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  • 日光眼和光纤光环

    lesson content

    There must be a signal that tells when to be released. Right?
    ::一定有信号显示何时释放 对吧?

    Of course, and this signal starts with the hypothalamus in the brain and is sent to the pituitary gland where many hormones are made. The pituitary gland then sends the hormones on their way to various other places.
    ::当然,这个信号从大脑的脑下脑膜开始, 被发送到许多荷尔蒙生成的脑下腺。 脑下脑腺然后将荷尔蒙送到其他地方。

    The Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland
    ::日光眼和光纤光环

    The hypothalamus links the to the via the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus is located below the thalamus, just above the brain stem , and is found in all mammalian brains including those of humans. The human hypothalamus is about the size of an almond; its position in the brain is shown in Figure .
    ::皮下脑瘤连接到垂体腺中。皮下脑部位于脑干上方的Telamus下方,在所有哺乳动物大脑(包括人类的大脑)中都能发现。人的皮下脑瘤与杏仁的大小相近;其脑部位置见图 。

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    The red arrow shows the position of the hypothalamus in the brain.
    ::红箭头显示脑下丘脑的位置

    The hypothalamus is a very complex area of the brain, and even small numbers of nerve within it are involved in many different functions. The hypothalamus coordinates many seasonal and , complex homeostatic mechanisms, and the autonomic nervous system (ANS). A circadian rhythm is a roughly-24-hour cycle in the biological processes carried out within organisms including plants, , , and certain . The ANS controls activities such as body temperature, hunger, and thirst. The hypothalamus must therefore respond to many different signals, some of which are from outside and some from inside the body. Thus, the hypothalamus is connected to many parts of the CNS including the brainstem, the olfactory bulbs, and the cerebral cortex.
    ::脑下脑膜是大脑的一个非常复杂的区域,即使其中的少量神经也涉及许多不同的功能。 脑下脑中有许多季节性和复杂的主脑机制, 以及自控神经系统( ANS ) 。 在生物过程( 包括植物、 和某些生物)中, 环形的节奏大约是24小时的循环。 脑下脑控制活动, 如体温、 饥饿和口渴。 因此, 脑下脑必须响应许多不同的信号, 其中一些来自外部, 有些来自身体内部。 因此, 脑下脑与脑部、 嗅觉灯泡和脑皮质等生物过程的许多部分相连。

    The hypothalamus produces hormones that are stored in the pituitary gland. For example, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) are made by nerve cells in the hypothalamus and are stored in the pituitary prior to their release into the . In addition to influencing maternal behavior, oxytocin is involved in controlling aspects of circadian such as a person's body temperature, activity level, and wakefulness at different times of the day. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is released when the body is low on ; it causes the to conserve water by concentrating the urine and reducing urine volume. It also raises by causing to constrict.
    ::例如,催产素和抗亚尿荷尔蒙(ADH)是由低脑脑神经细胞制成的,在释放到体外之前储存在垂体内。除了影响母体行为外,催产素还参与控制环形素的方方面面,如人体温度、活动水平和每天不同时间的觉醒。抗亚尿荷尔蒙(ADH)在身体体温低时释放;通过集中尿液和减少尿量,导致节水。它也会通过催化而增加。

    Pituitary Gland
    ::管道干地

    The pituitary gland is about the size of a pea and is attached to the hypothalamus by a thin stalk at the base of the brain, as shown in Figure . The pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate homeostasis. It also secretes hormones, called tropic hormones, that stimulate other .
    ::如图3所示,垂垂垂腺与豆的大小差不多,并且通过大脑底部的细细尾巴附着在皮下脑膜上。垂垂垂腺的分泌激素调节了顺势。它也隐匿了激素,叫做热带激素,刺激了其他的激素。

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    The position of the pituitary in the brain. A close-up of the anterior and posterior pituitary glands can be seen on the right. The orange vessels make up the capillary system that comes from the hypothalamus and carries hormones to the anterior pituitary (red) for storage. The blue vessels on the posterior pituitary come from the neurosecretory cells in the hypothalamus.
    ::脑部垂体的位置。 右侧可以看到前额和后部垂体腺的近距离。 橙色容器构成毛细系统, 由下脑膜形成, 将荷尔蒙带入前脑垂体( 红色) 储存。 后脑部的蓝色容器来自下脑膜的神经密室。

