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  • 消化系统机关

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    Specifically, our energy comes from what?
    ::具体地说,我们的能量来自什么?

    The respiratory and circulatory systems work together to provide with the oxygen they need for . Cells also need glucose for cellular respiration. Glucose is a simple sugar that comes from the food we eat. To get glucose from food, digestion must occur. This process is carried out by the .
    ::呼吸和循环系统共同提供所需的氧气。细胞也需要葡萄糖进行细胞呼吸。葡萄糖是一种简单的糖,来自我们吃的食物。要从食物中获取葡萄糖,就必须进行消化。这个过程由这个过程进行。

    Organs and Functions of the Digestive System
    ::消化系统的机构和职能

    Suppose you are studying and having trouble concentrating. You decide to eat an apple for energy. How does energy stored in the apple get into your cells? What organs and processes break down the apple into nutrients that the body can use for fuel? What organs and processes let the nutrients enter your bloodstream so that they can travel to the cells where they are needed? The basic processes involved are digestion and absorption . The organs involved are the organs of the digestive system.
    ::假设你正在学习并且有困难集中。 你决定为了能量而吃一个苹果。 苹果中储存的能量如何进入你的细胞? 什么器官和过程将苹果分解成身体可以用作燃料的营养物质? 是什么器官和过程让营养物质进入你的血液中,以便它们能进入需要的细胞? 所涉及的基本过程是消化和吸收。 所涉及的器官是消化系统的器官。

    Organs that make up the digestive system are shown in Figure . Most of the organs form the gastrointestinal tract . Other digestive organs are called accessory organs . As you read about the organs below, refer to Figure for reference.
    ::构成消化系统的器官在图中显示。大多数器官组成胃肠道。其他消化器官称为辅助器官。以下关于器官的读物,请参考图。

    Organs of the digestive system.

    Organs of the digestive system.
    ::消化系统的器官。

    Gastrointestinal Tract
    ::肠胃手术

    The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is a long tube that connects the mouth with the anus. It is more than 9 meters long in adults. The GI tract can be divided into an upper and lower part. The upper GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus , and stomach . The lower GI tract includes the small and large intestines. Food enters the mouth, passes through the upper and lower GI tracts, and then exits the body as feces through the anus.
    ::胃肠道是一个长管,将嘴和肛门连接在一起,在成年人中长9米以上,可分为上下两部分,上下两部分包括口、食道和胃,下一级包括大小肠,食物进入口腔,通过上下两部分,然后作为粪便通过肛门离开身体。

    The organs of the GI tract are covered by two layers of that enable peristalsis . Peristalsis is a rapid, involuntary, wave-like contraction of muscles. It pushes food through the GI tract. The inside of GI tract is lined with mucous membranes. Mucous membranes are moist tissues that can secrete and absorb substances. The ability to secrete and absorb substances is necessary for the functions of the digestive system. 
    ::GI口道的器官有两层能够保持常态。 持久性是肌肉的快速、非自愿、波状收缩。 它将食物推入GI口道。 GI口道的内部与粘膜相连接。 Mucous 膜是湿组织,可以隐藏和吸收物质。 消化系统功能需要隐蔽和吸收物质的能力。

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    Peristalsis pushes food through the GI tract.
    ::持久性把食物推穿GI道

    Accessory Organs of the Digestive System
    ::消化系统附属器官

    In the lower GI tract, additional organs play important roles in digestion. They are called accessory organs. Food does not pass through them, but they make or store substances needed for digestion. The accessory organs are the liver , gall bladder , and pancreas .
    ::在下GI道,其他器官在消化中起着重要作用,它们被称为辅助器官,食物不经过它们,但制造或储存消化所需的物质。 辅助器官是肝脏、胆囊和胰腺。

