Section outline

  • General

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  • 幼儿和中年成人

    Objectives
    ::目标目标目标和目标目标目标目标目标

    Describe the main life stages of Daniel Levinson’s theory of adult male development.
    ::描述丹尼尔·莱文森成年男性发育理论的主要生命阶段。

    Describe the stages of adult female development.
    ::描述成年女性发展的各个阶段。


    Universal Generalizations
    ::普遍化

    Every adult has a life structure which is defined by a combination of factors.
    ::每个成年人都有由各种因素组合界定的生活结构。

    In American society, life patterns of adult males and females are somewhat different.
    ::在美国社会中,成年男女的生活模式略有不同。

    Men in American society, remain continuously in the work force for most of their adult lives.
    ::在美国社会中,男性在成年后的大部分时间里始终留在劳动力队伍中。

    There are three eras of adulthood.
    ::成年有三个时代。

    Men and women deal differently with the statuses and roles that are attached to each era of adulthood.
    ::男子和妇女对每个成年时代所赋予的地位和角色的处理方式不同。


    Guiding Questions
    ::问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问

    What is life structure?
    ::什么是生命结构?

    What are the main eras of adult male development according to Daniel Levinson’s theory?
    ::根据丹尼尔·莱文森的理论,成年男性发展的主要时代是什么?

    What role does a mentor play?
    ::导师扮演什么角色?

    What similarities exist in all eras of adulthood?
    ::所有成年时代都有哪些相似之处?

    How does adult female development differ from the male adult development?
    ::成年女性发展与成年男性发展有何不同?

    What factors are significant in determining whether a woman stays home after giving birth or enters the workforce again?
    ::在确定妇女生育后是否留在家中还是再次加入劳动大军方面,有哪些重要因素?

     

    http://adultdevelopment.weebly.com/levinson.html   
    ::http://adultdevelopment.weebly.com/levinson.html http://adultdevelopment.weebly.com/levinson.html http://adultdevelopment.weebly.com/levinson.html http://adultdevelopment.weebly.com/levinson.html http://adultdevelopment.org/ adultd.weebly.com/levinson.html http://adult development.org http://adult development.webly.com/levinson.html http://adult develop


    Adult Male Development
    ::成年男性发展

    In American society, males and females life courses differ.  For many women in the United States, they enter the labor force, take time to start a family, and then return to work after some time of absence.  While males, remain for the most part of their adult lives in the labor force.  Since traditional family patterns are still prevalent, male and female adult development stages differ significantly.
    ::在美国社会,男性和女性的生活课程各不相同。 对于美国的许多妇女来说,她们进入劳动力大军,需要时间来开始一个家庭,然后在离开一段时间后返回工作岗位。 虽然男性在成年后大部分时间都生活在劳动力队伍中,但男性在大部分时间里仍然生活在劳动力队伍中。 由于传统的家庭模式仍然很普遍,男性和女性的成年发育阶段差别很大。

     Daniel Levinson a psychologist at Yale Univeristy began an extensive study to determine the adult male development stages.  Levinson and his associates proposed four sequential eras of male development linked to chronological age. Levinson (1978) suggests that within these eras are periods of development that are characterized by a unique set of tasks that cause a person to attempt to build or modify  life structures. Eras last for approximately twenty-five years and transitions between eras take three to six years to complete (Levinson, 1978). Transitions are periods of upheaval because, to continue to develop, one must change the character of one’s life (Levinson, 1978).
    ::耶鲁大学心理学家丹尼尔·莱文森(Daniel Levinson)开始了一项广泛的研究,以确定成年男性发育阶段。 列文森及其同伙提出了与时间年龄相关的四个相继男性发育时代。 列文森(Levinson)(1978年)认为,在这些时代中,发展时期的特点是一系列独特的任务,导致一个人试图建立或改变生命结构。 埃拉斯历时约25年,从不同时代到不同时代的过渡需要三到六年时间才能完成(Levinson,1978年 ) 。 转型是动荡时期,因为要继续发展,就必须改变一个人的生活特征(Levinson,1978年 )。

    Levinson based his model on biographical interviews of 40 American men.  These 40 men were between 35 to 45 years in age and they worked as biology professors, novelists, business executives or industrial laborers.  The biographical interviews lasted one or two hours and ranged from six to ten interviews for each subject.  The questions asked focused on the subject’s life accounts in their post adolescent years.  The interviews focused on topics such as the men’s background (education, religion, political beliefs) and major events or turning points in their lives.    
    ::莱文森的模型以40名美国男子的履历访谈为基础。 这40名男子年龄在35至45岁之间,他们担任生物学教授、小说家、商业经理或工业工人。 履历访谈持续了1至2小时,每个科目的访谈时间从6至10次不等。 所询问的问题集中在青少年后几年的主题生活记录上。 访谈侧重于男性背景(教育、宗教、政治信仰)和重大事件或生活转折点等主题。

