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  • General

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  • 生物生物恐怖主义

    "The world has definitely changed." This statement is common at times. What might it refer to?
    ::"世界确实变了" 这个说法有时很常见 它能指什么?

    Bioterrorism is a threat against civilized people worldwide. To be prepared, all levels of government have developed and conducted terrorism drills. These include protecting responders from harmful biological substances.
    ::生物恐怖主义是对全世界文明人民的威胁,为了做好准备,各级政府已经制定并开展了恐怖主义演习,其中包括保护反应者免受有害生物物质之害。

    Bioterrorism
    ::生物生物恐怖主义

    Bioterrorism is terrorism by the intentional release or spread of . Bioterrorism agents are classified into three categories. These categories are shown in the , , and Tables. Pathogens used in bioterrorism may include , , or toxins. Bioterrorism agents may be naturally occurring pathogens or pathogens that have been modified by humans to make them more dangerous. They can spread in a variety of ways, including through air, food , , direct contact, or cuts in the skin, and have the potential to cause epidemics of deadly human diseases.
    ::生物恐怖主义是指故意释放或扩散的生物恐怖主义。生物恐怖主义制剂分为三类:生物恐怖主义制剂,这些类别列于......和表格中。生物恐怖主义中使用的病原体可能包括,或毒素。生物恐怖主义制剂可能是自然产生的病原体或病原体,经人类改装使其更加危险。它们可以以各种方式传播,包括通过空气、食物、直接接触或皮肤切除,并有可能造成致命人类疾病的流行。

    of Category A Bioterrorism Agents
    Agent Type of Pathogen Mode of Transmission
    Anthrax Bacteria Air, food, cuts in skin
    Smallpox Virus Air, direct contact
    Botulinum Toxin Food, cuts in skin
    Classification of Category B Bioterrorism Agents
    Agent Type of Pathogen Mode of Transmission
    Brucellosis Bacteria Milk, direct contact
    Ricin Toxin Air, food, water
    Cholera Bacteria Food, water
    Classification of Category C Bioterrorism Agents
    Agent Type of Pathogen Mode of Transmission
    Hantavirus Virus Air
    Tuberculosis Bacteria Air

    Agents of Bioterrorism
    ::生物恐怖主义特工

    Bioterrorism agents are classified on the basis of their threat to public health, as shown in the tables above. Category A agents ( Table ) include anthrax and smallpox. Agents in this category pose the greatest threat. They spread easily and cause serious illness or death. Category B agents ( Table ) are considered less of a threat. They do not spread as easily and are less likely to cause death. Category C agents ( Table ) are pathogens that are likely to be engineered for bioterrorism in the future. They are easy to produce and have the potential to cause serious illness or death.
    ::如上表所示,生物恐怖主义物剂根据其对公众健康的威胁进行分类,A类物剂(表)包括炭疽和天花,这一类物剂构成最大的威胁,容易扩散,造成严重疾病或死亡,B类物剂(表)被认为较少威胁,传播不那么容易,死亡可能性也较小,C类物剂(表)是病原体,将来可能为生物恐怖主义而制造,容易生产,并可能造成严重疾病或死亡。

    Recent Bioterrorism Incidents
    ::最近发生的生物恐怖主义事件

    Two recent bioterrorism incidents in the U.S. received a great deal of media attention. They heightened public awareness of the threat of bioterrorism.
    ::最近在美国发生的两起生物恐怖主义事件得到了媒体的大量关注,提高了公众对生物恐怖主义威胁的认识。

    1. In 2001, letters containing anthrax spores were mailed to several news offices and two U.S. Senate offices. A total of 22 people were infected, and 5 of them died of anthrax.
      ::2001年,一些新闻办公室和两个美国参议院办公室收到含有炭疽螺旋菌的信,共有22人感染了炭疽,其中5人死于炭疽。
    2. In 2003, a deadly toxin called ricin was detected in a letter addressed to the White House. The letter was intercepted at a mail-handling facility off White House grounds. Fortunately, the ricin toxin did not cause any illnesses or deaths.
      ::2003年,写给白宫的一封信中发现了一种致命毒素 — — 叫做麻风病,该信在白宫场地外的邮件处理设施被截获。 幸运的是,麻风毒素并没有造成任何疾病或死亡。
    3. More recently, a man was charged in April 2013 for sending letters with ricin to President Obama, a US senator, and a judge. Like in 2003, the letters were intercepted and no one was injured.
      ::最近,2013年4月,一名男子被指控向美国总统奥巴马、一位美国参议员和一名法官发送了麻风病信件。 与2003年一样,这些信件遭到拦截,没有人受伤。

    Bioterrorism Responses
    ::生物恐怖主义对策

    Bioterrorism is a threat against civilized people worldwide. To be prepared, all levels of government have developed and conducted terrorism drills. These include protecting responders from harmful biological substances. Government agencies maintain research laboratories focused on finding vaccines for viral pathogens as well as anti-bacterials for bacterial pathogens. Additionally, they monitor for pathogens and often undergo simulations to ensure police agencies are prepared for an epidemic.
    ::生物恐怖主义是对全世界文明人民的威胁,为了做好准备,各级政府制定并开展了恐怖主义演习,包括保护应对者免受有害生物物质的危害,政府机构设有研究实验室,重点寻找病毒病原体疫苗和细菌病原体抗菌疫苗,此外,监测病原体,并经常进行模拟,以确保警察机构做好流行病的准备。

    The United States Center for Disease Control and Prevention provides detailed information for planning in case of bioterrorism attacks. 
    ::美国疾病控制与预防中心提供了在发生生物恐怖主义攻击时进行规划的详细信息。

      

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Bioterrorism is a form of terrorism characterized by spreading deadly toxins, bacteria, or viruses.
      ::生物恐怖主义是一种恐怖主义形式,其特点是传播致命毒素、细菌或病毒。
    • Governments have reaction plans for bioterrorist attacks.
      ::各国政府有针对生物恐怖主义攻击的反应计划。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Give the three types of bioterrorism pathogens and an example of each.
      ::举出三种生物恐怖主义病原体和每种病原体的例子。
    2. How does the government prepare for a bioterrorist attack?
      ::政府如何准备进行生物恐怖袭击?