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  • 溶解和溶解剂

    A car buried in snow, illustrating winter weather effects on vehicles.

    Is snow an aqueous solution?
    ::雪是水溶液吗?

    In the winter, the temperature often gets well below the point of water.  This condition can create problem in car radiators.  If the water freezes, water hoses will break, the engine block can crack, and significant damage can be done to the car. 
    ::冬天,温度往往远远低于水点。 这种状况可能会在汽车散热器中造成问题。 如果水冻结,水管就会破裂,发动机会裂开,汽车也会受到严重破坏。

    Solute and Solvent
    ::溶解和溶解剂

    When one substance dissolves into another, a solution is formed.  A solution is a consisting of a solute dissolved into a solvent .  The solute is the substance that is being dissolved, while the solvent is the dissolving medium.  Solutions can be formed with many different types and forms of solutes and solvents.
    ::当一种物质溶解成另一种物质时,就会形成一种溶液。一种溶液是由溶液溶解成溶剂组成的溶液。溶液是溶解的物质,溶剂是溶解的介质。溶剂可以由多种不同种类和形式的溶液和溶剂形成。

    We know of many types of solutions. Check out a few examples in  Table .
    ::我们了解许多类型的解决办法。

    Types of Solutions

    Type
    ::类型类型类型

    Solvent
    ::溶剂

    Solute
    ::溶解

    Example
    ::示例示例示例示例

    gas/
    ::气体/气体/

    nitrogen
    ::氮氮

    oxygen
    ::氧氧气

    air
    ::空气空气空气

    gas/
    ::气体/气体/

    water
    ::水 水

    carbon dioxide
    ::二氧化碳二氧化碳

    soda pop
    ::苏打汽水

    liquid/liquid
    ::液体/液体

    water
    ::水 水

    ethylene glycol
    ::乙烯甘醇

    antifreeze
    ::防冻

    solid/liquid
    ::固体/液体

    water
    ::水 水

    salts
    ::盐盐类

    seawater
    ::海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水、海水

    We want to focus on solutions where the solvent is water.  An aqueous solution is water that contains one or more dissolved substances.  The dissolved substances in an aqueous solution may be solids, gases, or other liquids.  Some examples are listed in  Table .  Other examples include vinegar (acetic in water), alcoholic beverages (ethanol in water), and liquid cough medicines (various drugs in water).
    ::我们希望关注溶剂为水的溶液,水溶液是含有一种或多种溶解物质的水,溶解剂中的溶解物质可以是固体、气体或其他液体,表1列出了一些例子。其他例子包括醋(水中的乙酸)、酒精饮料(水中的乙醇)和液体咳嗽药物(水中的多种药物)。

    A clear beaker filled with a purple aqueous solution, demonstrating solute and solvent principles.

    Typical solution – clear and stable.
    ::典型的解决方案 — — 清晰而稳定。

    In order to be a true solution, a must be stable.  When sugar is fully dissolved into water, it can stand for an indefinite amount of time and the sugar will not settle out of the solution.  Further, if the sugar-water solution is passed through a filter it will be unchanged.  The dissolved sugar particles will pass through the filter along with the water.  This is because the dissolved particles in a solution are very small, usually less than 1 nm in diameter.  Solute particles can be atoms, , or molecules, depending on the type of substance that has been dissolved.
    ::要成为真正的溶液, 就必须稳定。 当糖完全溶入水中时, 糖可以持续不长的时间, 糖不会从溶液中溶出。 此外, 如果糖水溶液通过过滤器, 它会保持不变 。 溶解的糖颗粒会随水一起通过过滤器。 这是因为溶液中的溶解颗粒非常小, 通常直径小于1纳米。 溶解的粒子可以是原子, 也可以是分子, 取决于溶解的物质类型 。

     

     

    Science Friday : The Medical Wonders of Worm Spit
    ::科学星期五:虫虫病的医学奇迹

    How useful is worm spit? It turns out that worm spit, also known as silk, is a very useful material in medicine. In this video by Science Friday , Dr. David Kaplan describes how silk is used in a variety of medical applications.
    ::蠕虫唾液有多么有用? 事实证明,蠕虫唾液(又称丝绸)是医学上非常有用的材料。 在科学周五的这段影片中,大卫·卡普兰博士讲述了丝绸在各种医疗应用中是如何使用的。

     

    Science Friday : How to Make Perfume for Artistic Expression
    ::科学星期五:如何为艺术表达式制造香水

    Perfume may seem like a purely cosmetic product. However, a good deal of science goes into the making of perfumes. In this video by Science Friday , Saskia Wilson-Brown of the Institute of Art and Olfaction describes some of the chemistry behind perfume-making.
    ::香水可能看起来像纯粹的化妆品。 然而,大量的科学都进入了香水的制造过程。 在ScienceFriday的这段视频中,艺术和市场研究所的Saskia Wilson-Brown描述了香水制造背后的一些化学成分。

     

    Solutes and solvents  even have a role in making candy. See how much candy you can make in this simulation: 
    ::迷魂药和溶剂甚至可以在制糖中发挥作用。 看看在这个模拟中你能做多少糖果:

    Further Reading
    ::继续阅读

    Solution
    ::解决方案

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • A solution is a homogeneous mixture of a solute in a solvent.
      ::溶液是溶剂溶液溶液的同质混合物。
    • A solute is the material present in the smaller amount in the solution.
      ::溶液是溶液中少量的物质。
    • A solvent is the material present in the larger amount in the solution.
      ::溶剂是溶液中以较大数量存在的材料。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is a solution?
      ::什么是解决办法?
    2. What is the solute?
      ::什么是溶液?
    3. What is the solvent?
      ::溶剂是什么?
    4. Why is nitrogen the solvent in air?
      ::为什么氮是空气中的溶剂?