    The anterior pituitary, or front lobe, makes many important hormones, which are listed in  Table . The posterior pituitary, or rear lobe, releases two hormones, oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH), that are made by nerve cells in the hypothalamus. These hormones are transported down the nerve cells' axons to the posterior pituitary where they are stored until needed.
    ::脑前垂,即前脑叶,产生许多重要的荷尔蒙,如表中所列。后脑后脑,或后脑,释放两种荷尔蒙、催产素和抗二酸性荷尔蒙(ADH),这些荷尔蒙是由下脑膜神经细胞的神经细胞制造的。这些荷尔蒙被从神经细胞的斧子转移到后脑部的后脑部,储存到那里,直到需要。

    Pituitary Hormones
    Location Hormone Target Function
    Anterior Pituitary

    Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
    ::甲状腺激素(ATTH) 甲状腺刺激激素(TH)

    Growth hormone (GH)
    ::增长激素(GH)

    Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
    ::催泡刺激激荷尔蒙(FSH)

    Leutinizing hormone (LH)
    ::叶化激素(LH)

    Prolactin (PRL)
    ::蛋白(PRL)

    Adrenal gland Thyroid gland
    ::肾上腺甲状腺

    Ovaries and testes (gonads)
    ::卵和睾丸(角)

    Ovaries and testes
    ::骨和睾丸

    Ovaries and mammary glands
    ::尿和哺乳腺

    Stimulates the adrenal cortex. Stimulates the thyroid.
    ::刺激肾上腺皮层 刺激甲状腺

    Stimulates growth.
    ::刺激增长。

    Stimulates production of ovarian follicles in females and production in males.
    ::刺激雌性卵巢和雄性卵囊的生产。

    Causes ovulation in females.
    ::女性排卵。

    Causes milk secretion.
    ::导致牛奶分泌。

    Posterior Pituitary

    Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) Oxytocin
    ::抗亚尿激素(血管抑制剂)

    Kidneys or arterioles Uterus and mammary glands
    ::肾或动脉、天体和哺乳腺

    		Promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys and raises blood pressure. Causes the uterus to contract in childbirth and stimulates milk flow.

    Most of these hormones are released from the anterior pituitary under the influence of hormones from the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus hormones travel to the anterior lobe down a special capillary system that surrounds the pituitary.
    ::这些荷尔蒙大部分都是在下脑脑荷尔蒙影响下从前脑垂体中释放出来的。 下脑脑荷尔蒙流向前脑叶,进入一个围绕垂体的特殊的毛虫系统。

    Oxytocin is the only pituitary hormone to create a positive feedback loop. For example, during the labor and delivery process, when the cervix dilates, the uterus contracts. Uterine contractions stimulate the release of oxytocin from the posterior pituitary, which, in turn, increases uterine contractions. This positive feedback loop continues until the baby is born.
    ::肠胃癌是产生积极反馈循环的唯一的垂死激素。 比如,在分娩过程中,宫颈膨胀、子宫结合时,宫颈癌是唯一的。 宫颈癌的收缩刺激了后脑垂体癌释放催产素,而这反过来又增加了子宫萎缩。 这种积极的反馈循环持续到婴儿出生之前。

      

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The hypothalamus links the nervous system to the endocrine system.
      ::下脑膜将神经系统与内分泌系统联系起来。
    • The pituitary gland has two lobes; the posterior pituitary releases hormones created in the hypothalamus, while the anterior pituitary secretes a variety of hormones.
      ::脑下腺有两个叶;后脑下腺释放出在下脑脑膜中生成的荷尔蒙,而前脑下腺分泌了多种荷尔蒙。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Describe the interaction between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland.
      ::描述下丘脑和垂体腺之间的相互作用。
    2. What makes oxytocin different from other hormones?
      ::是什么使得催产素 不同于其他荷尔蒙?