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  • 疾病和疾病

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    How do you block the flow of urine ?
    ::如何阻止尿流?

    Kidney stones . Imagine having that travel through your . OK, that's not a kidney stone, but you get the idea. Kidney stones can be more than a few millimeters in diameter. Painful? Sometimes extremely uncomfortable. And how does a stone leave the ? The same way urine does.
    ::肾结石。想象一下,你穿透肾结石。好吧,那不是肾结石,但你明白。肾结石直径可能超过几毫米。疼痛?有时非常不舒服。石结石是如何留下的?和尿一样。

    Kidney Disease and Dialysis
    ::肾病和肾病透析

    A person can live a normal, healthy life with just one kidney. However, at least one kidney must function properly to maintain life. Diseases that threaten the health and functioning of the kidneys include kidney stones, infections, and .
    ::一个人只要有一个肾就可以过上正常、健康的生活,但是,至少一个肾必须正常运转才能维持生命,威胁肾脏健康和功能的疾病包括肾结石、感染和。

    Kidney Stones
    ::肾石

    Kidney stones are crystals of dissolved minerals that form in urine inside the kidneys. They may start out as small as a grain of salt and grow to be as large as a grapefruit. There may be one large stone or many small ones. Small kidney stones often pass undetected through the urinary tract and out of the body in urine. However, kidney stones may grow large enough before passing to block a ureter . This can cause a buildup of urine above the blockage and severe pain. Large kidney stones can sometimes be broken into smaller pieces that wash out of the urinary tract in urine. The stones are shattered by high-intensity sound waves focused on them from outside the body. Another alternative is to remove kidney stones surgically.
    ::肾结石是溶解矿物的晶体,在肾脏内形成尿液,可能开始象盐粒一样小,长得像葡萄园一样大,可能有一个大石头或许多小石头,小肾结石经常通过尿道,在尿液中未被发现,从身体中流出,但肾结石在通过前可能长得足够大,堵住尿液,造成堵塞和严重疼痛,大肾结石有时可以破碎成小块,从尿液中冲出尿道,石块被高强度的声音波从身体外压到它们身上粉碎,另一种办法是切除肾结石。

       

     

    Infections
    ::感染 感染 感染

    Bacterial infections of the urinary tract are very common. In fact, urinary tract infections (UTI) are the second most common type of bacterial infection seen by health care providers. Typical organisms that cause UTIs include Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus saprophyticus. These organisms may infect any part of the urinary tract.
    ::尿道的细菌感染非常常见,事实上,尿道感染是保健提供者看到的第二常见的细菌感染类型,导致尿道感染的典型生物包括Escherichia coli和Staphylococccus saprophyticus,这些生物可能感染尿道的任何部分。

    The most common type of UTI are bladder infections. They can be treated with antibiotics prescribed by a doctor. However, if a bladder infection is not treated, it may spread to the kidney and cause a kidney infection, or pyelonephritis. This is the most serious type of UTI. It can damage the kidney and interfere with normal kidney functions. Kidney infections can also be treated with antibiotics, but may require other treatments as well.
    ::UTI最常见的是膀胱感染,可以使用医生开出的抗生素进行治疗,但是,如果膀胱感染得不到治疗,则会传播到肾脏,导致肾脏感染,或白喉-白喉-白喉-炎,这是最为严重的UTI型感染,会损害肾脏,干扰正常肾功能,肾脏感染也可以用抗生素治疗,但也可能需要其他治疗。

    Diabetes
    ::糖尿病

    Two different types of diabetes can involve the kidneys: diabetes insipidus and diabetes mellitus. Diabetes insipidus is a disease characterized by the inability to concentrate urine. A person with this disease typically produces many liters of very dilute urine each day. Diabetes insipidus can be caused by a deficiency of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) or by the kidneys failing to respond to ADH. If the cause of diabetes insipidus can be treated, it may cure the disease.
    ::两种不同类型的糖尿病可能涉及肾脏:糖尿病和糖尿病;糖尿病和糖尿病;糖尿病是一种以不能集中尿为特征的疾病;患有这种疾病的人通常每天产生许多升非常稀释的尿液;糖尿病因子宫炎可能因缺乏ADH(异性激素)或肾脏不能对ADH作出反应而导致;如果糖尿病因子宫炎可以治疗,它可以治愈这种疾病。

