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  • 局部状态的中断

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    What happens if there's disruption?
    ::如果有干扰怎么办?

    If is disrupted, it must be controlled or a disease/disorder may result. Your body systems work together to maintain balance . If that balance is shifted or disrupted and homeostasis is not maintained, the results may not allow normal functioning of the organism .
    ::如果受到干扰,则必须加以控制,或可能造成疾病/疾病。你的身体系统可以共同努力保持平衡。如果这种平衡被改变或中断,并且不保持顺势,结果可能不允许有机体正常运转。

    Disruption of Homeostasis
    ::局部状态的中断

    Many homeostatic mechanisms keep the internal environment within certain limits (or set points). When the in your body do not work correctly, homeostatic balance is disrupted. Homeostatic imbalance may lead to a state of disease. Disease and cellular malfunction can be caused in two basic ways: by deficiency or toxicity. Deficiency occurs when beneficial pathways are blocked and cells lack adequate quantities of vitamins or minerals . Toxicity occurs when cells have an excess of a toxin that poisons the cell. Cells are delicate and require concise levels of every necessary substance; levels that are too high and levels that are too low can be extremely dangerous. Cells undergo homeostasis to maintain the ideal levels, but, when homeostasis is interrupted, your body may correct or worsen the problem based on certain influences. In addition to inherited (genetic) influences, there are external influences that are based on lifestyle choices and environmental exposure. These factors together influence the body's ability to maintain homeostatic balance.
    ::许多家居机制将内部环境保持在一定的限度(或设定点)之内。当你的身体不正确工作时,家庭主居平衡就会被打乱。家庭主居不平衡可能会导致疾病状态。疾病和细胞故障可以由两种基本方式造成:缺陷或毒性。当有益的途径被堵住,细胞缺乏足够的维生素或矿物质时,就会出现缺陷。当细胞超量毒素毒害细胞时,就会发生毒性。细胞是微妙的,需要每种必需物质简洁的含量;过高和太低的水平可能极其危险。细胞会经历家庭主坐状态以维持理想水平,但是当软体发育中断时,身体可能会因某些影响而纠正或恶化问题。除了遗传(遗传)影响外,还有基于生活方式选择和环境暴露的外部影响。这些因素共同影响身体保持家居平衡的能力。

    A commonly seen example of homeostatic imbalance is . In a diabetic, the has difficulty maintaining the correct glucose levels, so diabetics must closely monitor their blood glucose levels, as shown in Figure . They must monitor their daily sugar intake and regulate their blood glucose levels with insulin injections. Like most homeostatic imbalances, diabetes is dependent on both genetics and lifestyle.
    ::在糖尿病中,很难保持正确的葡萄糖水平,因此糖尿病人必须密切监测其血糖水平,如图所示。 他们必须监测每日食糖摄入量,通过注射胰岛素来调节血糖水平。 与大多数家庭不平衡一样,糖尿病既取决于遗传学,也取决于生活方式。

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    A person with diabetes has to monitor their blood glucose carefully. This glucose meter analyzes only a small drop of blood.
    ::糖尿病患者必须仔细监测他们的血糖。这个葡萄糖表只分析一小滴血。

    Internal Influences: Heredity
    ::内部影响:遗传

    Genetics
    ::遗传基因

    Genes are sometimes turned off or on due to external factors, which we have some control over. Other times, little can be done to prevent the of certain genetic diseases and disorders. In such cases, medicines can help a person’s body regain homeostasis. An example is the metabolic disorder called Type 1 diabetes , which is a disorder where the pancreas is no longer producing adequate amounts of insulin to respond to changes in a person's blood glucose levels. Insulin replacement therapy, in conjunction with counting and careful monitoring of blood glucose concentrations, is a way to bring the body's handling of glucose back into balance. can be genetically inherited or can result from a caused by exposure to toxins such as radiation or harmful drugs . A person may also inherit a predisposition to develop a disease such as heart disease. Such diseases can be delayed or prevented if the person maintains a healthy lifestyle.
    ::基因有时被关闭或由于外部因素而关闭,我们对此有一些控制。有时,在防止某些遗传疾病和疾病方面做不了什么。在这种情况下,药物可以帮助一个人的身体恢复自闭症。一个例子是被称为1型糖尿病的代谢紊乱,这种代谢紊乱使胰岛素不再产生足够数量的胰岛素来应对一个人血液中葡萄糖水平的变化。在计算和仔细监测血液中葡萄糖浓度的同时,胰岛素替代疗法是使身体处理葡萄糖平衡的一种方法。它可以遗传基因,也可以由接触辐射或有害药物等毒素所造成。一个人还可能继承一种发展心脏病等疾病的预感。如果一个人保持健康的生活方式,这种疾病可能会被推迟或预防。