    Levinson's eras and developmental periods (Dean, 2007) are:
    ::Levinson的时代和发展时期(Dean,2007年)是:

    1.   Childhood and adolescence: birth to 20
    ::1. 童年和青春期:生于20岁

    2.   Early adulthood: 17-45       
    ::2. 成年早期:17-45岁

          Early adult transition : 17-22       
    ::成人早期过渡:17-22岁

          Entering the adult world: 22-28      
    ::进入成人世界:22-28

          Age thirty transition: 28 - 33       
    ::30岁过渡期:28-33岁

          Settling down: 33 - 40
    ::稳定下来:33 - 40

    3.   Middle adulthood: 40-65       
    ::3. 成年中期:40-65岁

          Midlife transition : 40-45       
    ::中年转型:40-45岁

          Entering middle adulthood: 45-50       
    ::进入成年中期:45-50岁

          Age fifty transition: 50-55       
    ::五十岁过渡:50-55岁

          Culmination of middle adulthood: 55-60
    ::成年中成年期的终止:55-60

    4.   Late adulthood: 60+       
    ::4. 成年后成年:60岁以上

          Late adult transition : 60-65
    ::成人晚期过渡:60-65岁


    Levinson’s concept of life structure (the men’s socio-cultural world, their participation in their world and various aspects of themselves) was the major component in Levinson’s theory.   The life structure for each person evolves through the developmental stages as people’s age.  Life structures are the patterns of a person’s life. These structures are embraced during stable periods and questioned during transitions as new patterns are adopted (Dean, 2007). One of the principal tasks of this stage is to modify or terminate relationships with family and significant others (mentors, social groups, childhood friends). In light of these changing relationships, young adults in Early Adult Transition face reassessment and modification of their sense of self (Smith, 1999).
    ::莱文森的生命结构概念(男人的社会文化世界,他们参与世界和他们自身的各个方面)是列文森理论的主要部分。每个人的生活结构随着人们的年龄而演变到发展阶段。生命结构是一个人的生活模式。这些结构在稳定时期被接受,在过渡期间随着新模式的采用而受到质疑(迪恩,2007年 ) 。 这一阶段的主要任务之一是改变或终止与家庭和重要其他人(感官、社会群体、儿童朋友)的关系。 根据这些不断变化的关系,成人早期转型中的年轻成年人面临重新评估和自我意识的改变(史密斯,1999年 )。

     

    Two key concepts in Levinson’s model are the stable period and the transitional period in a person’s development.  The stable period is the time when a person makes crucial choices in life, builds a life structure around the choices and seeks goals within the structure.  The transitional period is the end of a person’s stage and the beginning of a new stage.
    ::莱文森模式的两个关键概念是个人发展的稳定时期和过渡期。 稳定时期是一个人在生活中做出关键选择、围绕选择建立生命结构并寻求结构内目标的时刻。 过渡期是一个人阶段的结束和新阶段的开始。

    Levinson’s model contains five main stages.  They are the pre-adulthood stage (age 0 – 22), the early adulthood stage (age 17 – 45), the middle adult stage (age 40 – 65), the late adulthood stage (age 60 – 85) and the late late adult stage (age 80 plus).  Levinson states “the shift from one era to the next is a massive development step and require transitional period of several years.”(Levinson, 1977) This would explain why there is an overlap in each of these stages.
    ::莱文森的模式包含五个主要阶段。 它们是成年前阶段(0-22岁 ) 、 早期成年阶段(17-45岁 ) 、 中等成人阶段(40-65岁 ) 、 晚成年阶段(60-85岁 ) 、 晚成人阶段(80岁以上 ) 。 列文森指出“从一个时代向下一个时代的转变是一个巨大的发展步骤,需要几年的过渡期 ” ( 莱文森,1977年 ) 这解释了为什么每个阶段都存在重叠。

    Levinson’s first adult stage in his model is called the Early Adult Transition Period.  This phase is similar to Erikson’s psychological theory in that both concerns the young adult’s identity crisis or role confusion.  It is during this phase that the young adult first gains independence (financial or otherwise) and leaves the home.  This is a transitional stage because it marks the end of adolescence and the beginning of adulthood.  
    ::莱文森在其模式中的第一个成人阶段被称为“成人早期过渡期 ” 。 这一阶段与埃里克森的心理理论相似,因为两者都涉及到年轻人的身份危机或角色混淆。 正是在这个阶段,年轻人首先获得独立(财政或其他方面 ) , 然后离开家。 这是一个过渡阶段,因为它标志着青春期的结束和成年的开始。


