14.2 宗教社会学
Section outline
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Objectives
::目标目标目标和目标目标目标目标目标Describe the basic societal needs religion fulfills.
::描述宗教满足的基本社会需要。Describe the distinctive features of religion in American society.
::描述美国社会中宗教的特征。
Universal Generalizations
::普遍化Religion is a societal creation and a universal phenomenon.
::宗教是一种社会创造和普遍现象。At the center of all religions is the distinction between the sacred and the profane.
::所有宗教的中心是神圣与亵渎之间的区别。Many believe religion serves certain essential functions in all societies.
::许多人认为,宗教在所有社会都发挥某些基本功能。Religion exists in various forms around the world.
::宗教在世界各地以各种形式存在。All religions contain certain basic characteristics.
::所有宗教都含有某些基本特征。
Guiding Questions
::问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问 问How important is religion in your life?
::宗教在你生命中有多重要?What is religion from a sociological perspective?
::从社会学角度看宗教是什么?What is the meaning of sacred?
::神圣的意义是什么?How can religion provide social control?
::宗教如何提供社会控制?What roles do rituals and symbols play in the nature of religion?
::宗教性质中的仪式和标志发挥什么作用?What are the main differences and similarities between monotheism and polytheism?
::一神论和多神论的主要区别和相似之处是什么?The Sociology of Religion
::宗教社会学
These sacred items inside a Hindu temple include a dancing Shiva; his consort, Pavarti; and, in front, elephant-headed Ganesh. (Photo courtesy of McKay Savage/flickr)
::印度教寺庙内的这些神圣物品包括一支舞蹈Shiva;他的伴侣Pavarti;前面是大象头的Ganesh。 (McKay Savage/Flickr赠与Photo)。
Why do sociologists study religion? For centuries, humankind has sought to understand and explain the “meaning of life.” Many philosophers believe this contemplation and the desire to understand our place in the universe are what differentiate humankind from other species. Religion, in one form or another, has been found in all human societies since human societies first appeared. Archaeological digs have revealed ritual objects, ceremonial burial sites, and other religious artifacts. Social conflict and even wars often result from religious disputes. To understand a culture, sociologists must study its religion.
::社会学家为什么研究宗教?几个世纪以来,人类一直在寻求理解和解释“生命的意义 ” 。 许多哲学家认为,这种思考和理解我们在宇宙中地位的渴望是人类与其他物种的区别。 自人类社会首次出现以来,人类所有社会都以这种或那种形式发现了宗教。考古挖掘揭示了仪式用具、仪式墓地和其他宗教文物。社会冲突甚至战争往往是宗教争端造成的。为了理解一种文化,社会学家必须研究宗教。From the Latin religio (respect for what is sacred) and religare (to bind, in the sense of an obligation), the term religion describes various systems of belief and practice concerning what people determine to be sacred or spiritual (Fasching and deChant 2001; Durkheim 1915). Throughout history, and in societies across the world, leaders have used religious narratives, symbols, and traditions in an attempt to give more meaning to life and understand the universe. Some form of religion is found in every known culture, and it is usually practiced in a public way by a group. The practice of religion can include feasts and festivals, God or gods, marriage and funeral services, music and art, meditation or initiation, sacrifice or service, and other aspects of culture.
::从拉丁教(尊重神圣的东西)和教义(从义务的意义上约束),宗教一词描述了关于人们决定神圣或精神的东西的各种信仰和习俗体系(Fashing和dechant 2001;Durkhim 1915)。 在整个历史中,以及在世界各地的社会中,领导人利用宗教叙事、象征和传统,试图赋予生命更多意义和理解宇宙,在各种已知的文化中都发现了某种形式的宗教,通常由一个团体以公开方式实行,宗教实践可包括节庆、神或神、婚姻和葬礼服务、音乐和艺术、冥想或启迪、牺牲或服务以及文化的其他方面。What is religion? Pioneer sociologist Emile Durkheim described it with the ethereal statement that it consists of “things that surpass the limits of our knowledge” (1915). He went on to elaborate: Religion is “a unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say set apart and forbidden, beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral community, called a church, all those who adhere to them” (1915). Some people associate religion with places of worship (a synagogue or church), others with a practice (confession or meditation), and still others with a concept that guides their daily lives (like dharma or sin). All of these people can agree that religion is a system of beliefs, values, and practices concerning what a person holds sacred or considers to be spiritually significant.
::宗教是什么?先锋社会学家埃米尔·杜尔克海姆(Emile Durkheim)用“超出我们知识限度的东西”的超常声明(1915年)来描述宗教,他接着说:宗教是“一个与神圣事物有关的统一的信仰和做法体系,也就是说,分离和禁止,信仰和做法,这些信仰和做法团结为一个单一的道德团体,称为教会,所有信奉者” (1915年),一些人将宗教与礼拜场所(犹太教堂或教堂)相联系,其他人将宗教与实践(信仰或默念)相联系,其他人则将指导日常生活的概念(如达摩或罪 ) 。 所有这些人都可以同意,宗教是一个信仰、价值观和做法体系,涉及一个人认为神圣或具有精神意义的事物。Religion can also serve as a filter for examining other issues in society and other components of a culture. For example, after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, it became important for teachers, church leaders, and the media to educate Americans about Islam to prevent stereotyping and to promote religious tolerance. Sociological tools and methods, such as surveys, polls, interviews, and analysis of historical data, can be applied to the study of religion in a culture to help us better understand the role religion plays in people’s lives and the way it influences society.
::宗教也可以作为审查社会其他问题和文化其他组成部分的过滤器。 比如,在2001年9月11日恐怖袭击之后,教师、教会领袖和媒体对美国人进行伊斯兰教教育以防止陈规定型观念和促进宗教宽容变得非常重要。 社会学工具和方法,如调查、民意调查、访谈和分析历史数据,可以用于在文化中研究宗教,帮助我们更好地了解宗教在人们生活中的作用及其影响社会的方式。
Religion- A Sociological Definition
::宗教 -- -- 社会学定义Religion clearly plays an important role in American life. Most Americans believe in a deity, three-fourths pray at least weekly, and more than half attend religious services at least monthly. We tend to think of religion in individual terms because religious beliefs and values are highly personal for many people. However, religion is also a social institution, as it involves patterns of beliefs and behavior that help a society meet its basic needs. Because it is such an important social institution, religion has long been a key sociological topic. Émile Durkheim (1915/1947) Durkheim, É. (1947). The elementary forms of religious life (J. Swain, Trans.). Glencoe, IL: Free Press. (Original work published 1915) observed long ago that every society has beliefs about things that are supernatural and awe-inspiring and beliefs about things that are more practical and down-to-earth. He called the former beliefs beliefs and the latter beliefs beliefs. Religious beliefs and practices involve the sacred: they involve things our senses cannot readily observe, and they involve things that inspire in us awe, reverence, and even fear.
