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  • 人体器官和器官系统

    Organs and Organ Systems
    ::和机关和机关系统

    Organs are the next level of organization in the body. An organ is a structure made of two or more tissues that work together for a common purpose. Skin, the largest organ in the body, is shown in Figure . Organs can be as primitive as the brain of a (a group of nerve cells), as large as the of a sequoia (up to 90 meters (300 feet) in height), or as complex as a human liver . The has many different organs including the heart, the , the pancreas , and the skin. Two or all of the tissue types can be found in each organ. Organs inside the body are called internal organs. The internal organs collectively are often called viscera.
    ::器官是身体的下一个层次组织。器官是由两个或两个以上的组织组成的结构,它们为了共同的目的一起工作。皮肤是身体中最大的器官,图中显示的是皮肤。器官可以像一个(神经细胞群)的大脑一样原始,大到一个sequia的大脑(高达90米(高度为300英尺)),或者像一个人类肝脏一样复杂。器官有许多不同的器官,包括心脏、心脏、胰腺和皮肤。两种或所有的组织类型都可以在每个器官中找到。身体中的器官被称为内部器官。内部器官通常被称为内脏。内部器官通常被称为内脏。

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    Your skin is the largest organ in your body. In this cross section image of skin, the four different tissue types (epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscle tissues) can be seen working together.
    ::您的皮肤是您身体中最大的器官。 在皮肤的横截面图像中, 可以看到四种不同的组织类型( 住院、 连接、 神经和肌肉组织) 一起工作 。

    The most complex organisms have organ systems . An organ system is a group of organs that act together to carry out complex, interrelated functions, with each organ focusing on a subset of the task. For example, the human is an organ system in which the mouth and esophagus ingest food , the stomach crushes and liquefies it, the pancreas and gall bladder make and release digestive , and the intestines absorb nutrients into the . An organ can be part of more than one organ system. For example, the ovaries produce , which makes them a part of the ; the ovaries also make eggs , which makes them a part of the reproductive system as well. One of the most important functions of organ systems is to provide with oxygen and nutrients and to remove toxic waste products such as carbon dioxide. A number of organ systems, including the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, work together to do this.
    ::最复杂的有机体有器官系统; 器官系统是一组器官,它们共同发挥作用,履行复杂、相互关联的功能,每个器官都侧重于任务的一个子项; 例如,人类是一个器官系统,其口腔和食道食用食物,胃部压碎和液化,胰腺和胆囊产生并释放消化剂,肠子吸收养分,一个器官可以是不止一个器官系统的一部分。例如,卵巢生产,使它们成为器官系统的一部分;卵巢还产卵,使其成为生殖系统的一部分。 器官系统最重要的功能之一是提供氧气和营养,并清除二氧化碳等有毒废物。 一些器官系统,包括心血管和呼吸系统,一起工作。

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    Many of the organ systems that make up the human body are represented here. What is the overall function of each organ system?
    ::构成人体的许多器官系统在这里都有代表。 每个器官系统的总体功能是什么?

    The different organ systems of the body are shown in  Table . Sometimes the and the are grouped together into one single system called the .
    ::身体的不同器官系统在表格中显示。有时,这些器官和器官被分组成一个称为“......”的单一系统。

    Major Organ Systems of the Human Body
    Organ System Function Organs, Tissues, and Structures Involved
    Cardiovascular Transports oxygen, nutrients, and other substances to the cells, and transports wastes, carbon dioxide, and other substances away from the cells; it can also help stabilize body temperature and pH. Heart, blood, and .
    Lymphatic Defends against infection and disease. Transfers lymph between tissues and the blood stream. Lymph, lymph nodes , and lymph vessels .
    Digestive Processes foods and absorbs nutrients, minerals , vitamins , and . Salivary glands , esophagus, stomach, liver, gallbladder , pancreas, , and .
    Endocrine Provides within the body via hormones. Directs long-term change over other organ systems to maintain . Pituitary gland , pineal gland , thyroid, parathyroid gland, adrenal glands , testes , and ovaries.
    Integumentary Provides protection from both injury and fluid loss and provides physical defense against infection by microorganisms. Controls temperature. Skin, hair, and nails.
    Muscular Provides movement , support, and heat production. Tendons , skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscles .
    Nervous Collects, transfers, and processes information. Directs short-term change over other organ systems in order to maintain homeostasis. Brain, spinal cord , nerves, and sensory organs ( , ears, tongue, skin, and nose).
    Reproductive Produces gametes (sex cells) and sex hormones ; ultimately produces offspring. Fallopian tubes , uterus , vagina , ovaries, mammary glands , testes, vas deferens , seminal vesicles , prostate, and penis .
    Respiratory Delivers air to sites where gas exchange can occur between the blood and cells (around body) or blood and air (lungs). Mouth, nose, pharynx , larynx , trachea , bronchi , lungs , and diaphragm .
    Skeletal Supports and protects soft tissues of the body. Provides movement at , produces blood cells, and stores minerals. , cartilage , and ligaments .
    Urinary Removes excess water, salts, and waste products from the blood and body. Controls pH. Kidneys, ureters , urinary bladder , and urethra .
    Immune Defends against microbial (disease-causing agents) and other diseases. Leukocytes , tonsils, adenoids, thymus , and spleen .

      

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Organs are structures composed of two or more tissues; organ systems are systems composed of two or more organs.
      ::器官是由两个或两个以上的组织组成的结构;器官系统是由两个或两个以上的器官组成的系统。
    • Organ systems carry out complex tasks, with each organ completing one aspect of the task.
      ::机关系统执行复杂的任务,每个机关完成任务的一个方面。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is the difference between an organ and an organ system?
      ::机关与机关系统之间有什么区别?
    2. How many major organ systems are there? What are they?
      ::有多少主要器官系统?它们是什么?