    External Influences: Lifestyle
    ::外部影响:生活方式

    Nutrition
    ::营养营养营养

    For proper cell function, it is imperative that cells get the they need. These vitamins are obtained through our diet, and an imbalanced diet may increase one's risk of disease. For example, a menstruating woman with an inadequate dietary intake of iron will become anemic. Hemoglobin , the molecule that enables red blood cells to transport oxygen, requires iron. Therefore, the blood of an anemic woman will have reduced oxygen- carrying capacity . In mild cases, symptoms may be vague (e.g. fatigue), but, if the anemia is severe, the body will try to compensate by increasing cardiac output, leading to weakness, irregular heartbeats, and sometimes heart failure.
    ::对于适当的细胞功能,细胞必须获得它们所需要的。这些维他命是通过我们的饮食获得的,而不平衡的饮食可能会增加一个人的疾病风险。例如,一个饮食摄入铁量不足的月经妇女将变得贫血。血红蛋白是红细胞输送氧的分子,需要铁。因此,贫血妇女的血液将减少氧气的携带能力。在轻微情况下,症状可能模糊不清(例如疲劳 ) , 但如果贫血症严重,身体将试图通过增加心力输出、导致衰弱、心跳不规律,有时甚至心脏衰竭来弥补。

    Physical Activity
    ::体育活动

    Physical activity is essential for proper functioning of our cells and bodies. Levels of rest and physical activity both influence homeostasis. Inadequate sleep is related to a number of health problems such as irregular heartbeat, fatigue, anxiety, and headaches. Poor nutrition and a lack of physical can lead to being overweight or obese; these conditions increase a person’s risk of developing heart disease, Type 2 diabetes , and certain forms of cancer. Staying fit by regularly taking part in aerobic activities, such as walking (shown in Figure ), has been shown to help prevent many of these diseases.
    ::睡眠不足与一些健康问题有关,如心跳不常、疲劳、焦虑和头痛;营养不良和缺乏身体可能导致体重过重或肥胖;这些状况增加了个人患心脏病、2型糖尿病和某些癌症的风险;经常参加有氧活动,如步行(见图),可以保持适应状态,有助于预防许多此类疾病。

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    Pedestrians walking across the street.
    ::在街对面行走的行人。

    Mental Health
    ::心理健康 心理健康

    Your physical and mental health are inseparable. Our emotions cause chemical changes in our bodies that have various effects on our thoughts and feelings. Negative stress (also called distress) can negatively affect mental health. Regular physical activity helps people cope with distress and has been shown to improve both physical and mental well-being. Among other things, regular physical activity increases the ability of the to deliver oxygen to including brain cells. For people who have more serious mental and mood disorders, medications that may help balance the amount of certain mood-altering chemicals within the brain are often prescribed. Medication is an external influence that can help stabilize homeostatic disruptions.
    ::你的身体和心理健康是不可分割的。我们的情感导致我们身体的化学变化,对我们的思想和感情产生各种影响。负压力(也称为痛苦)可能会对心理健康产生消极影响。定期的体育活动有助于人们应对痛苦,并证明可以改善身心健康。除其他外,定期的体育活动提高了将氧气输送到包括脑细胞在内的脑细胞的能力。对于精神和情绪障碍较严重的人,往往会开出有助于平衡大脑内某些情绪改变化学物质数量的药物。药物治疗是一种外部影响,可以帮助稳定内容干扰。

    Environmental Exposure
    ::环境接触

    Any substance that interferes with cellular function and causes cellular malfunction is a cellular toxin. There are many different sources of toxins including natural and synthetic drugs, plants, and bites. , another form of environmental exposure to toxins, is shown in Figure . Unfortunately, a commonly seen example of an exposure to cellular toxins is drug overdose. When a person takes too much of a drug that affects the , basic life functions, such as and heartbeat, are disrupted. Such disruptions can result in a coma, brain damage, and even death.
    ::任何影响细胞功能并造成细胞机能失灵的物质都是一种细胞毒素,有多种不同的毒素来源,包括天然和合成药物、植物和咬痕。 另一种形式的环境接触毒素,如图中所示。 不幸的是,一个常见的接触细胞毒素的例子就是吸毒过量。当一个人服用太多影响基本生命功能的药物时,如心跳就会中断。这种干扰可能导致昏迷、脑损伤甚至死亡。

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    Air pollution can cause environmental exposure to cellular toxins such as mercury.
    ::空气污染可导致环境接触诸如汞等细胞毒素。

    These factors have their effects at the cellular level. A deficiency will almost always result in a harmful change in homeostasis, whether caused by internal or external influences. Too much toxicity also causes homeostatic imbalance, resulting in cellular malfunction. By removing negative health influences and providing adequate positive health influences, your body is better able to self-regulate and self-repair, maintaining homeostasis.
    ::这些因素在细胞水平上都具有影响,缺乏几乎总是会导致软体保持状态的有害变化,无论是由内部影响还是由外部影响造成的,太多的毒性也会导致自制不平衡,导致细胞故障,通过消除消极的健康影响和提供适当的积极健康影响,你的身体更有能力自我调节和自我修复,保持自制状态。

      

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Homeostatic imbalances can be caused by genetic, lifestyle, or environmental factors, or some combination of all three.
      ::遗传、生活方式或环境因素,或所有这三种因素的某些组合,都可能造成自制性不平衡。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is the difference between deficiency and toxicity?
      ::缺乏和毒性之间有什么区别?
    2. What are the six factors that contribute to homeostatic imbalance?
      ::造成常态不平衡的六个因素是什么?