::在美国生活中,宗教显然扮演着重要角色。大多数美国人信仰神灵,四分之三的人至少每周祈祷一次,一半以上的人至少每月参加宗教仪式。我们倾向于以个人名义思考宗教,因为宗教信仰和价值观对许多人来说是高度个人性的。然而,宗教也是一个社会体制,因为它涉及有助于社会满足其基本需要的信仰和行为模式。由于宗教是一个非常重要的社会体制,宗教长期以来一直是一个重要的社会学主题。埃米尔·杜尔克海姆(1915/1947年),杜尔凯姆(1947年),艾(1947年)。基本形式的宗教生活(J. Swain, Trans.),格伦科(IL):自由新闻(原件出版,1915年)很久以前就指出,每个社会都有超自然的信仰,对更实际、更隐蔽的东西的渴望和信仰。他称之为以前的信仰和后一种信仰。宗教信仰和习俗涉及神圣:它们涉及我们无法轻易看到的东西,它们涉及激励我们感到、甚至恐惧的东西。
More than half of all Americans attend religious services at least once per week. This illustrates the important role that religion plays in American life.
::超过半数的美国人每周至少参加一次宗教仪式,这表明了宗教在美国生活中的重要作用。© Thinkstock
::智商
Durkheim did not try to prove or disprove religious beliefs. Religion, he acknowledged, is a matter of faith, and faith is not provable or disprovable through scientific inquiry. Rather, Durkheim tried to understand the role played by religion in social life and the impact on religion of social structure and social change. In short, he treated religion as a social institution.
::Durkhim没有试图证明或否定宗教信仰,他承认,宗教是一个信仰问题,信仰不能通过科学调查站不住脚或站不住脚。相反,Durkhim试图理解宗教在社会生活中的作用以及社会结构和社会变革对宗教的影响。 简言之,他将宗教视为社会机构。Sociologists since his time have treated religion in the same way. Anthropologists, historians, and other scholars have also studied religion. Historical work on religion reminds us of the importance of religion since the earliest societies, while comparative work on contemporary religion reminds us of its importance throughout the world today.
::人类学家、历史学家和其他学者也研究过宗教。 宗教的历史工作提醒我们自最早的社会以来宗教的重要性,而当代宗教的比较工作提醒我们当今世界的重要性。
The Functions of Religion
::宗教职能Sociological perspectives on religion aim to understand the functions religion serves, the inequality and other problems it can reinforce and perpetuate, and the role it plays in our daily lives (Emerson, Monahan, & Mirola, 2011). Emerson, M. O., Monahan, S. C., & Mirola, W. A. (2011). Religion matters: What sociology teaches us about religion in our world . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. summarizes what these perspectives say.
::有关宗教的社会学观点旨在理解宗教的作用、它能够强化和延续的不平等和其他问题,以及它在我们日常生活中发挥的作用(Emerson、Monahan和Mirola,2011年)。 Emerson、M.O.、Monahan、S.C.和Mirola、W.A.(2011年)。 宗教问题:社会学如何教导我们世界上的宗教。上萨德尔河,NJ:Prentice Hall。总结这些观点。
Theory Snapshot
::理论截图Theoretical perspective Major assumptions Functionalism Religion serves several functions for society. These include (a) giving meaning and purpose to life, (b) reinforcing social unity and stability, (c) serving as an agent of social control of behavior, (d) promoting physical and psychological well-being, and (e) motivating people to work for positive social change. Conflict theory Religion reinforces and promotes social inequality and social conflict. It helps convince the poor to accept their lot in life, and it leads to hostility and violence motivated by religious differences. Symbolic interactionism This perspective focuses on the ways in which individuals interpret their religious experiences. It emphasizes that beliefs and practices are not sacred unless people regard them as such. Once they are regarded as sacred, they take on special significance and give meaning to people’s lives. The Functions of Religion
::宗教职能Much of the work of Émile Durkheim stressed the functions that religion serves for society regardless of how it is practiced or of what specific religious beliefs a society favors. Durkheim’s insights continue to influence sociological thinking today on the functions of religion.
::埃米尔·杜尔克海姆的大部分工作都强调了宗教为社会服务的各种功能,不管宗教是如何实践的,也不管一个社会喜欢什么特定的宗教信仰。 杜尔克海姆的洞察力继续影响当今社会对宗教功能的思考。First, religion gives meaning and purpose to life . Many things in life are difficult to understand. That was certainly true, as we have seen, in prehistoric times, but even in today’s highly scientific age, much of life and death remains a mystery, and religious faith and belief help many people make sense of the things science cannot tell us.
::首先,宗教赋予生命以意义和目的。 生活中的许多事情很难理解。 正如我们在史前时代所见,这当然是正确的,但即使在今天这个高度科学的时代,生死仍是一个谜,宗教信仰帮助许多人理解科学无法告诉我们的事情。Second, religion reinforces social unity and stability . This was one of Durkheim’s most important insights. Religion strengthens social stability in at least two ways. First, it gives people a common set of beliefs and thus is an important agent of socialization . Second, the communal practice of religion, as in houses of worship, brings people together physically, facilitates their communication and other social interaction, and thus strengthens their social bonds.
::其次,宗教加强了社会团结和稳定,这是杜尔克海姆最重要的见解之一。 宗教至少以两种方式加强了社会稳定。 首先,宗教赋予人们共同的信仰,因此是社会化的重要动力。 其次,宗教的习俗,如礼拜场所中的宗教习俗,将人们聚集在一起,促进他们的交流和其他社会互动,从而加强他们的社会纽带。A third function of religion is related to the one just discussed. Religion is an agent of social control and thus strengthens social order . Religion teaches people moral behavior and thus helps them learn how to be good members of society. In the Judeo-Christian tradition, the Ten Commandments are perhaps the most famous set of rules for moral behavior.
