章节大纲

  • 常规

    全部折叠 展开全部

  • 碎片

    Large milk bottle sculpture with a red cap and the name 'Hood' on it.

    Got milk?
    ::有牛奶吗?

    Milk is one of the basic foods needed for good nutrition, especially for growing children. It contains vitamins and minerals necessary for healthy development. Unfortunately, milk and other dairy products also contain lactose, a that can make some people very ill. Lactose intolerance is a condition in which the lactose in milk cannot be digested well in the small intestine. The undigested lactose then moves into the large intestine where bacteria attack it, forming large amounts of . Symptoms of lactose intolerance include bloating, cramps, nausea, and vomiting. Often, the individual will outgrow this problem. Avoidance of foods containing lactose is recommended for people who show signs of lactose intolerance. Since dairy products can provide many vital nutrients, tablets can be taken that provide the needed digestive materials in the small intestine. Lactose-free milk is also readily available.
    ::牛奶是良好营养,特别是儿童成长所需的基本食物之一,它含有健康发育所必需的维生素和矿物质。不幸的是,牛奶和其他奶制品也含有乳糖,这会使一些人病得很重。乳糖不容忍是牛奶中的乳糖无法在小肠道中被消化的状态之一。未消化的乳糖随后进入细菌侵袭的大肠,形成大量的乳糖不耐性症状,包括浮肿、抽筋、恶心和呕吐。通常,个人会摆脱这一问题。建议那些表现出乳糖不耐症迹象的人避免食用含乳糖的食物。由于乳糖产品可以提供许多重要的营养素,可以采取平板,在小肠中提供所需的消化素。无乳糖牛奶也很容易获得。

    Disaccharides
    ::碎片

    The simple sugars form the foundation of more complex carbohydrates. The cyclic forms of two sugars can be linked together by means of a condensation reaction . The figure below shows how a glucose molecule and a fructose molecule combine to form a sucrose molecule. A hydrogen from one molecule and a hydroxyl group from the other molecule are eliminated as water, with a resulting linking the two sugars together at that point. 
    ::简单的糖构成较复杂的碳水化合物的基础。两种糖的循环形式可以通过凝结反应将两种糖的循环形式联系起来。下图显示了葡萄糖分子和结晶分子如何结合形成苏克罗分子。从一个分子和从另一个分子的氢化物组从另一个分子的氢化物和氢氧化物组从另一个分子的氢化物中作为水被消除,从而在那个时候将两种糖结合在一起。

    The condensation reaction forming sucrose from glucose and fructose.

    Glucose and fructose combine to produce the disaccharide sucrose in a condensation reaction.
    ::凝糖和结糖结合产生凝结反应中的不焦化苏格鲁斯。

    Sucrose, commonly known as table sugar, is an example of a disaccharide. A disaccharide is a carbohydrate formed by the joining of two . Other common disaccharides include lactose and maltose. Lactose, a component of milk, is formed from glucose and galactose, while maltose formed from two glucose molecules.
    ::苏克罗斯(通常称为食糖)是非焦糖的例子。非焦油是一种碳水化合物,由两种混合物结合形成。其他常见的缺油成分包括乳糖和麦芽。乳糖是乳糖的组成部分,由葡萄糖和白糖组成,而麦芽糖则由两种葡萄糖分子组成。

    During digestion, these disaccharides are hydrolyzed in the small intestine to form the component monosaccharides, which are then absorbed across the intestinal wall and into the bloodstream to be transported to the cells.
    ::在消化过程中,这些分解剂在小肠中进行水解,形成成分单细胞,然后通过肠壁被吸收,进入输入细胞的血液中。

     

    Chemical structure of sucrose illustrating the combination of glucose and fructose.

    Lactose
    ::乳甘露

    Chemical structure of maltose, a type of disaccharide, illustrating its molecular arrangement.

    Maltose
    ::马尔制

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is the bridge between two monosaccharides in a disaccharide?
      ::两种单一岩层之间的桥梁是什么?
    2. What two monosaccharides make the disaccharide, sucrose?
      ::是什么两个单核糖核酸 使不核酸,sucrose?
    3. What two monosaccharides make the disaccharide, lactose?
      ::乳糖? 乳糖?
    4. What two monosaccharides make the disaccharide, maltose ?
      ::是什么两个单核糖化合物 造成这种不相干物,麦芽糖?
    1. What two monosaccharides make the disaccharide, lactose?
      ::乳糖? 乳糖?