章节大纲

  • 常规

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  • 五氯苯

    Molecular structure of a peptide, illustrating its complex arrangement of atoms and bonds.

    Are your cells smarter than you?
    ::你的细胞比你聪明吗?

    Cells in our bodies have an intricate mechanism for the manufacture of . Humans have to use other techniques in order to synthesize the same proteins in a lab. The chemistry of peptide synthesis is complicated. Both active groups on an can react and the amino acid sequence must be a specific one in order for the protein to function. Robert Merrifield developed the first synthetic approach for making proteins in the lab, a manual approach which was lengthy and tedious (and, he won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1984 for his work). Today however, automated systems can crank out a peptide in a very short period of time.
    ::我们体内的细胞有一个复杂的制造机制。人类必须使用其他技术来合成实验室中的同一种蛋白质。 浸泡物合成的化学性质是复杂的。 两种活性组群都能够反应,氨基酸序列必须是特定的,以便蛋白质发挥作用。 罗伯特·梅里菲尔德开发了第一个在实验室中制造蛋白质的合成方法,这是一个漫长而乏味的手工方法(他1984年因工作获得了诺贝尔化学奖 ) 。 然而,今天,自动化系统可以在很短的时间内引爆。

    Peptides
    ::五氯苯

    A peptide is a combination of amino acids in which the amino group of one amino acid has undergone a reaction with the carboxyl group of another amino acid. The reaction is a condensation reaction , forming an amide group (CO−N), shown below.
    ::氨基氨基酸是一种氨基酸的一种混合物,其中一种氨基酸的氨基氨基酸组与另一种氨基酸的碳信箱体组发生反应,是一种凝聚反应,形成一种氨基酸组(CO-N),如下文所示。

    Peptide bond formation between amino acids to create a dipeptide.

    Amino acids join together to form a molecule called a dipeptide. The C−N bond is called a peptide bond. The order of amino acids is by convention shown with the free amino group on the left and the free carboxyl group on the right.
    ::氨酸会结合形成一种分子,叫做二极分酸。 C-N 债券被称作peptide 债券。氨基酸的顺序是通过在左边与免费氨基氨基酸组和在右边与免费碳信箱组的公约显示的。

    A peptide bond is the amide bond that occurs between the amino nitrogen of one amino acid and the carboxyl carbon of another amino acid. The resulting molecule is called a dipeptide. Notice that the particular side chains of each amino acid are irrelevant since the R groups are not involved in the peptide bond.
    ::浸泡物联结是一种氨基酸的氨基氮和另一种氨基酸的碳碳碳的氨基氨基氮和碳碳的氨基氨基酸的氨基氮和氨基酸的碳碳的氨基联结,因此产生的分子称为二酸酯。

    The dipeptide has a free amino group on one end of the molecule and a free carboxyl group on the other end. Each is capable of extending the chain through the formation of another peptide bond. The particular sequence of amino acids in a longer chain is called an amino acid sequence. By convention, the amino acid sequence is listed in the order such that the free amino group is on the left end of the molecule and the free carboxyl group is on the right end of the molecule. For example, suppose that a sequence of the amino acids glycine, tryptophan, and alanine is formed with the free amino group as part of the glycine and the free carboxyl group as part of the alanine. The amino acid sequence can be easily written using the abbreviations as Gly-Trp-Ala. This is a different sequence from Ala-Trp-Gly because the free amino and carboxyl groups would be on different amino acids in that case. 
    ::dippeptide 在分子的一端有一个自由氨基氨基组, 在另一端有一个自由的碳酸基组。 每个人能够将链条通过形成另一个peptide 连接体来扩展。 在更长的链条中, 氨基酸的特定序列被称为氨基酸序列。 根据常规, 氨基酸序列按分子的左端顺序排列, 自由的氨基氨基酸组位于分子的左端, 免费的碳酸组位于分子的右端 。 例如, 假设氨基酸、 锥虫和 lanine 的序列与自由的氨基氨基酸组组成, 作为甘基ine的一部分, 免费的碳酸组构成亚麻宁的一部分 。 氨基酸序列很容易用缩写成为 Gly- Trp- Ala 。 这与 Ala- Trp- Gly 的顺序不同, 因为免费的氨基和卡本基酸组在该案例中将使用不同的氨基酸组 。

     

     

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is a peptide bond?
      ::什么是peptide债券?
    2. How is this different from an ester?
      ::这和一个酒鬼有什么不同?
    3. You mix two amino acids together: glu and ser. If they reacted, how many different dipeptides would you expect to get? List them.
      ::您将两种氨基酸混合在一起: glu 和 ser 。 如果它们反应, 你会得到多少种不同的? 列出它们 。