1.4 人体中的系统互动
Section outline
-
What do you get when the body systems interact?
::当身体系统相互作用时,你能得到什么?You get an organism . Here we easily recognize parts of the respiratory, circulatory, digestive, and skeletal systems. Though these can function alone, they need to work together to make a living organism. They also need to work with the the endocrine and nervous systems, as well as the other systems.
::你得到一个有机体。在这里,我们很容易识别出呼吸、循环、消化和骨骼系统的某些部分。虽然这些部分可以单独运作,但它们需要合作才能形成一个活体。它们也需要与内分泌和神经系统以及其他系统一起工作。System Interactions
::系统互动Each body system contributes to the of other systems and of the entire organism. No system of the body works in isolation, and the well-being of the person depends upon the well-being of all the interacting body systems. A disruption within one system generally has consequences for several other body systems. Most of these organ systems are controlled by secreted from the pituitary gland , a part of the . Table summarizes how various body systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
::每个身体系统都对其他系统和整个生物系统作出贡献,任何身体系统都不能孤立地运作,人的福祉取决于所有相互作用身体系统的福祉,一个系统中的中断通常会对其他几个身体系统产生影响,这些器官系统大部分都由自下而上的人体系统来控制。Main examples of homeostasis in mammals are as follows:
::哺乳动物中顺足症的主要例子如下:-
The regulation of the amounts of
and
minerals
in the body. This is known as
osmoregulation.
This happens primarily in the
.
::机构内数量和矿物的监管。这被称为“软质调节”。这主要见于 。 -
The removal of metabolic waste. This is known as
excretion
.
This is done by the excretory
organs
such as the kidneys and
lungs
.
::去除代谢废物,称为排泄,由肾和肺等排泄器官进行。 -
The regulation of body temperature. This is mainly done by the skin.
::调节体温,主要是皮肤。 -
The regulation of
glucose
levels. This is mainly done by the
liver
and the
insulin
and
glucagon
secreted by the
pancreas
.
::对葡萄糖含量的调节,主要是由肝脏、胰岛素和胰腺隔离的胰岛素进行。
Types of Homeostatic Regulation in the Body Homeostatic Processes Hormones and Other Messengers Tissues, Organs, and Organ Systems Involved Osmoregulation (also called excretion) Excess water, salts, and urea expelled from the body. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH), aldosterone, angiotensin II, and carbon dioxide. Kidneys, urinary bladder , ureters , urethra (urinary system), pituitary gland (endocrine system), and lungs (respiratory system). Thermoregulation Sweating, shivering , dilation/ constriction of at the skin surface, insulation by adipose tissue , and breakdown of adipose tissue to produce heat. . (muscular system), nerves (nervous system), blood vessels (cardiovascular system), skin and adipose tissue (integumentary system), and hypothalamus (endocrine system). Chemical Regulation (including glucoregulation) Release of insulin and glucagon into the blood in response to rising and falling blood glucose levels respectively. Increase in rate in response to increased carbon dioxide levels in the blood, release of carbon dioxide into exhaled air from the lungs, and secretion of erythropoietin by kidneys to stimulate formation of red blood cells . Insulin, glucagon, cortisol, carbon dioxide, nerve impulses, and erythropoietin (EPO). Pancreas (endocrine system), liver (digestive system), adrenal glands (endocrine system), lungs (respiratory system), brain (nervous system), and kidneys (urinary system). Endocrine System
::内分泌系统The endocrine system, shown in Figure , includes glands that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Hormones are chemical messenger molecules that are made by in one part of the body and cause changes in cells in another part of the body. The endocrine system regulates the metabolism and of most and body systems through feedback mechanisms. For example, Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) and Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) are controlled by a number of negative feedback mechanisms. The also release hormones that affect skin and hair color, appetite, and secondary sex characteristics of both males and females.
::内分泌系统,如图3所示,包括将荷尔蒙分泌到血液中的腺体,荷尔蒙是人体一个部位制造的化学信使分子,在身体另一个部位造成细胞变化,内分泌系统通过反馈机制调节新陈代谢以及大多数和身体系统,例如,甲状腺-逆转激素(TRH)和甲状腺刺激激素(TSH)受若干负面反馈机制控制,还释放了影响男女皮肤和发色、食欲和次要性别特征的荷尔蒙。The endocrine system controls almost every other body system through feedback mechanisms. Most of the mechanisms of the endocrine system are negative feedback loops.
::内分泌系统通过反馈机制控制着几乎所有其他机构系统,内分泌系统的大多数机制是负面反馈循环。The endocrine system has a regulatory effect on other organ systems in the . In the muscular system , hormones adjust muscle metabolism, energy production, and growth. In the , hormones affect neural metabolism, regulate fluid and ion concentrations, and help with reproductive hormones that influence brain development.
::内分泌系统对肌肉系统的其他器官系统具有监管作用。在肌肉系统中,荷尔蒙会调整肌肉新陈代谢、能源生产和生长。在肌肉系统中,荷尔蒙会影响神经新陈代谢,调节液体和离子浓度,帮助处理影响大脑发育的生殖激素。Urinary System
::内脏系统Toxic wastes build up in the blood as and are broken down and used by the body. The rids the body of these wastes. The urinary system is also directly involved in maintaining proper blood volume. The kidneys also play an important role in maintaining the correct salt and water contents of the body. External changes, such as warm weather , that lead to excess fluid loss trigger feedback mechanisms that act to maintain the body's fluid content by inhibiting fluid loss. The kidneys also produce a hormone called erythropoietin, also known as EPO, which stimulates red blood cell production.
::有毒废物在血液中积聚,并且被分解并被身体使用; 清除这些废物的身体; 尿道系统也直接参与保持适当的血液体积; 肾脏在保持正确的盐和水内含量方面也发挥着重要作用; 外部变化,如天气变暖,导致液体流失过多,触发反馈机制,通过抑制液体流失来保持体液含量; 肾脏还产生一种激素,称为红血素,也称为EPO,刺激红细胞的生产。Reproductive System
::生殖系统生殖系统The reproductive system does little for the homeostasis of the organism. The reproductive system relates instead to the maintenance of the . However, sex hormones do have an effect on other body systems, and an imbalance in sex hormones can lead to various disorders. For example, a woman whose ovaries are removed early in life is at higher risk of developing osteoporosis, a disorder in which are thin and break easily. The hormone estrogen , produced by the ovaries, is important for . Therefore, a woman who does not produce estrogen will have impaired bone development.
::生殖系统对有机体的自闭症作用不大,生殖系统与保持生殖系统有关,但性激素对其他身体系统有影响,性荷尔蒙的不平衡可能导致各种疾病,例如,其卵巢在生命初期被移除的妇女更可能患上骨质疏松症,这种疾病是薄质和易破裂的;卵巢生成的激素雌激素对卵巢很重要。因此,不生产雌激素的妇女会损害骨骼发育。Summary
::摘要-
The body systems constantly interact with each other to maintain homeostasis.
::身体系统不断相互作用,以保持顺势。
Review
::回顾-
Define homeostasis.
::定义常态。 -
What is meant by body system interactions?
::身体系统互动意味着什么? -
Give an example of a body system interaction.
::举一个身体系统互动的例子。
-
The regulation of the amounts of
and
minerals
in the body. This is known as
osmoregulation.
This happens primarily in the
.