    :: http://www.esu10.org/image_uploads/

    The second stage would be a stable period because it marks the time where the adult must pick a role, establish goals and build a life structure.  This stage provides the young adult with any roles and choices for their future.  Levinson believes that it is during this time that the young person dreams of his future success in a career, family life and status.  Levinson also believes that the presence of a mentor or older teacher is a great influence in guiding the person through the obstacles in their career paths.
    ::第二阶段将是一个稳定的阶段,因为它标志着成年人必须选择角色、确定目标和建立生活结构的时刻,这一阶段为青年提供了他们未来的任何角色和选择。莱文森认为,正是在这个时候,年轻人才梦想着未来在事业、家庭生活和地位上取得成功。 莱文森还认为,有一位导师或年长的教师在场对引导人们克服职业生涯中的障碍具有很大影响。

    The third stage, which can be divided into two parts,  is called the Age 30 transition.  The first part of this phase deals with when the young adult reflects on their career and past successes and also plans for future success and status in their career as well as making plans in starting a family and settling down.  In Levinson’s own words, the Age 30 transition “provides an opportunity to work on the flaws and limitations of the first adult life structure and to create the basis for a new and more satisfactory structure with which to complete the era of early adulthood.” (Levinson, 1977)  This Age 30 transition parallels Erikson’s autonomy versus shame and doubt stage which Erikson applies to toddlers.  The second part of the Age 30 transition period is the settling down stage.  It is in this stage that the person feels a need to establish a role in society, whether in their career or their family life, whichever is the most central part of their life structure.
    ::第三个阶段可以分为两部分,即30岁转型。这个阶段的第一部分涉及的是,当青年成年人反思其职业生涯和过去的成功以及未来事业的成功和地位计划,以及制定建立家庭和定居的计划时。 用莱文森自己的话说,30岁转型“为处理第一个成人生活结构的缺陷和局限性提供了机会,并为新的和更加令人满意的结构奠定基础,从而完成成人早期的时代。 ”(Levinson,1977年 )这个30岁转型与Erikson的自主和耻辱和怀疑阶段相平行,而Erikson的耻辱和怀疑阶段适用于ddddlers。 30岁过渡期的第二个阶段是定居阶段。 在这个阶段,人们感到需要在社会上扮演一个角色,无论是在他们的职业生涯还是在家庭生活中,无论是在他们的生活结构的最核心部分。


    ::http://rocision withjamie.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/obligations_or_dreams.jpg http://procision withjamie.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/06/obligations_or_dreams.jpg 。

    The fourth phase of Levinson’s model is called Becoming One’s Own Man or BOOM phase.  In this stage, the man feels constrained by the authority figures in their world.  The individual wants more independence, authority and to be true to their own voice.  With this larger amount of authority, there comes a greater amount of responsibility and burden.  This is also a time of conflict as the person struggles with the notion of becoming an established adult and leaving behind the flaws of the early adult they once were.  Levinson uses the phrase “breaking out” to describe the adult’s radical change in life structure.  The conflict in this stage is the beginning of the major transitional period in life called the mid-life transition.
    ::莱文森模式的第四阶段被称为“成为一个人的自人或BOOM阶段 ” 。 在这一阶段,男人感到受到他们世界权威人物的束缚。 个人需要更大的独立、权威和忠于自己的声音。 随着权力的增多,责任和负担也随之增加。 这也是个人为成为成熟成人而挣扎并抛弃他们曾经的早期成人的缺陷而经历冲突的时刻。 莱文森用“突破”一词来描述成年人生活结构的根本性变化。 这一阶段的冲突是被称为中年转型的重大转型时期的开始。

    In the Mid-life transition, which Levinson believes to last from age 40 to 45, the adult faces a crucial point in their development.  Much soul searching and reflecting is done during this phase.  The adults question their past life structures and accomplishments and reevaluate their goals.  There are very few adults, according to Levinson, that find this mid-life stage difficult.  The painful process of the mid-life transition stage results in a drastically different life structure with new goals within it.  Even if an adult chooses not to change their life structure, they must still reappraise their life and recommit themselves on different terms to their old choices.  This troubling transitional phase does, according to Levinson, have beneficial results.  Levinson believes that “the life structure that emerges in the middle 40s varies greatly in its satisfactoriness…”(Levinson, 1977).  Levinson also states that for some, the outcome of this transition provides the person with fulfillment and a better direction.
    ::莱文森认为,在中年转型中,成人从40岁到45岁,在成长过程中面临一个关键点。许多灵魂的探索和反思都是在这个阶段完成的。成年人质疑其过去的生活结构和成就并重新评估其目标。根据莱文森的说法,很少有成年人发现这一中年阶段很困难。中年转型阶段的痛苦过程导致一个截然不同的生活结构,其中含有新的目标。即使成年人选择不改变其生活结构,他们也必须重新评价其生活,并以不同条件重新致力于其旧的选择。根据莱文森的说法,这一令人不安的过渡阶段确实产生了有益的结果。 莱文森认为,“40年代中期出现的生活结构在其侧面上有很大差异......”(莱文森,1977年)。 莱文森还指出,对于某些人来说,这一转变的结果为人们提供了满足和更好的方向。

