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  • General

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  • 胶合体

    A person igniting a smoke flare, producing orange smoke near water.

    What type of mixture is a smoke flare?
    ::何种混合物是烟雾照明弹?

    Imagine you are sailing on a yacht. The engine suddenly breaks down and you are stranded in the middle of the ocean. You call the Coast Guard on your radio, but cannot give them an exact location because your GPS isn’t working.  Fortunately, you have a smoke flare, which you fire off. The dense colored smoke shows the Coast Guard where you are so they can rescue you. In using the flare, you are taking advantage of a type of called a colloid.
    ::想象一下你是在游艇上航行。 引擎突然崩溃,你被困在海洋中。 你用无线电给海岸警卫队打电话,但不能给他们确切的位置,因为你的GPS没有工作。 幸运的是,你有一枚烟雾弹,你发射。 浓厚的彩色烟雾显示海岸警卫队在那里,他们可以救你。 在使用照明弹时,你正在利用一种叫作胶片的胶片。

    Colloids
    ::胶合体

    A colloid is a whose particle size is intermediate between those of a solution and a suspension .  The dispersed particles are spread evenly throughout the dispersion medium , which can be a solid, , or .  Because the dispersed particles of a colloid are not as large as those of a suspension, they do not settle out upon standing. Table summarizes the properties and distinctions between solutions, colloids, and .
    ::类流体是粒子大小介于溶液和悬浮之间的中间体。分散的粒子分布在分散介质中,可以是固态的,也可以是 。由于类流散的粒子没有悬浮的粒子那么大,它们不会站立。表格总结了溶液、类流体和(......)之间的属性和区别。

    , Colloids, and Suspensions

    Solutions
    ::解决方案解决方案

    Colloids
    ::胶合体

    Suspensions
    ::暂停适用

    Homogeneous
    ::异性

    Heterogeneous
    ::异异

    Heterogeneous
    ::异异

    Particle size: 0.01-1 nm; atoms, , or molecules
    ::粒子大小:0.01-1纳米;原子,或分子

    Particle size: 1-1000 nm, dispersed; large molecules or aggregates
    ::粒子大小:1-1000纳米,散散;大型分子或聚合物

    Particle size: over 1000 nm, suspended; large particles or aggregates
    ::粒子大小:1000纳米以上,悬浮;大型粒子或集体

    Do not separate on standing
    ::站立时不分开

    Do not separate on standing
    ::站立时不分开

    Particles settle out
    ::粒子解决

    Cannot be separated by filtration
    ::无法通过过滤分隔

    Cannot be separated by filtration
    ::无法通过过滤分隔

    Can be separated by filtration
    ::可以通过过滤隔开

    Do not scatter light
    ::不散布光

    Scatter some wavelengths of light (Tyndall effect)
    ::散散散一些光波长的光( Tyndall 效果)

    Scatter all light, may appear opaque
    ::散光光,可能看起来不透明

    Colloids are unlike solutions because their dispersed particles are much larger than those of a solution.  The dispersed particles of a colloid cannot be separated by filtration, but they scatter light, a phenomenon called the Tyndall effect .
    ::胶合物与溶液不同,因为它们的分散粒子比溶液大得多。 胶合物的分散粒子无法通过过滤分离出来,但它们会分散光,一种叫做Tyndall效应的现象。

     

     

    Tyndall Effect
    ::Tindall 效果

    When light is passed through a true solution, the dissolved particles are too small to deflect the light.  However, the dispersed particles of a colloid, being larger, do deflect light.  The Tyndall effect is the scattering of visible light by colloidal particles.  You have undoubtedly “seen” a light beam as it passes through fog, smoke, or a scattering of dust particles suspended in air.  All three are examples of colloids and the beam forms because the particles are just the right size to scatter certain wavelengths of light more than others, causing the visible beam of light.  Suspensions  also scatter light, but if the number of suspended particles is sufficiently large or their size is too great, the scattering will be so strong the suspension appears opaque.
    ::当光经过一个真正的溶液时,溶解粒子太小,无法使光线偏转。 然而, 焦质的散落颗粒, 面积更大, 偏移光线。 Tyndall 效应是通过凝聚颗粒散开可见光。 您无疑在通过雾、 烟雾或悬浮在空气中的粉尘颗粒散射时“ 看到了” 光束。 这三个例子都是类粒子和光束形态, 因为粒子只是射散某些光波长的合适大小, 造成可见光束。 悬浮颗粒的数量足够大或者其大小太大, 如果悬浮颗粒的数量足够大, 散射量会非常大, 悬浮会变得不透明。

    Sunlight beams visible through a misty forest, demonstrating the Tyndall effect.

