 。

    As a larger social fact, anomie is a byproduct of large complex societies, especially around large cities. It's easier to get lost in the crowd, not be noticed, and to rarely receive praise or criticism for personal actions. Durkheim and others were aware that society impacted the life of the individual even if the individual had very little impact on society. By the way, Durkheim measured suicide rates and so do we in our day. Suicide is the purposeful ending of one's own life for any reason. Suicide Rate is the numbers of suicides per 100,000 people in a population.
    ::作为更大的社会事实,厌食症是大型复杂社会的副产品,特别是在大城市周围。在人群中迷路比较容易,不被注意,也很少因个人行为受到赞扬或批评。Durkhim和其他人意识到社会对个人生活的影响,即使个人对社会的影响很小。顺便说一句,Durkheim测量了自杀率,我们也测量了我们这一天的自杀率。自杀是个人生命的有意义的结束,无论出于什么原因。自杀率是每10万人的自杀率。

    Interestingly, the Suicide Prevention Resource Center gives a few suicide prevention strategies that relate to social integration: "Strong connections to family and community support, cultural and religious beliefs that discourage suicide and support self-preservation and various other types of social support are recommended" (retrieved 13 January, 2009 from www.sprc.org the "Risk and Protective Factors for Suicide," National Strategy for Suicide Prevention: Goals and Objectives for Action, 2001).
    ::有趣的是,预防自杀资源中心提供了与社会融合有关的几个预防自杀战略:“建议与家庭和社区的强大联系,提供阻止自杀和支持自我保护和其他各类社会支助的强大家庭和社区支持、文化和宗教信念”(2009年1月13日,检索自www.sprc.org,“自杀风险和保护因素”,国家预防自杀战略:行动目标和目的,2001年)。

    Figure 2. Suicide Rates per 100,000 United States, Age Categories 1990 to 2010*
    ::图2. 1990年至2010年按年龄组分列的每100 000美国的自杀率*

    figure

      * National Center for Health Statistics. Health, United States, 2013: With Special Feature on Prescription Drugs. Hyattsville, MD. 2014.
    ::* 国家卫生统计中心,《美国卫生,2013年:处方药物特别特写》,Hyattsville,MD,2014年。