::宗教的第三个功能与刚刚讨论的功能有关。 宗教是社会控制的一种媒介,因此加强了社会秩序。 宗教教人道德行为,从而帮助他们学会如何成为社会的良好成员。 在犹太教-基督教传统中,十诫或许是道德行为最著名的一套规则。
The communal practice of religion in a house of worship brings people together and allows them to interact and communicate. In this way religion helps reinforce social unity and stability. This function of religion was one of Émile Durkheim’s most important insights.
::礼拜场所的宗教社区实践将人们聚集在一起,使他们能够互动和交流,这样,宗教有助于加强社会团结和稳定。 宗教的这一功能是埃米尔·杜尔克海姆最重要的见解之一。
A fourth function of religion is greater psychological and physical well-being . Religious faith and practice can enhance psychological well-being by being a source of comfort to people in times of distress and by enhancing their social interaction with others in places of worship. Many studies find that people of all ages, not just the elderly, are happier and more satisfied with their lives if they are religious. Religiosity also apparently promotes better physical health, and some studies even find that religious people tend to live longer than those who are not religious (Moberg, 2008). Moberg, D. O. (2008). Spirituality and aging: Research and implications. Journal of Religion, Spirituality & Aging, 20 , 95–134. We return to this function later.
::宗教的第四个功能是增进身心健康。宗教信仰和实践可以提高人们在痛苦时期的舒适感,并增强他们与礼拜场所其他人的社会互动,从而增进人们的心理健康。 许多研究发现,所有年龄的人,不仅仅是老年人,如果他们信仰宗教,都会更加幸福和更加满足。 信仰还明显地促进更好的身体健康,有些研究甚至发现,宗教人士的寿命往往比非宗教人士长(Moberg,2008年;Moberg,D.O.(2008)。精神和老龄化:研究和影响。《宗教、精神和老龄化学报》,20,95-134。 我们稍后恢复这一功能。A final function of religion is that it may motivate people to work for positive social change . Religion played a central role in the development of the Southern civil rights movement a few decades ago. Religious beliefs motivated Martin Luther King Jr. and other civil rights activists to risk their lives to desegregate the South. Black churches in the South also served as settings in which the civil rights movement held meetings, recruited new members, and raised money (Morris, 1984). Morris, A. (1984). The origins of the civil rights movement: Black communities organizing for change . New York, NY: Free Press.
::宗教的最终功能是,它可能激励人们为积极的社会变革而努力;宗教在几十年前南方民权运动的发展中发挥了中心作用;宗教信仰促使马丁·路德·金和其他民权活动家冒着生命危险消灭南方;南方的黑人教会也成为民权运动举行会议、招募新成员和筹集资金的场所(Morris,1984年)。 Morris,A.(1984年)。民权运动的起源:黑人社区组织变革。纽约:自由新闻社。
The Nature of Religion
::宗教性质Symbolic interactionism examines the role that religion plays in our daily lives and the ways in which we interpret religious experiences. For example, it emphasizes that beliefs and practices are not sacred unless people regard them as such. Once we regard them as sacred, they take on special significance and give meaning to our lives. Symbolic interactionists study the ways in which people practice their faith and interact in houses of worship and other religious settings, and they study how and why religious faith and practice have positive consequences for individual psychological and physical well-being.
::象征性互动研究宗教在日常生活中的作用以及我们如何解释宗教经历,例如,它强调信仰和习俗不是神圣的,除非人们将其视为神圣的,一旦我们认为信仰和习俗是神圣的,它们就具有特别意义,赋予我们的生活以意义,象征性互动研究人们如何在礼拜场所和其他宗教环境中实践信仰和互动,并研究宗教信仰和习俗如何和为什么对个人的心理和身体健康产生积极影响。Religious symbols indicate the value of the symbolic interactionist approach. A crescent moon and a star are just two shapes in the sky, but together they constitute the international symbol of Islam. A cross is merely two lines or bars in the shape of a “t,” but to tens of millions of Christians it is a symbol with deeply religious significance. A Star of David consists of two superimposed triangles in the shape of a six-pointed star, but to Jews around the world it is a sign of their religious faith and a reminder of their history of persecution.
::宗教象征表明象征性互动主义方法的价值。 月亮和恒星只是天空中的两种形状,但它们共同构成伊斯兰的国际象征。 十字架只是两条线或条条形的“t ” , 但对于数千万基督徒来说,它是一个具有深刻宗教意义的象征。 大卫之星由两块叠加的三角形组成,一个六点星形,但对于全世界的犹太人来说,它象征着他们的宗教信仰,提醒着他们迫害的历史。Religious rituals and ceremonies also illustrate the symbolic interactionist approach. They can be deeply intense and can involve crying, laughing, screaming, trancelike conditions, a feeling of oneness with those around you, and other emotional and psychological states. For many people they can be transformative experiences, while for others they are not transformative but are deeply moving nonetheless.
::宗教仪式和仪式也体现了象征性的互动主义方法。 它们可能非常强烈,可能涉及哭泣、大笑、尖叫、不愉快的条件、与身边的人的同感和其他情感和心理状态。 对于许多人来说,它们可以是变革体验,而对于其他人来说,它们不是变革体验,但是仍然在深深地感动。
The crescent and star, cross, and Star of David are symbols of Islam, Christianity, and Judaism, respectively. The symbolic interactionist perspective emphasizes the ways in which individuals interpret their religious experiences and religious symbols.
::新月和恒星、十字星和大卫之星分别是伊斯兰教、基督教和犹太教的象征。 象征性的互动主义观点强调了个人解释宗教经历和宗教象征的方式。© Thinkstock
::智商
Belief Systems
::信仰系统Scholars from a variety of disciplines have strived to classify religions. One widely accepted categorization that helps people understand different belief systems considers what or who people worship (if anything). Using this method of classification, religions might fall into one of these basic categories, as shown in .