    • The liver is a large organ next to the stomach. It produces digestive substances that are carried by ducts, or tubes, to the and gall bladder.
      ::肝脏是胃旁边的一个大器官,产生消化物质,通过管子或管子携带到胃部和胆囊。
    • The gall bladder is a small pear-shaped structure below the liver. It stores substances from the liver until they are needed by the small intestine.
      ::胆囊是肝脏下面的小梨形结构,从肝脏储存物质,直到小肠需要这些物质为止。
    • The pancreas is a gland below the stomach. It produces digestive substances that are carried by a duct to the small intestine.
      ::胰腺是胃下的腺,产生消化物质,通过一条管子携带到小肠道上。
    The Liver
    ::肝

    The liver is a vital organ that has many functions including detoxification of , , and production of biochemicals necessary for digestion. The liver is also involved in glucose balance . The liver produces bile , which breaks down .
    ::肝脏是一种至关重要的器官,具有许多功能,包括解毒,以及产生消化所必需的生化物,肝脏也与葡萄糖平衡有关,肝脏产生胆碱,分解。

    The liver performs several roles in metabolism , which help in the balance of blood glucose levels:
    ::肝脏在新陈代谢中扮演着几种角色,有助于血糖水平的平衡:

    • Gluconeogenesis: the synthesis of glucose from certain amino acids , lactate, or glycerol.
      ::产生凝胶:某些氨基酸、乳酸或甘油的葡萄糖合成。
    • Glycogenolysis: the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
      ::甘醇解析:将甘醇分解成葡萄糖。
    • Glycogenesis: the formation of glycogen from glucose.
      ::液晶起源:从甘蔗糖中形成甘油。

    The liver is one of the most important organs in the body when it comes to blood filtering and detoxification. The liver is involved in getting rid of foreign substances and toxins, especially from the gut. The toxins are usually excreted in bile or urine . Breaking down toxins is referred to as drug metabolism and is usually done using specialized produced in the liver. Most of the blood being filtered by the liver is from the portal vein , which carries blood from the intestines. The liver can remove a broad range of microorganisms, such as , , , and parasites , from the blood. Infections and parasites can come from contaminated and food and then find their way into your gut and blood stream. Luckily, the blood then goes to the liver for filtering.
    ::肝脏是人体中最重要的器官之一,用于血液过滤和解毒,肝脏用于除去外来物质和毒素,特别是肠道中的毒素。毒素通常在肉汁或尿液中排出。分解毒素被称为药物新陈代谢,通常使用肝脏中专门生产的方法进行。肝脏过滤的血液大多来自口腔静脉,从肠子中携带血液。肝脏可以从血液中除去各种微生物,如,,和寄生虫。感染和寄生虫可能来自污染和食物,然后进入你的肠道和血液流。幸运的是,血液随后进入肝脏过滤。

    The liver also performs several roles in lipid metabolism including cholesterol synthesis and the production of triglycerides (fats). The liver produces coagulation factors I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V, VII, IX, X, and XI as well as C, protein S, and antithrombin.
    ::肝脏还在脂质新陈代谢中扮演若干角色,包括胆固醇合成和生产三甘酸酯(脂肪),肝脏产生凝固系数I(纤维素)、II(蛋白质)、V、VII、IX、X和XI以及C、蛋白质S和抗血清。

    Functions of the Digestive System
    ::消化系统功能

    The digestive system has three main functions: digestion of food, absorption of nutrients, and elimination of solid waste. Digestion is the process of breaking down food into components the body can absorb. There are two types of digestion: mechanical and chemical.
    ::消化系统有三个主要功能:消化食物、吸收养分和消除固体废物;消化过程是将食物分解成身体可以吸收的成分;消化分为两类:机械和化学。

    • Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of chunks of food into smaller pieces. It takes place mainly in the mouth and stomach.
      ::机械消化是将部分食物分解成小块,主要在口腔和胃部。
    • Chemical digestion is the chemical breakdown of large complex food molecules into smaller, simpler nutrient molecules that can be absorbed by the blood. It takes place mainly in the small intestine.
      ::化学消化是将大型复杂食品分子化学分解成较小的、较简单的营养分子,可由血液吸收,主要在小肠中进行。