    The Tyndall effect allows sunlight to be seen as it passes through a fine mist.
    ::Tyndall效应使阳光在穿过微薄雾时被人们看到。

    Examples of Colloids
    ::卷状示例

    Table lists examples of colloidal systems, most of which are very familiar.  The dispersed phase describes the particles, while the dispersion medium is the material in which the particles are distributed.
    ::表格列出了共生系统的例子,其中多数非常熟悉。分散的相片描述粒子,而分散介质是粒子分布的物质。

    Classes of Colloids

    Class of Colloid
    ::类类类类

    Dispersed Phase
    ::分散阶段

    Dispersion Medium
    ::散射中度

    Examples
    ::实例

    Sol and gel
    ::太阳和凝胶

    solid
    ::固体

    liquid
    ::液态液体

    paint, jellies, blood, gelation, mud
    ::油漆、果子、血、凝胶、泥

    Solid aerosol
    ::固体气溶胶

    solid
    ::固体

    gas
    ::气体气体气体

    smoke, dust in air
    ::烟雾,空气中的灰尘

    Solid emulsion
    ::固体乳胶

    liquid
    ::液态液体

    solid
    ::固体

    cheese, butter
    ::奶酪,黄油

    Liquid emulsion
    ::液体乳乳

    liquid
    ::液态液体

    liquid
    ::液态液体

    milk, mayonnaise
    ::牛奶,蛋黄酱

    Liquid aerosol
    ::液溶液喷雾器

    liquid
    ::液态液体

    gas
    ::气体气体气体

    fog, mist, clouds, aerosol spray
    ::雾、雾、雾、云、喷雾喷雾

    Foam
    ::泡沫

    gas
    ::气体气体气体

    solid
    ::固体

    marshmallow
    ::棉花糖

    Foam
    ::泡沫

    gas
    ::气体气体气体

    liquid
    ::液态液体

    whipped cream, shaving cream
    ::奶油、剃须奶油

    Another property of a colloidal system is the observed when the colloids are studied under a light microscope.  The colloids scintillate, reflecting brief flashes of light because the colloidal particles move in a rapid and random fashion.  This phenomenon, called Brownian motion, is caused by collisions between the small colloidal particles and the molecules of the dispersion medium.
    ::在光显微镜下对焦素进行研究时观察到的共生系统的另一个属性是共生系统的另一个属性。焦素闪烁,反映短暂的光闪光,因为共生颗粒以快速和随机的方式移动。这一现象被称为布朗运动,是由小型共生颗粒与分散介质分子碰撞造成的。

    Emulsions
    ::反射

    Butter and mayonnaise are examples of a class of colloids called emulsions .  An emulsion is a colloidal dispersion of a liquid in either a liquid or a solid.  A stable emulsion requires an emulsifying agent to be present.  Mayonnaise is made in part of oil and vinegar.  Since oil is nonpolar and vinegar is an aqueous solution and polar, the two do not mix and would quickly separate into layers.  However, the addition of egg yolk causes the mixture to become stable and not separate.  Egg yolk is capable of interacting with both the polar vinegar and the nonpolar oil.  The egg yolk is called the emulsifying agent.  Soap acts as an emulsifying agent between grease and water.  Grease cannot be simply rinsed off your hands or another surface because it is insoluble.  However, the soap stabilizes a grease-water mixture because one end of a soap molecule is polar and the other end is nonpolar.  This allows the grease to be removed from your hands or your clothing by washing with soapy water.
    ::黄油和黄油黄油是被称为乳化物的一类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类类。乳化是一种液体或固体中的液溶液。稳定的乳化要求存在一种乳化剂。稳定的乳化剂是油和醋的一部分。马永酸剂是用油和醋制成的。由于油是非极性溶液和醋是极性溶液,两者不会混合,而且很快会分解成几层。不过,添加蛋蛋黄会使混合物变得稳定,而不是分离。蛋蛋黄可以与极性醋和非极性油相互作用。蛋蛋黄是称为乳化剂。蛋黄是油的乳化剂,在油和水之间作为乳化剂的一部分。不能简单地将酸盐从你的手或另一表面中浸出,因为它是溶解的。但是,肥皂会稳定一种油-水混合混合物,因为香素的一端是极的,而另一端是非极性类类类类类类类。这可以使油从手部或用肥制的洗用肥制的洗衣除。

     

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • A colloid is a heterogeneous mixture whose particle size is intermediate between those of a solution and a suspension.
      ::类固醇是一种混杂混合物,其粒子大小介于溶液和悬浮之间。
    • The Tyndall effect is the scattering of visible light by colloidal particles.
      ::Tyndall效应就是通过凝胶粒子散布可见光。
    • An emulsion is a colloidal dispersion of a liquid in either a liquid or a solid.
      ::乳化是指液体或固体中液体的相交弥散。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is a colloid?
      ::什么是类固醇?
    2. What is the Tyndall effect?
      ::Tindall效应是什么?
    3. What is the dispersion medium in blood?
      ::血液中的分散介质是什么?
    4. What is an emulsion?
      ::什么是乳胶?