::不同学科的学者努力对宗教进行分类。 一种被广泛接受的分类有助于人们理解不同的信仰体系,这种分类可以考虑信仰什么或崇拜什么(如果有的话 ) 。 使用这种分类方法,宗教可能属于上述基本类别之一,如上所示。Religious Classification What/Who Is Divine Example Polytheism Multiple gods Ancient Greeks and Romans Monotheism Single god Judaism, Islam Atheism No deities Atheism Animism Nonhuman beings (animals, plants, natural world) Indigenous nature worship (Shinto) Totemism Human-natural being connection Ojibwa (Native American) One way scholars have categorized religions is by classifying what or who they hold to be divine.
::学者对宗教进行分类的一种方式是对他们认为神圣的是什么或谁加以分类。
Note that some religions may be practiced—or understood—in various categories. For instance, the Christian notion of the Holy Trinity (God, Jesus, Holy Spirit) defies the definition of monotheism to some scholars. Similarly, many Westerners view the multiple manifestations of Hinduism’s godhead as polytheistic, while Hindus might describe those manifestations are a monotheistic parallel to the Christian Trinity.
::需要指出的是,某些宗教可能在不同类别中被实践或理解。 比如,基督教的圣三一(上帝、耶稣、圣灵)概念与一神论的定义格格不入。 同样,许多西方人认为印度教神头的多种表现形式是多神论,而印度教徒则可以将这些表现形式描述为与基督教三神论平行的一神论。It is also important to note that every society also has nonbelievers, such as atheists, who do not believe in a divine being or entity, and agnostics, who hold that ultimate reality (such as God) is unknowable. While typically not an organized group, atheists and agnostics represent a significant portion of the population. It is important to recognize that being a nonbeliever in a divine entity does not mean the individual subscribes to no morality. Indeed, many Nobel Peace Prize winners and other great humanitarians over the centuries would have classified themselves as atheists or agnostics.
::还必须指出的是,每个社会都有不信的人,如不相信神的存在或实体的无神论者和不可知论者,他们认为终极现实(如上帝)是不可知的;无神论者和不可知论者通常不是一个有组织的群体,但无神论者和不可知论者代表着人口中的很大一部分人;重要的是要认识到,在神圣实体中不信仰者并不意味着个人不信奉道德;事实上,许多诺贝尔和平奖得主和其他伟大的人道主义人士在几个世纪里会把自己归类为无神论者或不可知论者。Organizational Structure of Religion
::宗教组织结构Many types of religious organizations exist in modern societies. Sociologists usually group them according to their size and influence. Categorized this way, three types of religious organizations exist: church, sect, and cult (Emerson, Monahan, & Mirola, 2011). Emerson, M. O., Monahan, S. C., & Mirola, W. A. (2011). Religion matters: What sociology teaches us about religion in our world . Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. A church further has two subtypes: the ecclesia and denomination. We first discuss the largest and most influential of the types of religious organization, the ecclesia, and work our way down to the smallest and least influential, the cult.
::现代社会存在许多类型的宗教组织,社会学家通常按其规模和影响将宗教组织分组,这样分类,有三种宗教组织:教会、教派和邪教组织(Emerson、Monahan和Mirola,2011年)。埃默森、M.O、Monahan、S.C.和Mirola、W.A.(2011年)。宗教问题:社会学如何教导我们当今世界的宗教。上萨德尔河,NJ:普伦蒂斯大厅。教会还有两种子类型:宗教教派和教派。我们首先讨论宗教组织类型中最大和最有影响力的组织,即宗教教派,然后努力走向最小和最没有影响力的教派。
Church: The Ecclesia and Denomination
::教会:教会和取消提名A is a large, bureaucratically organized religious organization that is closely integrated into the larger society. Two types of church organizations exist. The first is the , a large, bureaucratic religious organization that is a formal part of the state and has most or all of a state’s citizens as its members. As such, the ecclesia is the national or state religion. People ordinarily do not join an ecclesia; instead they automatically become members when they are born. A few ecclesiae exist in the world today, including Islam in Saudi Arabia and some other Middle Eastern nations, the Catholic Church in Spain, the Lutheran Church in Sweden, and the Anglican Church in England.
::宗教组织是一个庞大的、官僚组织的宗教组织,它密切地融入了更大的社会。有两种教会组织。第一种是作为国家正式组成部分、拥有大多数或全部国家公民为其成员的大型官僚宗教组织。因此,教会是国家或国家宗教。人们通常不加入教会,而是在出生后自动成为成员。当今世界存在一些宗教组织,包括沙特阿拉伯和其他中东国家的伊斯兰教、西班牙的天主教、瑞典的路德教会和英国的圣公会。
As should be clear, in an ecclesiastic society there may be little separation of church and state, because the ecclesia and the state are so intertwined. In some ecclesiastic societies, such as those in the Middle East, religious leaders rule the state or have much influence over it, while in others, such as Sweden and England, they have little or no influence. In general the close ties that ecclesiae have to the state help ensure they will support state policies and practices. For this reason, ecclesiae often help the state solidify its control over the populace.
::应该清楚的是,在宗教社会里,教会和国家之间可能很少分离,因为宗教与国家是紧密相连的。 在一些宗教社会,如中东的宗教社会,宗教领袖统治国家或对国家有很大影响力,而在瑞典和英国等其他社会,他们几乎没有或没有影响力。 一般来说,宗教与国家的密切关系有助于确保它们支持国家政策和做法。 因此,宗教常常帮助国家巩固对民众的控制。The second type of church organization is the , a large, bureaucratic religious organization that is closely integrated into the larger society but is not a formal part of the state. In modern pluralistic nations, several denominations coexist. Most people are members of a specific denomination because their parents were members. They are born into a denomination and generally consider themselves members of it the rest of their lives, whether or not they actively practice their faith, unless they convert to another denomination or abandon religion altogether.
::第二种教会组织是大型的官僚宗教组织,它密切地融入了更大的社会,但不是国家的正式组成部分。在现代多元化的民族中,有几个教派共存,大多数人是特定教派的成员,因为他们的父母是成员。他们出生在一个教派,一般认为自己是该教派的成员,无论他们是否积极信奉自己的信仰,除非他们改信另一个教派或完全放弃宗教。
The Megachurch
::巨草地A relatively recent development in religious organizations is the rise of the so-called megachurch , a church at which more than 2,000 people worship every weekend on the average. Several dozen have at least 10,000 worshippers (Priest, Wilson, & Johnson, 2010; Warf & Winsberg, 2010); Priest, R. J., Wilson, D., & Johnson, A. (2010). U.S. megachurches and new patterns of global mission. International Bulletin of Missionary Research, 34 (2), 97–104; Warf, B., & Winsberg, M. (2010). Geographies of megachurches in the United States. Journal of Cultural Geography, 27 (1), 33–51. the largest U.S. megachurch, in Houston, has more than 35,000 worshippers and is nicknamed a “gigachurch.”