    Chemical digestion could not take place without the help of digestive enzymes. Enzymes are substances that speed up chemical reactions . Digestive enzymes speed up the reactions of chemical digestion. Digestive enzymes are secreted by glands in the mucous membranes of the mouth, stomach, small intestine, and pancreas. Different digestive enzymes help break down different types of food molecules such as carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids.
    ::没有消化酶的帮助,就不可能发生化学消化。酶是加速化学反应的物质。消化酶加速化学消化反应。消化酶加速化学消化反应。消化酶被口腔、胃、小肠和胰腺粘膜中的腺体隔绝。不同的消化酶有助于打破诸如碳水化合物、蛋白质和脂类等不同类型的食物分子。

    The name of a digestive enzyme typically ends with the suffix - ase ' (which means “enzyme”). The rest of the name refers to the type of food molecules the enzyme helps digest. For example, the enzyme lipase helps digest lipid molecules, and the enzyme lactase helps digest molecules of the sugar lactose.
    ::消化酶的名称通常以后缀酶结尾(意为“酶 ” ) 。 其余的名称是指酶有助于消化的食物分子类型。 例如,酶脂酶有助于消化脂肪分子,而酶乳酶则有助于甘甘甘甘蔗的消化分子。

    After food is digested, the resulting nutrients are absorbed. Absorption is the process in which substances pass into the blood stream where they can circulate throughout the body. Absorption occurs mainly in the small intestine. Any remaining indigestible matter that cannot be absorbed passes into the as waste. The waste later passes out of the body through the anus in the process of elimination.
    ::消化食物后,吸收产生的养分;吸收是物质进入血液流的过程,可以在整个身体中循环;吸收主要发生在小肠中;任何不能吸收的无法消化的残余物质作为废物流入废物;废物随后通过肛门从身体中流出,正在消除过程中。

      

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The upper GI tract includes the mouth, esophagus, and stomach. The lower GI tract includes the small and large intestines.
      ::上GI道包括口腔、食道和胃,下GI道包括大小肠。
    • The inside of GI tract is lined with mucous membranes. Mucous membranes are moist tissues that can secrete and absorb substances.
      ::GI道内有粘膜膜,粘膜膜是湿组织,可以分泌和吸收物质。
    • The liver performs gluconeogenesis, glycogenolysis, and glycogenesis in carbohydrate metabolism.
      ::肝脏在碳水化合物新陈代谢中产生葡萄素、甘基可分解和甘基。
    • The liver is one of the most important organs in the body when it comes to blood filtering and detoxification. The toxins are usually excreted in bile or urine.
      ::在血液过滤和解毒方面,肝脏是身体中最重要的器官之一,毒素通常排泄在易腐或尿液中。
    • The liver also performs several roles in lipid metabolism including cholesterol synthesis and the production of triglycerides (fats).
      ::肝脏还在脂质新陈代谢中扮演若干角色,包括胆固醇合成和生产三甘酸酯(脂肪)。
    • Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of chunks of food into smaller pieces.
      ::机械消化是食物块块的物理分解成小块。
    • Chemical digestion is the chemical breakdown of large complex food molecules into smaller, simpler nutrient molecules that can be absorbed by the blood.
      ::化学消化是将大型复杂食品分子化学分解成较小的、较简单的营养分子,由血液吸收。
    • Chemical digestion could not take place without the help of digestive enzymes. Digestive enzymes speed up the reactions of chemical digestion.
      ::没有消化酶的帮助,就无法进行化学消化,消化酶加速化学消化反应。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What organs are included in the upper and lower GI tracts?
      ::上部和下部GI道中含有哪些器官?
    2. What are the accessory organs in the GI tract?
      ::GI草道上的从属器官是什么?
    3. What organ produces bile?
      ::哪个器官会产生易碎物?
    4. What are the three main functions of the digestive system?
      ::消化系统的三个主要功能是什么?
    5. What is the difference between mechanical digestion and chemical digestion?
      ::机械消化和化学消化有什么区别?