    In diabetes mellitus, the kidneys try to reduce the high glucose level in the by excreting more glucose in urine. This causes frequent urination and increased thirst. If blood glucose levels are not controlled by medication or diet, they may damage capillaries of the glomerulus and interfere with the kidneys' ability to filter blood. Eventually, high glucose levels may lead to kidney failure , greatly reducing kidney function. Kidney failure leads to high levels of urea and other wastes in the blood and may require treatment with dialysis .
    ::在糖尿病中,肾脏试图通过在尿液中排出更多的葡萄糖来降低高血糖水平,这导致频繁的尿和增加口渴;如果血液中的葡萄糖水平不受药物或饮食控制,它们可能会损害球状体的粘合剂,并干扰肾脏过滤血液的能力;最后,高葡萄糖水平可能导致肾衰竭,大大降低肾功能;肾脏衰竭导致血液中的尿素和其他废物含量高,可能需要透析治疗。

       

     

    Dialysis and Transplantation
    ::透析和移植

    Dialysis is a medical procedure in which blood is filtered with the help of a machine. One type of dialysis treatment is shown in  Figure . Blood from the patient’s vein enters the dialysis machine through a tube. Inside the machine, excess , wastes, and other unneeded substances are filtered out of the blood. The filtered blood is then returned to the patient’s vein through another tube. A dialysis treatment usually lasts three to four hours and must be repeated three times a week. Dialysis is generally performed on patients who have kidney failure. Dialysis helps them stay alive, but does not cure their failing kidneys.
    ::透析是一种医疗程序,在机器的帮助下过滤血液。图中显示了一种透析治疗。病人的血液通过管子进入透析机。在机器内,从血液中过滤出过量的血液、废物和其他不需要的物质。过滤后的血液通过另一管子返回病人的血管。透析治疗通常持续三至四小时,每周重复三次。透析通常针对肾衰竭的病人。透析有助于他们生存,但不能治愈他们的肾衰竭。

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    A patient receiving a dialysis treatment.
    ::接受透析治疗的病人。

    The only cure for most people with kidney failure is a kidney transplant. To be suitable for transplantation, the donated kidney must come from a donor who has the same blood and tissue types as the recipient. Even then, the recipient must take medication to suppress the immune system , so it does not reject the new kidney.
    ::对于大多数肾衰竭者来说,唯一的治疗办法是肾移植。 为了适合移植,捐赠的肾必须来自与接受者血和组织类型相同的捐赠者。 即使如此,接受者也必须服药来抑制免疫系统,因此不会拒绝新的肾脏。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Kidney stones are crystals of dissolved minerals that form in urine inside the kidneys.
      ::肾结石是溶解矿物的结晶,在肾脏内形成尿液。
    • Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the second most common type of bacterial infection seen by health care providers.
      ::尿道感染(UTI)是保健服务提供者看到的第二常见的细菌感染。
    • Diabetes insipidus can be caused by a deficiency of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) or by the kidneys failing to respond to ADH.
      ::糖尿病因缺乏ADH(内分泌激素)或肾脏不能对ADH作出反应而导致。
    • If blood glucose levels are not controlled by medication or diet, they may damage capillaries of the glomerulus and interfere with the kidneys' ability to filter blood.
      ::如果血糖水平不受药物或饮食控制,它们可能会损害球状体的毛细膜,并干扰肾脏过滤血液的能力。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. How can kidney stones be removed?
      ::如何去除肾结石?
    2. What is the most common form of urinary tract infection?
      ::尿道感染的最常见形式是什么?
    3. What happens if a bladder infection goes untreated?
      ::如果膀胱感染未经治疗会怎样?
    4. What could be a possible cause of diabetes insipidus?
      ::糖尿病因何在?