::宗教组织中一个相对较近的发展是所谓的特大教堂的兴起。 该教堂平均每周末有2,000多人礼拜。 几十人至少有10,000名朝拜者(Priest, Wilson, & Johnson,2010年;Warf & Winsberg,2010年);Priest, R.J., Wilson, D., & Johnson, A. (2010年)。 美国特大教堂和全球使命的新模式。 《国际传教研究公报》,34(2), 97-104;Warf, B., & Winsberg, M. (2010年)。 《美国特大教堂地理学报》,27(1), 33-51. 美国在休斯顿最大的特大教堂,有35000多名朝圣者,并被命名为“吉加彻奇 ” 。There are more than 1,300 megachurches in the United States, a steep increase from the 50 that existed in 1970, and their total membership exceeds 4 million. About half of today’s megachurches are in the South, and only 5% are in the Northeast. About one-third are nondenominational, and one-fifth are Southern Baptist, with the remainder primarily of other Protestant denominations. A third spend more than 10% of their budget on ministry in other nations. Some have a strong television presence, with Americans in the local area or sometimes around the country watching services and/or preaching by televangelists and providing financial contributions in response to information presented on the television screen.
::美国有1300多个大教堂,比1970年的50个大教堂急剧增加,会员总数超过400万。 今天,大约一半的大教堂在南方,只有5%在东北部。 大约三分之一是非教派教徒,五分之一是南部浸信会教徒,其余主要是其他新教教派。 三分之一的预算超过10%用于其他国家的牧师事务。 一些人拥有强大的电视存在,有美国人在本地或有时在全国各地观看服务,还有(或)传教士的传教,为回应电视屏幕上发布的信息提供捐款。
Compared to traditional, smaller churches, megachurches are more concerned with meeting their members’ practical needs in addition to helping them achieve religious fulfillment. Some even conduct market surveys to determine these needs and how best to address them. As might be expected, their buildings are huge by any standard, and they often feature bookstores, food courts, and sports and recreation facilities. They also provide day care, psychological counseling, and youth outreach programs. Their services often feature electronic music and light shows.
::与传统、小型教堂相比,超大型教会更关心满足其成员的实际需求,并帮助他们实现宗教成就。 一些人甚至进行市场调查以确定这些需求以及如何最好地满足这些需求。 与任何标准相比,他们的建筑规模都很大,而且经常有书店、食品法院、体育和娱乐设施。 他们还提供日托、心理咨询以及青年外联方案。 他们的服务通常以电子音乐和光灯节目为主。Although megachurches are popular, they have been criticized for being so big that members are unable to develop the close bonds with each other and with members of the clergy characteristic of smaller houses of worship. Their supporters say that megachurches involve many people in religion who would otherwise not be involved.
::尽管特大教堂很受欢迎,但人们批评它们如此庞大,以至于其成员无法发展彼此之间和与小礼拜场所的神职人员之间的密切联系。 他们的支持者说,特大教堂涉及许多宗教界人士,否则他们就不会参与其中。Sect
::区A is a relatively small religious organization that is not closely integrated into the larger society and that often conflicts with at least some of its norms and values. Typically a sect has broken away from a larger denomination in an effort to restore what members of the sect regard as the original views of the denomination. Because sects are relatively small, they usually lack the bureaucracy of denominations and ecclesiae and often also lack clergy who have received official training. Their worship services can be intensely emotional experiences, often more so than those typical of many denominations, where worship tends to be more formal and restrained. Members of many sects typically proselytize and try to recruit new members into the sect. If a sect succeeds in attracting many new members, it gradually grows, becomes more bureaucratic, and, ironically, eventually evolves into a denomination. Many of today’s Protestant denominations began as sects, as did the Mennonites, Quakers, and other groups. The Amish in the United States are perhaps the most well-known example of a current sect.
::A是一个相对较小的宗教组织,没有紧密地融入大社会,而且往往与它的一些规范和价值观发生冲突。典型的情况是,一个教派脱离了一个较大的教派,试图恢复该教派成员认为该教派的原始观点。由于教派相对小,它们通常缺乏教派和宗派的官僚机构,而且往往也缺乏受过官方培训的神职人员。它们的礼拜服务可能具有强烈的情感体验,往往比许多教派的典型精神体验更丰富,这些教派的礼拜往往更正规,更受限制。许多教派的成员通常改宗,并试图招募新的教派成员。如果一个教派成功地吸引了许多新教派成员,它就会逐渐发展成为更多的官僚主义,而且具有讽刺意味的是,最终会演变成一个教派。今天的许多新教教派和门诺派、贵格教派和其他团体一样,许多新教派开始作为教派,美国境内的阿米什教派或许是目前教派中最著名的例子。
A sect is a relatively small religious organization that is not closely integrated into the larger society and that often conflicts with at least some of its norms and values. The Amish, who live in Pennsylvania, Ohio, and many other states, are perhaps the most well-known example of a sect in the United States today.
::宗派是一个相对较小的宗教组织,没有紧密地融入大社会,而且往往至少与其某些规范和价值观相冲突。 生活在宾夕法尼亚州、俄亥俄州和许多其他州的阿米什人或许是当今美国最著名的宗派例子。
Cult
::邪术A is a small religious organization that is at great odds with the norms and values of the larger society. Cults are similar to sects but differ in at least three respects. First, they generally have not broken away from a larger denomination and instead originate outside the mainstream religious tradition. Second, they are often secretive and do not proselytize as much. Third, they are at least somewhat more likely than sects to rely on charismatic leadership based on the extraordinary personal qualities of the cult’s leader.
