11.5 细胞调节免疫反应
Section outline
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Do really attack other cells?
::真的要攻击其他细胞吗 ?They sure do. Depicted here is a group of T cells attacking a cell. When they can, the T cells search out and destroy "bad" cells.
::他们肯定有,这里被引以为妙的是一组T细胞攻击一个细胞。当他们能够时,T细胞会搜索并摧毁“坏”细胞。Cell-Mediated Immune Response
::细胞调节免疫反应There are several different types of T cells including helper, cytotoxic, memory, and regulatory T cells . T cells are responsible for cell-mediated . Cell-mediated immunity involves the destruction of that are infected with or have become damaged or cancerous.
::T细胞有几种不同类型的T细胞,包括辅助细胞、细胞毒性细胞、内存细胞和监管T细胞。 T细胞负责以细胞为介质的T细胞。 以细胞为介质的免疫包括摧毁感染或已受损害或癌症的T细胞。T Cell Activation
::T 细胞激活The different types of naïve T cells are activated in the same general way. The mechanism is shown in Figure . It involves B cells or leukocytes such as macrophages. These other cells engulf pathogens in phagocytosis and display parts of the pathogens’ antigens on their surfaces. The cells are then called antigen-presenting cells. When a naïve T cell encounters one of these cells with an antigen matching its own, it begins the activation process. After T cells are activated, the various types of T cells play different roles in the immune response .
::不同种类的天体T细胞以同样一般的方式被激活。 机制在图中显示。 它涉及B细胞或象巨形这样的白细胞。 这些其他细胞将病原体吞入发细胞, 并在表面显示病原体的抗原部分。 这些细胞随后被称为抗原呈现细胞。 当天体T细胞遇到这些细胞中的一个与自己的抗原相匹配时, 它会启动激活过程。 在T细胞被激活后, 各种T细胞在免疫反应中扮演不同的角色 。A naïve T cell is activated when it encounters a B cell or macrophage that has engulfed a pathogen and presents the pathogen’s antigen on its surface.
::当天体T细胞遇到吞没病原体并在表面呈现病原体抗原的B细胞或大型细胞时,天体T细胞就会被激活。Helper T Cells
::帮助 T 单元格Activated helper T cells do not kill pathogens or destroy infected cells, but they are still necessary for the immune response. In fact, they are considered to be the “managers” of the immune response. After activation, helper T cells divide rapidly and secrete cytokines . These chemical signals control the activity of other lymphocytes . Cytokines from helper T cells activate B cells. They also activate other T cells.
::激活的帮助细胞T不会杀死病原体或摧毁受感染细胞,但对于免疫反应来说,这些细胞仍然是必要的。 事实上,它们被认为是免疫反应的“管理者 ” 。 激活后,帮助细胞T迅速分裂,并秘密细胞。 这些化学信号控制着其他淋巴细胞的活动。 来自帮助T细胞的细胞激活B细胞。它们还激活其他T细胞。Most activated helper T cells die out once a pathogen has been cleared from the body. However, some helper T cells remain in the lymph as memory cells. These memory cells are ready to produce large numbers of antigen-specific helper T cells if they are exposed to the same antigen again in the future.
::大部分激活的T帮助细胞一旦从身体中清除出病原体就会死亡,然而,有些帮助T细胞仍作为记忆细胞留在淋巴细胞中。 这些记忆细胞准备生产大量抗原特有的T帮助细胞,如果它们将来再次接触同样的抗原的话。Cytotoxic T Cells
::Cyto毒性T细胞Helper T cells are needed to activate cytotoxic T cells . Activated cytotoxic T cells destroy tumor cells, damaged cells, and cells infected with . They are also involved in the rejection of transplanted organs . Once activated, a cytotoxic T cell divides rapidly and produces an “army” of cells identical to itself. These cells travel throughout the body “searching” for more cells carrying their specific antigen. Whenever they encounter such cells, they destroy them. Illustrated in Figure is how a cytotoxic T cell destroys a body cell infected with viruses. The cytotoxic T cell releases toxins, such as the perforin, that form pores, or holes, in the infected cell’s membrane. T cell are then able to enter the infected cell and promote apoptosis, or programmed cell death. The infected cell bursts, destroying both the cell and the viruses inside it.
