章节大纲

  • 常规

    全部折叠 展开全部

  • 增加反应

    What is this yellow stuff?
    ::这是什么黄色的东西?

    There is big debate these days about using butter or margarine on your toast (or pancakes or muffin). Margarine is less expensive than butter and is lower in fat and cholesterol. Margarine is made from animal or vegetable fats using hydrogenation to reduce the double bonds in the fatty acids. Hydrogen is bubbled through the oil and reacts with the carbon-carbon double bonds present in the long-chain fatty acids. The product is less likely to spoil than butter.
    ::现在人们对于在你的面包上(或煎饼或松饼)使用黄油或人造黄油(黄油或人造黄油)的问题争论很大。 玛加林比黄油便宜,脂肪和胆固醇也低。 玛加林是用动物或植物脂肪制造的,使用氢化来减少脂肪酸中的双份债券。 氢气通过油泡,与长链脂肪酸中的碳-碳双份债券发生反应。 产品破坏的可能性比黄油要小。

    Addition Reactions
    ::增加反应

    An addition reaction is a reaction in which an or molecule is added to an unsaturated molecule, making a single product . An addition reaction can be thought of as adding a molecule across the double or triple bond of an alkene or alkyne . Addition reactions are useful ways to introduce a new functional group into an organic molecule.
    ::添加反应是将一个或一个分子添加到不饱和分子中的一种反应,产生一种单一产品。添加反应可被视为在烷或烷的双倍或三倍联结上添加一个分子。添加反应是将一个新的功能组引入有机分子的有用方法。

    One type of addition reaction is called hydrogenation. Hydrogenation is a reaction that occurs when molecular hydrogen is added to an alkene to produce an alkane . The reaction is typically performed with the use of a platinum . Ethene reacts with hydrogen to form ethane.
    ::一种附加反应称为氢化。氢化是一种反应,当分子氢被添加到烷基中以产生烷时,即发生这种反应。这种反应通常使用白金进行。Ethene与氢发生反应以形成乙烷。

    CH 2 =CH 2 ( g ) + H 2 ( g ) → Pt CH 3 CH 3 ( g )

    ::CH2=CH2(g)+H2(g)+H2(g)+PtCH3CH3(g)

    can be produced from an alkene by the addition of either the elemental halogen or the hydrogen halide. When the reactant is the halogen, the product is a disubstituted alkyl halide as in the addition of bromine to ethene.
    ::可以通过添加元素卤素或氢卤化物而从烷产生,当反应剂是卤化物时,该产品是一种废的烷基卤化物,如同在乙烯中添加溴一样。

    CH 2 =CH 2 ( g ) + Br 2 ( l ) →   CH 2 BrCH 2 Br ( g )   1 , 2 -dibromoethane

    ::CH2=CH2(g)+BR2(l) CH2BRCH2Br(g) 1,2-二溴乙烷

    Chemical structure showing the addition of bromine to ethene, forming a dibromide compound.
    Addition of bromine to ethene

    The addition of bromine to an unknown organic compound is indeed a test for in the compound. Bromine has a distinctive brownish-orange color, while most bromoalkanes are colorless. When bromine is slowly added to the compound, the orange color will fade if it undergoes the addition reaction to the . If the orange color remains, then the original compound was already saturated and no reaction occurred.
    ::将溴添加到未知的有机化合物中,确实是一种在化合物中的测试。溴具有独特的褐色-橙色,而大多数溴烷是无色的。当溴被缓慢添加到化合物中时,如果添加到该化合物中,橙色将消失。如果保留橙色,则原化合物已经饱和,没有反应。

    A monosubstituted alkyl halide can be produced by the addition of a hydrogen halide to an alkene. Shown below is the formation of chloroethane.
    ::单代烷基卤化物可通过在烷中添加氢卤化物而产生,下文显示的是氯乙烷的形成。

    CH 2 =CH 2 ( g ) + HCl ( g ) → CH 3 CH 2 Cl ( g )

    ::CH2=CH2(g)+HCl(g)

    A hydration reaction is a reaction in which water is added to an alkene. Hydration reactions can take place when the alkene and water are heated to near 100°C in the presence of a strong acid , which acts as a catalyst. Shown below is the hydration of ethene to produce ethanol.
    ::液化反应是一种反应,在反应中,水会添加到烷中。当当一种强酸(一种催化剂)将烷和水加热到接近100摄氏度时,水就会发生液化反应。下面显示的是乙醇的乙烯水化。

    CH 2 =CH 2 + H 2 O → CH 3 CH 2 OH

    ::CH2 =CH2+H2O CH3CH2OH

    Under modest reaction conditions, benzene resists addition reactions because adding a molecule across a double bond in a benzene ring disrupts the ring of delocalized electrons . This greatly destabilizes the molecule. However, under conditions of high temperature and pressure , and with an appropriate catalyst, benzene will slowly react with three molecules of hydrogen to produce cyclohexane.
    ::在温和的反应条件下,苯抵制增加反应,因为在苯的环中双联体添加分子会扰乱已迁移电子环,从而大大破坏分子的稳定,但在高温和高压条件下,并使用适当的催化剂,苯将缓慢地与三种氢分子发生反应,以生产六氯环己烷。

    C 6 H 6 + 3 H 2 → Pt C 6 H 12

    ::C6H6+3H2PtC6H12 C6H6+3H2PtC6H12

    Chemical reaction showing the addition of hydrogen to benzene to form cyclohexane.
    Reaction for the hydrogenation of benzene

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What type of compound is needed for an addition reaction?
      ::附加反应需要何种化合物?
    2. Name the compound formed in the reaction of CH 3 CH 2 CH=CH 2 and HCl.
      ::说明CH3CH2CH=CH2和HCl的反应中形成的化合物。
    3. What is the product of a hydration reaction?
      ::水分反应的产物是什么?