::宗教组织是一个小宗教组织,与大社会的规范和价值观大相径庭。 邪教与宗派相似,但至少有三个方面不同。 首先,它们一般没有脱离大宗教派,而是来自主流宗教传统之外。 其次,它们往往是隐秘的,没有象其他教派那样多地传教。 第三,它们至少比宗派更可能依赖基于邪教领袖非凡个人素质的魅力领导。Although the term cult today raises negative images of crazy, violent, small groups of people, it is important to keep in mind that major world religions, including Christianity, Islam, and Judaism, and denominations such as the Mormons all began as cults. Research challenges several popular beliefs about cults, including the ideas that they brainwash people into joining them and that their members are mentally ill. In a study of the Unification Church (Moonies), Eileen Barker (1984) Barker, E. (1984). The making of a Moonie: Choice or brainwashing . New York, NY: Oxford University Press. found no more signs of mental illness among people who joined the Moonies than in those who did not. She also found no evidence that people who joined the Moonies had been brainwashed into doing so.
::虽然今天的邪教一词带来了疯狂、暴力、小群人的负面形象,但重要的是要记住,世界主要宗教,包括基督教、伊斯兰教和犹太教,以及摩门教等教派,都是以邪教为起源的。研究挑战了有关邪教的几种流行信仰,包括他们洗脑的人加入邪教的想法,以及其成员有精神病。在对统一教会(Moonies)的研究中,Eileen Barker(1984年),E.Barker(1984年),《制造月球:选择或洗脑》。纽约:牛津大学出版社。在加入月球的人群中,没有发现更多的精神病迹象。她也没有发现任何证据表明加入月球的人被洗脑了。Another image of cults is that they are violent. In fact, most are not violent. However, some cults have committed violence in the recent past. In 1995 the Aum Shinrikyo (Supreme Truth) cult in Japan killed 10 people and injured thousands more when it released bombs of deadly nerve gas in several Tokyo subway lines (Strasser & Post, 1995). Strasser, S., & Post, T. (1995, April 3). A cloud of terror—and suspicion. Newsweek 36–41. Two years earlier, the Branch Davidian cult engaged in an armed standoff with federal agents in Waco, Texas. When the agents attacked its compound, a fire broke out and killed 80 members of the cult, including 19 children; the origin of the fire remains unknown (Tabor & Gallagher, 1995). Tabor, J. D., & Gallagher, E. V. (1995). Why Waco? Cults and the battle for religious freedom in America . Berkeley: University of California Press. A few cults have also committed mass suicide.
::另一种邪教形象是它们具有暴力性。事实上,大多数邪教不是暴力性。然而,最近一些邪教在1995年在日本的Aum Shimrikyo(最高真理)邪教在东京几条地铁线上释放致命的神经毒气炸弹(Straser & Post,1995年)。Straser,S. & Post,T.(1995年,4月)。Straser,S. & Post,T.(1995年,3月)。恐怖和猜疑的乌云。新闻周36-41。两年前,Davidian邪教在得克萨斯州Waco与联邦特工进行了武装对峙。当警察袭击其大院时,一场火灾爆发,杀害了邪教的80名成员,包括19名儿童;火灾的起源仍然不明(Tabor & Gallagher,1995年)。Tabor,J.D., & Gallagher, E.V.(1995年)。为什么Waco?Cults?Cults和争取宗教自由的战斗在美国。Berke:加利福尼亚大学出版社。一些邪教也犯下了大规模自杀。In another example from the 1990's, more than three dozen members of the Heaven’s Gate cult killed themselves in California in March 1997 in an effort to communicate with aliens from outer space (Hoffman & Burke, 1997). Hoffman, B., & Burke, K. (1997). Heaven’s Gate: Cult suicide in San Diego . New York, NY: Harper Paperbacks. Some two decades earlier, more than 900 members of the People’s Temple cult killed themselves in Guyana under orders from the cult’s leader, Jim Jones (Stoen, 1997). Stoen, T. (1997, April 7). The most horrible night of my life. Newsweek 44–45.
::在1990年代的另一个例子中,1997年3月,30多名天堂门邪教成员为了与来自外层空间的外国人进行交流而在加利福尼亚自杀(霍夫曼和伯克,1997年)。霍夫曼,B, & 伯克,K.(1997年)。天堂门:圣迭戈的邪教自杀。纽约,纽约:哈珀书背。大约20年前,900多名人民门邪教成员根据邪教领导人吉姆·琼斯的命令在圭亚那自杀(1997年,斯通)。斯托恩,T.(1997年,4月7日)。这是我一生中最恐怖的夜晚。新闻周44-45。
Religion in the United States
::美国境内的宗教The United States is generally regarded as a fairly religious nation. In a 2009 survey administered by the Gallup Organization to 114 nations, 65% of Americans answered yes when asked, “Is religion an important part of your daily life?” (Crabtree, 2010). Crabtree, S. (2010). Religiosity highest in world’s poorest nations. Retrieved from In a 2007 Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life survey, about 83% of Americans expressed a religious preference, 61% were official members of a local house of worship, and 39% attended religious services at least weekly (Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, 2008). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. (2008). U.S. religious landscape survey . Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. These figures show that religion plays a significant role in the lives of many Americans.
::美国被普遍认为是一个相当公平的宗教国家。 在盖洛普组织对114个国家的2009年调查中,65%的美国人回答说“宗教是你们日常生活的重要组成部分吗? ” (Crabtree,2010年)。 克拉布特里(Crabtree,2010年 ) 。 在世界上最贫穷的国家里,宗教信仰最高。 2007年的Pew宗教和公共生活论坛调查中,大约83%的美国人表达了宗教偏好,61%的人是当地礼拜场所的官方成员,39%的人每周至少参加宗教服务(Pew宗教和公共生活论坛,2008年 ) 。 美国宗教与公共生活论坛(2008年 ) 。 华盛顿:Pew研究中心(Pew研究中心 ) 。 这些数字表明宗教在许多美国人的生活中起着重要作用。Moreover, Americans seem more religious than the citizens of almost all the other democratic, industrialized nations with which the United States is commonly compared. Evidence for this conclusion comes from the 2009 Gallup survey mentioned in the preceding paragraph. Whereas 65% of Americans said religion was an important part of their daily lives, comparable percentages from other democratic, industrialized nations included the following: Spain, 49%; Canada, 42%; France, 30%; United Kingdom, 27%; and Sweden, 17% (Crabtree, 2010). Crabtree, S. (2010). Religiosity highest in world’s poorest nations. Retrieved from Among its peer nations, then, the United States stands out for being religious.
