章节大纲

  • 常规

    全部折叠 展开全部

  • 故障

    Overview of Crystal Springs Reservoir, showcasing its long, straight shape and surrounding landscape.
     

    Why is this lake so long and straight?
    ::为什么这个湖那么长又直呢?

    The photo is of  Crystal  Springs  Reservoir  near the San Francisco Bay Area. The  water  has collected in a low point in the land. The reason for the low point is a fault, the San Andreas Fault. On one side of the reservoir is the Pacific  Plate . On the other side is the North American Plate. Would this be a good place to build a home?
    ::照片是旧金山湾地区附近的水晶泉储藏室。水是在陆地的低点收集的。低点的原因是断层,圣安德烈亚斯断层。在水库的一边是太平洋板块。在另一边是北美板块。这是否是建房子的好地方?

    Fractures
    ::断裂

    A   under enough  stress  will  fracture . There may or may not be movement along the fracture. If there is not movement, the fracture is a joint. If there is movement, the fracture is a fault.
    ::足够压力下的骨折会断裂。 骨折可能沿骨折移动, 也可能不会沿骨折移动。 如果没有运动, 骨折是关节。 如果运动, 骨折是断裂 。

    Joints
    ::联合联合

    If there is no movement on either side of a fracture, the fracture is called a  joint . Basalt rocks in Asia show horizontal and vertical joints ( Figure   ). These joints formed as the  lava  cooled and contracted.
    ::如果骨折两侧均无动静,则骨折称为关节。亚洲的巴萨尔特岩石显示水平和垂直关节(图 ) 。 这些关节形成为熔岩冷却和萎缩。

    Columnar basalt joints formed from cooling lava, showing distinct horizontal and vertical patterns.
     
    Columnar joints in basalt in Asia.

    Faults
    ::错错

    If the rocks on one or both sides of a fracture move, the fracture is called a  fault  ( Figure   ). Faults can occur alone or in clusters. A cluster of faults creates a  fault zone .   happen when rocks break and move suddenly. The  energy  released causes an earthquake.
    ::如果断裂的一方或两侧的岩石移动时,断裂被称为断层(图 ) 。 断层可能单独发生或按组发生。 一组断层会产生断层区。 当岩石破裂并突然移动时, 断层会发生。 释放的能量会引发地震 。

    Geological outcrop along Highway 191 in Moab, Utah, showing fault lines.
     
    A series of faults offset this outcrop along Highway 191 in Moab, Utah.

    Dip-Slip Fault
    ::Dip- Slip 错误

    Slip  is the distance rocks move along a fault, as one block of rock moves past the other. The angle of a fault is called the fault’s  dip . If the fault dips at an angle, the fault is a  dip-slip fault  ( Figure   ).
    ::滑坡是沿断层移动的距离岩石,因为一块岩石跨过另一块岩石。 断层的角度被称为断层的底部。 如果断层从一个角度滑过,则断层是一个滑坡的过失(图 ) 。

    Imagine you are standing on a road looking at the fault. The  hanging wall  is the rock that overlies the fault. The  footwall  is beneath the fault. If you are walking along a fault, the hanging wall is above you. The footwall is where your feet would be. Miners often extract   resources along faults. They used to hang their lanterns above their heads. That is why these layers were called the hanging wall.
    ::想象一下,你站在一条路上看着断层。挂墙是压倒断层的岩石。脚壁在断层之下。如果你走在断层上,墙就在你的上方。脚壁在你脚上。矿工经常用断层抽取资源,他们用灯笼挂在头上。这就是这些层被称为挂层的原因。

    Diagrams illustrating reverse fault and normal fault with labeled hanging wall and footwall.
     
    Block A is the hanging wall and block B is the footwall. The left diagram shows a reverse, or thrust, fault and the right diagram shows a normal fault.

    Normal Faults
    ::正常错误

    In  normal faults , the hanging wall drops down relative to the footwall. Normal faults are caused by  tension  that pulls the  crust  apart. This causes the hanging wall to slide down. Normal faults can build huge  mountain  ranges in regions experiencing tension ( Figure   ).
    ::在正常的断层中,挂墙与脚壁相比会倒塌。 正常的断层是由拉开地壳的紧张局势造成的。 这导致挂墙滑倒。 正常的断层可以在局势紧张的地区建立巨大的山脉( 图 ) 。

    Mountain range with snow-capped peaks, illustrating the result of normal faults.
     
    The Sierra Nevada Mountains in eastern California rose up along a normal fault.