    Levinson’s model emphasizes that development of life structures is a continuous life process.  In the stages which follow the mid-life transition are not focused on, but Levinson does state that the mid-life transition is not the last opportunity for growth and change.  He believes there are later transitional periods in late adulthood as well.  He states that “as long as life continues, no period marks the end of the opportunities, and the burdens of further development.” (McAdams and Levinson, 1977)
    ::莱文森的模型强调,生命结构的发展是一个持续的生命过程。 在中年转型之后的各个阶段,并没有集中关注,但莱文森确实指出,中年转型不是增长和变革的最后机会。 他认为成年后也有后期的过渡期。 他说 : “ 只要生命持续,就没有一段时期标志着机遇的结束和进一步发展的负担。 ” (麦克亚当斯和列文森,1977年)



     


    ADULT FEMALE DEVELOPMENT
    ::社会发展

    Levinson repeated life-structure study with women and drew on the conclusions that men and women go through same stages of adult development.  Also men and women deal with developmental tasks in each stage differently.
    However, not everyone agrees with Levinson findings on the similarities of male and female adult development. Irene Frieze and Esther Sales argue there are significant differences in the developmental processes of men and women. Research conducted by Frieze and Sales indicate there are three phases in female adult development.
    PHASE I  "leaving the family" -Women entering the adult world is much like that of men.  Women breaking from parents and family and begin to develop a life plan.  For some women their is a greater emphasis on marriage and less on their careers.  This greater emphasis on marriage than on their own careers, is a factor that distinguishes the female adult development from the male adult development.
    PHASE II  " entering the adult world"  Though they say they would like to wed, most Americans are not in a hurry to do so. In 2011, the median age at first marriage was at a record high—about 29 for men and about 27 for women, according to census data. The As recently as the early 1980s, the median age for men was 25 and for women 22.  
    Many women tend to combine motherhood and a career.  For many, playing these different roles simultaneously has created stress.  As a result of this, a high percentage of new mothers return to the labor force before their baby reaches one year.  According to Esther Sales, the break in employment in another factor that sets adult female development apart from adult male development.

    Labor force participation rate of women by age of youngest child, March 1975-2007

    By 2004, the rate for these mothers had receded to 71 percent, where it remained through 2007.
    ::到2004年,这些母亲的比率降至71%,2007年一直保持在71%。

    In general, mothers with older children (6 to 17 years of age, none younger) are more likely to participate in the labor force than mothers with younger children (under 6 years of age).  
    ::一般而言,有年长子女的母亲(6-17岁,没有比她们更年轻)比有年幼子女的母亲(6岁以下)更有可能加入劳动大军。



    Phase III " re-entering the world of work"  Many mothers return to the world of work when their children reach school 
    ::第三阶段“重返工作世界” 许多母亲在子女上学后回到工作世界

    age.  During this stage women have more opportunity to pursue their career choices.  This coincides with the time that males are having doubts about own careers.  During this stage there is also a prevalence of women in career positions increasing.
    ::在这一阶段,妇女有更多机会进行职业选择,这与男子对自己的职业存疑的时间相吻合,在这一阶段,担任职业职务的妇女也越来越多。

    The attitudes on marriage and gender roles in America have been changing in recent years. Americans are waiting longer and longer to get married. Last year, according to , the median age at first marriage was 29.0 for men and 26.6 for women, both the highest since at least 1890. The low for both sexes since then came in 1956, when the median age at first marriage was 22.5 for men and 20.1 for women. It rose slowly through the next two decades, then more sharply starting in the late 1970s.      
    ::近年来,美国对婚姻和性别角色的态度一直在改变,美国人等待结婚的时间越来越长。 根据去年的数据,第一次结婚的中位年龄男性为29.0岁,女性为26.6岁,这是自1890年以来最高的,也是自1890年以来最高的。 从那时以来,男女的低位出现在1956年,当时第一次结婚的中位年龄男性为22.5岁,女性为20.1岁。 在接下来的20年中,这一年龄增长缓慢,从1970年代后期开始,情况更为明显。


    Changes such as delaying marriage and having children and women achieving high working positions, and in some
    ::诸如推迟结婚、使儿童和妇女获得高工作职位等变化,以及某些变化,

    cases women earning more money may be the beginning of developmental patterns of males and females are 
    ::妇女挣更多钱的情况可能是男女发展模式的开端。

    blending.

    ::混合。


     

    Though they say they would like to wed, most Americans are not in a hurry to do so. In 2011, the median age at first marriage was at a record high—about 29 for men and about 27 for women, according to census data. The As recently as the early 1980s, the median age for men was 25 and for women 22.