::此外,美国人似乎比美国通常与之比较的几乎所有其他民主国家和工业化国家的公民更具宗教性。 这一结论的证据来自上一段中提到的2009年盖洛普调查。 尽管65%的美国人说宗教是其日常生活的一个重要部分,但来自其他民主国家的可比比例包括:西班牙,49%;加拿大,42%;法国,30%;联合王国,27%;瑞典,17%(克拉布特里,2010年)。 克拉布特里,S. (2010年)。 世界上最贫穷国家中的宗教最高。 然后,美国从同龄国家中学习,表现为宗教。When we consider all the nations of the world, however, the U.S. ranking is much lower. In more than half the nations surveyed by Gallup in 2009, at least 84% of respondents said religion was an important part of their daily lives. The U.S. rate of 65% ranked 85th out of the 114 nations in this survey (Crabtree, 2010). Crabtree, S. (2010). Religiosity highest in world’s poorest nations.
::然而,当我们考虑世界各国时,美国排名要低得多。 2009年盖洛普调查的半数以上国家中,至少有84%的受访者认为宗教是他们日常生活的重要组成部分。 在这次调查中,美国在114个国家中排名第85位,占65%(Crabtree,2010年)。 Crabtree, S. (2010年)。 在世界上最贫穷的国家中,宗教最高。Retrieved from However, because the United States ranks higher than most of the democratic, industrialized nations with which it is most aptly compared, it makes sense to regard the United States as fairly religious.
::然而,由于美国的地位高于与其相比最为恰当的大多数民主国家和工业化国家,因此,将美国视为宗教公正的国家是有道理的。
Religious Affiliation and Religious Identification
::宗教联系和宗教认同is a term that can mean actual membership in a church or synagogue, or just a stated identification with a particular religion whether or not someone actually belongs to a local house of worship. Another term for religious affiliation is . Recall from the Pew survey cited earlier that 83% of Americans express a religious preference, while 61% are official members of a local house of worship. As these figures indicate, more people identify with a religion than actually belong to it.
::这个术语可以指教堂或犹太教堂的实际成员,或者仅仅指某一宗教的公开身份,而不论某人是否实际属于某一地方的礼拜场所。另一个宗教归属的术语是 。在前面引用的Pew调查中,83%的美国人表达了宗教偏好,而61%是某一地方礼拜场所的正式成员。如这些数字所示,认同某一宗教的人多于实际所属的人。The Pew survey also included some excellent data on religious identification (see ). Slightly more than half of Americans say their religious preference is Protestant, while about 24% call themselves Catholic. Almost 2% say they are Jewish, while 6% state another religious preference and 16% say they have no religious preference. Although Protestants are thus a majority of the country, the Protestant religion includes several denominations. About 34% of Protestants are Baptists; 12% are Methodists; 9% are Lutherans; 9% are Pentecostals; 5% are Presbyterians; and 3% are Episcopalians. The remainder identify with other Protestant denominations or say their faith is nondenominational. Based on their religious beliefs, Episcopalians, Presbyterians, and Congregationalists are typically grouped together as Liberal Protestants; Methodists, Lutherans, and a few other denominations as Moderate Protestants; and Baptists, Seventh-Day Adventists, and many other denominations as Conservative Protestants.
::Pew调查还包括一些关于宗教认同的极佳数据(见)。略多于半数的美国人说他们的宗教偏好是新教,而大约24%的人称自己是天主教徒。近2%的人说他们是犹太教,6%的人表示另一个宗教偏好,16%的人表示没有宗教偏好。虽然新教是国家的大多数,但新教包括若干教派。大约34%的新教教徒是浸礼会教徒;12%的人是卫理公会教徒;9%是路德教徒;9%是五旬节派教徒;5%是长老会教徒;3%是圣公会教徒。其余的人认为他们属于其他新教教派,或者说他们的信仰是非教派的。基于他们的宗教信仰,圣公会教徒、长老会教徒、长老会教徒和教宗派教徒通常组成自由新教徒;卫理公会、路德教徒和其他少数教派,如温德新教徒;浸信会教徒、安息日基督复临会教徒和许多其他教派作为保守新教徒。
Source: Data from Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. (2008). U.S. religious landscape survey . Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
::资料来源:Pew宗教和公共生活论坛的数据(2008年),美国宗教景观调查,华盛顿特区:Pew研究中心。Correlates of Religious Affiliation
::宗教联系的联系The religious affiliations just listed differ widely in the nature of their religious belief and practice, but they also differ in demographic variables of interest to sociologists (Finke & Stark, 2005). Finke, R., & Stark, R. (2005). The churching of America: Winners and losers in our religious economy (2nd ed.). New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press. For example, Liberal Protestants tend to live in the Northeast and to be well educated and relatively wealthy, while Conservative Protestants tend to live in the South and to be less educated and working-class. In their education and incomes, Catholics and Moderate Protestants fall in between these two groups. Like Liberal Protestants, Jews also tend to be well educated and relatively wealthy.
::刚刚列举的宗教派别在宗教信仰和实践的性质上差异很大,但在社会学家感兴趣的人口变量方面也有差异(Finke & Stark, 2005年)。Finke, R. & Stark, R.(2005年)。美国教会:我们宗教经济中的赢家和输家(第2版)。新不伦瑞克,NJ:Rutgers大学出版社。例如,自由新教徒往往居住在东北部,受过良好教育和相对富裕,而保守派新教徒往往生活在南方,教育程度较低,工作阶层较少。在教育和收入方面,天主教徒和温得拉特新教徒属于这两个群体。像自由派新教徒一样,犹太人也往往受过良好教育,比较富裕。Race and ethnicity are also related to religious affiliation. African Americans are overwhelmingly Protestant, usually Conservative Protestants (Baptists), while Latinos are primarily Catholic. Asian Americans and Native Americans tend to hold religious preferences other than Protestant, Catholic, or Jewish.
::非洲裔美国人绝大多数是新教,通常是保守派新教(浸礼会),而拉丁裔则主要为天主教。 亚裔美国人和美洲原住民倾向于信奉除新教、天主教或犹太教以外的宗教偏好。Age is yet another factor related to religious affiliation, as older people are more likely than younger people to belong to a church or synagogue. As young people marry and “put roots down,” their religious affiliation increases, partly because many wish to expose their children to a religious education. In the Pew survey, 25% of people aged 18–29 expressed no religious preference, compared to only 8% of those 70 or older.