    Thrust Faults
    ::触发断断度

    When  compression  squeezes the crust into a smaller space, the hanging wall pushes up relative to the footwall. This creates a  reverse fault . A  thrust fault  is a type of reverse fault. With a thrust fault the angle of the fault is close to horizontal. Rocks can slip many miles along thrust faults ( Figure   ).
    ::当压缩将地壳挤压到一个较小的空间时, 挂墙会推到与脚壁相对的地方。 这会产生反向错误 。 推力错误是一种反向错误 。 推力断层如推力断, 角度接近水平。 岩石会沿着推力断层滑过许多英里( 图 ) 。

    Group of people observing a geological formation with visible layers and vegetation above.
     
    In this thrust fault, the rock on the right is thrust over the rock on the left. The rock on the right has also started to fold because of this movement.

    Strike-Slip Faults
    ::断停滑错误

    A  strike-slip fault  is a dip-slip fault where the dip of the fault plane is vertical. Strike-slip faults result from  shear  stresses. If you stand with one foot on each side of a strike-slip fault, one side will be moving toward you while the other side moves away from you. If your right foot moves toward you, the fault is known as a right-lateral strike-slip fault. If your left foot moves toward you, the fault is a left-lateral strike-slip fault ( Figure   ).
    ::打击滑坡的断层是倾斜的滑动断层。 断层的断层是垂直的。 断层的断层是剪裁压力造成的。 如果您站在罢工滑坡的两侧一英尺处, 一方会向您移动, 而另一边则向您移动。 如果您右脚向您移动, 则其断层被称为右侧的罢工滑动断层。 如果您左脚向您移动, 其断层是左侧的断层( 图示 ) 。

    A right-lateral strike-slip fault with arrows indicating lateral movement.
     
    Diagram of a right lateral strike-slip fault.

    San Andreas Fault
    ::圣安德烈亚斯断层

    The San Andreas Fault in California is a right-lateral strike slip fault ( Figure   ). It is also a  transform fault  because the San Andreas is a  plate boundary . Unlike what some people think, California will not fall into the ocean someday. The land west of the San Andreas Fault is moving northeastward, while the North American plate moves southwest. Someday, millions of years from now, Los Angeles will be a suburb of San Francisco!
    ::加利福尼亚州的圣安德烈亚斯断层是一个右翼打击滑块的错误(图 ) 。 这也是个转变的错误, 因为圣安德烈亚斯是一个板块边界 。 与一些人的看法不同, 加利福尼亚州终有一天不会掉入海洋。 圣安德烈亚斯断层以西的陆地向东北移动, 而北美的板块则向西南移动。 有一天, 数百万年后, 洛杉矶将成为旧金山的郊区 !

    Map showing the San Andreas Fault with directional arrows indicating plate movement.
     
    The San Andreas Fault runs up through California. This transform fault separates the Pacific plate on the west and the North American plate on the east.

     

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • A fracture with no movement on either side is a joint.
      ::双方无动于衷的骨折是关节
    • Dip-slip faults show vertical movement. In a normal fault, the hanging wall drops down relative to the footwall. The reverse is true of a reverse fault.
      ::Dip- slip 断层显示垂直移动。 在正常的断层中, 挂墙相对于脚壁会下降。 相反, 反向的断层是相反的 。
    • Strike-slip faults have horizontal motions due to shear stress.
      ::剪切断层因剪切压力而具有水平运动。

    Review
     ::回顾

    1. Compare and contrast normal and reverse faults.
      ::比较和对比正常的和反向的缺陷。
    1. Imagine you're looking at a cliff with layers of rock. What features would you see to indicate a fault?
      ::想象一下,你看到的悬崖上有岩石层。
    1. What is a strike-slip fault?
      ::什么是罢工滑坡的过错?
    1. What type of plate boundary can be a strike-slip fault or fault zone?
      ::哪些类型的板块边界可以是罢工滑坡过失或断层区?

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Use the resource below to answer the questions that follow.
    ::利用以下资源回答以下问题。

     

     

     

    1. In a normal fault, which is the hanging wall and which is the footwall?
      ::在正常的过失中,什么是挂墙,什么是脚壁?
    1. What is the stress in a normal fault?
      ::什么是压力 在正常的过错?
    1. What is the stress in a reverse fault?
      ::逆向错误的压力是什么?
    1. How does the hanging wall move relative to the footwall in a reverse fall?
      ::反向倒塌时,挂墙相对于脚壁是如何移动的?
    1. Describe a strike-slip fault.
      ::描述一下罢工滑坡的过失。