::激活细胞毒性T细胞需要帮助T细胞来激活细胞毒性T细胞。激活细胞毒性T细胞摧毁肿瘤细胞、受损细胞和受感染的细胞。它们也参与拒绝移植器官。它们一旦被激活,细胞毒性T细胞会迅速分裂,产生与它们相同的细胞的“武器”。这些细胞在身体中“搜索”携带特定抗原的更多细胞。当它们遇到这种细胞时,它们就会摧毁它们。图中显示细胞毒性T细胞是如何摧毁感染病毒的细胞细胞的。细胞毒性T细胞释放毒素,如在受感染的细胞的膜中形成孔或孔的孔。然后,T细胞能够进入感染的细胞,促进细胞分裂,或有计划的细胞死亡。被感染的细胞爆发,摧毁了细胞和病毒。A cytotoxic T cell releases toxins that destroy an infected body cell and the viruses it contains.
::细胞毒性T细胞释放毒素,摧毁受感染的身体细胞及其所含病毒。After cytotoxic T cells bring a viral infection under control, most of the cytotoxic T cells die off. However, some of them remain as memory cells. If the same pathogen tries to infect the body again, the memory cells mount an effective immune response by producing a new army of antigen-specific cytotoxic T cells.
::在细胞毒性T细胞使病毒感染得到控制之后,大多数细胞毒性T细胞死亡,但其中一些细胞仍然是记忆细胞,如果同一种病原体试图再次感染身体,记忆细胞通过产生新的抗原特有细胞T细胞来产生有效的免疫反应。Regulatory T Cells
::监管T 单位Regulatory T cells shut down cell-mediated immunity toward the end of an immune response. They also try to suppress any T cells that react against self antigens as though they were foreign. This occurs in . There is ongoing research regarding the role of regulatory T cells in treating cancer, , and facilitating organ transplants.
::监管T细胞在免疫反应结束时关闭了以细胞为媒介的免疫。它们还试图压制任何对自抗原反应的T细胞,好像它们是外来的。这发生在 。 正在研究监管T细胞在治疗癌症和促进器官移植方面的作用。Summary
::摘要-
T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity, which involves the destruction of body cells that are infected with pathogens or have become damaged or cancerous.
::T细胞负责以细胞为媒介的免疫,包括摧毁感染病原体或受损或患癌症的身体细胞。 -
T cells are activated when they encounter an antigen-presenting cell matching their own receptor.
::当T细胞遇到与其受体相匹配的抗原呈现细胞时,T细胞就会被激活。 -
Activated helper T cells "manage" the activity of other lymphocytes by secreting cytokines.
::激活的帮助T细胞“管理”其他淋巴细胞的活动, -
Cytotoxic T cells promote apoptosis, or programmed cell death, for infected/cancerous cells.
::细胞毒性T细胞会助长受感染/产生细胞的流行性疾病,或被编程的细胞死亡。 -
Regulatory T cells shut down the cell-mediated response and suppress any T cells that react against self antigens as though they were foreign.
::监管T细胞关闭细胞中介反应, 压制任何T细胞对自我抗原的反应,
Review
::回顾-
What cells are necessary to activate T cells?
::激活 T 单元格需要哪些细胞? -
Which T cells are involved in both the humoral immune response and the cell-mediated immune response?
::哪些T细胞既涉及幽默的免疫反应,又涉及细胞的免疫反应? -
How do cytotoxic T cells destroy infected/cancerous cells?
::细胞毒性T细胞如何摧毁感染/培养细胞? -
Autoimmune diseases might be caused by what kind of malfunctioning T cells?
::自动免疫疾病可能是由什么类型的 T细胞故障引起的?
Explore More
::探索更多 -
T cells are responsible for cell-mediated immunity, which involves the destruction of body cells that are infected with pathogens or have become damaged or cancerous.