::年龄是宗教归属的另一个因素,因为老年人比年轻人更有可能加入教会或犹太教堂。 随着年轻人结婚和“扎根 ” , 他们的宗教归属增加,部分原因是许多人希望让子女接受宗教教育。 在皮尤调查中,25%的18-29岁人口没有表示过宗教偏好,而70岁或70岁以上的人中只有8%表示过宗教偏好。
Race and ethnicity are related to religious affiliation. African Americans are overwhelmingly Protestant, for example, while Latinos are primarily Catholic.
::例如,非裔美国人是绝大多数新教教徒,而拉丁裔主要是天主教徒。© Thinkstock
::智商Religiosity
::宗教People can belong to a church, synagogue, or mosque or claim a religious preference, but that does not necessarily mean they are very religious. For this reason, sociologists consider , or the significance of religion in a person’s life, an important topic of investigation.
::人们可以属于教堂、犹太教堂或清真寺,也可以主张宗教偏好,但这并不一定意味着他们是非常宗教的。 因此,社会学家们认为,宗教在一个人生活中的重要性是一个重要的调查主题。Religiosity has a simple definition but actually is a very complex topic. What if someone prays every day but does not attend religious services? What if someone attends religious services but never prays at home and does not claim to be very religious? Someone can pray and read a book of scriptures daily, while someone else can read a book of scriptures daily but pray only sometimes. As these possibilities indicate, a person can be religious in some ways but not in other ways.
::宗教传教有一个简单的定义,但实际上是一个非常复杂的话题。 如果有人每天祈祷,但没有参加宗教仪式呢?如果有人参加宗教仪式,但从不在家里祈祷,也不声称自己是虔诚的,又不声称自己是虔诚的呢?有人可以每天祈祷和阅读一本圣经,而其他人可以每天读一本圣经,但有时只能祈祷。正如这些可能性所显示的,一个人可以以某种方式信奉宗教,但不能以其他方式信奉。For this reason, religiosity is best conceived of as a concept involving several dimensions: experiential, ritualistic, ideological, intellectual, and consequential (Stark & Glock, 1968). Stark, R., & Glock, C. Y. (1968). Patterns of religious commitment . Berkeley: University of California Press. Experiential religiosity refers to how important people consider religion to be in their lives and is the dimension used by the international Gallup Poll discussed earlier. Ritualistic religiosity refers to the extent of their involvement in prayer, reading a book of scriptures, and attendance at a house of worship. Ideological religiosity involves the degree to which people accept religious doctrine and includes the nature of their belief in a deity, while intellectual religiosity concerns the extent of their knowledge of their religion’s history and teachings. Finally, consequential religiosity refers to the extent to which religion affects their daily behavior.
::因此,宗教信仰最好被看作一个包含多个方面的概念:经验、仪式、意识形态、知识及后果(Stark & Glock,1968年)。 Starkk, R, & Glock, C. Y. (1968年),宗教承诺的形式。 伯克利大学:加利福尼亚大学出版社。宗教信仰是指人们如何认为宗教在其生活中的重要性,是上文讨论的国际Gallup Poll所使用的层面。 宗教信仰信仰是指他们参与祈祷、阅读圣经书和参加礼拜场所的程度。 意识形态信仰信仰涉及人们接受宗教教义的程度,包括他们信仰神性的性质,而知识信仰则涉及他们对宗教历史和教义的了解程度。 最后,随之而来的宗教信仰是指宗教影响其日常行为的程度。
Older people are more likely than younger people to belong to a church or synagogue.
::老年人比年轻人更有可能属于教堂或犹太教堂。© Thinkstock
::智商
National data on prayer are perhaps especially interesting (see ), as prayer occurs both with others and by oneself. Almost 60% of Americans say they pray at least once daily outside religious services, and only 7% say they never pray (Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, 2008). Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. (2008). U.S. religious landscape survey . Washington, DC: Pew Research Center. Women are more likely than men to pray daily: 66% of women say they pray daily, versus only 49% of men. Daily praying is also more common among older people than younger people, among African Americans than whites, and among people without a college degree than those with a college degree. As these demographic differences indicate, the social backgrounds of Americans affect this important dimension of their religiosity.
::有关祈祷的全国数据也许特别有趣(见 ) , 因为祈祷既发生在其他人身上,也发生在自己身上。 近60%的美国人说他们每天至少在宗教服务之外祈祷一次,只有7%的美国人说他们从来不祈祷(Pew宗教和公共生活论坛,2008年)。 Pew宗教和公共生活论坛(2008年)。美国宗教景观调查,华盛顿特区:皮尤研究中心。妇女比男人更有可能每天祈祷:66%的妇女每天祈祷,而男人只有49%。 每日祈祷在老年人中比年轻人、非裔美国人比白人更为普遍,在没有大学学位的人中也比有大学学位的人更为普遍。 这些人口差异表明,美国人的社会背景影响着他们的信仰的这一重要层面。
Frequency of Prayer
::祈祷频率
Source: Data from Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life. (2008). U.S. religious landscape survey . Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.
::资料来源:Pew宗教和公共生活论坛的数据(2008年),美国宗教景观调查,华盛顿特区:Pew研究中心。KEY TAKEAWAYS
::重要任务-
The United States is a fairly religious nation, with most people expressing a religious preference. About half of Americans are Protestants, and one-fourth are Catholics.
::美国是一个相当宗教的国家,大多数人都表示宗教偏好。 大约一半的美国人是新教徒,四分之一是天主教徒。 -
Religiosity is composed of several dimensions. Almost 60% of Americans say they pray at least once daily outside religious services.
::宗教信仰由几个层面组成。 近60%的美国人说他们每天至少一次在宗教礼拜之外祈祷。 -
Generally speaking, higher levels of religiosity are associated with more conservative views on social, moral, and political issues; with lower rates of deviant behavior; and with greater psychological and physical well-being.
::一般而言,较高的宗教等级与社会、道德和政治问题的保守观点有关;与偏执行为率低有关;与更大的身心健康有关。
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The United States is a fairly religious nation, with most people expressing a religious preference. About half of Americans are Protestants, and one-fourth are Catholics.