6.13 21世纪海啸
Section outline
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Why should you pay attention in school?
::为什么你在学校要专心听课?Eleven-year-old Tilly Smith and her family were walking along the beach in Phuket, Thailand, on December 26, 2004. Tilly noticed that the sea was bubbling. She thought this was like a video she'd seen in geography class two weeks earlier. The English schoolgirl insisted to her parents that a was coming. Her warning saved the approximately 100 tourists and civilians who were on that beach.
::11岁的Tilly Smith及其家人于2004年12月26日在泰国普吉海滩上行走,Tilly注意到海在沸腾。她认为这就像两周前在地理课上看到的一个视频。英国女学生坚持她的父母说要来。她的警告拯救了大约100名在海滩上的游客和平民。Tsunami
::海啸海啸海啸海啸can cause tsunamis . These deadly ocean waves may result from any shock to ocean water . A shock could be a meteorite impact, landslide , or a nuclear explosion. But most come from large underwater earthquakes.
::这些致命的海洋波浪可能来自对海水的任何冲击。 冲击可能是陨石撞击、滑坡或核爆炸。 但大多数都来自大型水下地震。An underwater earthquake creates a tsunami this way: the movement of the crust displaces water. The displacement forms a set of waves. The waves travel at jet speed through the ocean. Since the waves have low amplitudes and long wavelengths , they are unnoticed in deep water. As the waves reach shore they compress. They are also pushed upward by the shore. For these reasons, tsunamis can grow to enormous wave heights. Tsunami waves can cause tremendous destruction and loss of life. Fortunately, few undersea earthquakes generate tsunamis.
::水下地震以这种方式造成海啸:地壳运动取代了水。 迁移形成一系列波浪。 海浪以喷射速度穿越海洋。 由于海浪的振幅和波长较低, 深水中却无人注意。 当海浪到达岸边时, 海浪会压缩。 它们也会被海岸推向上方。 出于这些原因, 海啸会发展到巨大的海浪高度。 海啸波可能会造成巨大的破坏和生命损失。 幸运的是, 很少有海底地震会产生海啸。The Boxing Day Tsunami, 2004
::拳击日海啸,2004年The Boxing Day Tsunami struck on December 26, 2004. The tsunami was caused by one of the largest earthquakes ever recorded. The Indian Ocean Earthquake registered magnitude 9.1. The quake struck near Sumatra, Indonesia, where the Indian plate is subducting beneath the Burma plate. It released about 550 million times the energy of the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima.
::2004年12月26日的拳击日海啸袭击了2004年12月26日。 海啸是由有史以来规模最大的地震之一造成的。 印度洋地震记录了9.1级。 地震袭击了印度尼西亚苏门答腊附近,那里的印度板块正在缅甸板块下沉。 海啸释放出约5.5亿倍的原子弹投向广岛的能量。Several tsunami waves were created. The waves went around the Indian Ocean and struck eight countries ( Figure ).
::海啸引发了几波海啸,波浪环绕印度洋,袭击了八个国家(图)。Travel time map for the Boxing Day Tsunami (in hours). Countries near red, orange, and yellow areas were affected the most. Between 230,000 and 280,000 people died across 15 different countries. More than 1.2 million people lost their homes. Many more lost their way of making a living. Fishermen lost their boats, and businesspeople lost their restaurants and shops. Many marine animals washed onshore, including dolphins, turtles, and sharks.
::在15个不同国家,有230,000至280,000人丧生,120多万人失去了家园,更多的人失去了谋生的方式。 渔民失去了船,商人失去了餐馆和商店。 许多海洋动物,包括海豚、海龟和鲨鱼,被冲上岸。Japan Tsunami, 2011
::2011年日本海啸The Japanese received a one-two punch in March 2011. The 2011 Tōhoku earthquake offshore was a magnitude 9.0, and damage from the quake was extensive. The earthquake generated massive tsunami waves which hit the island nation. Waves in some regions topped 9 meters (27 feet).
::2011年3月,日本人在2011年3月受到一两拳的打击,2011年的Tóhoku海上地震规模为9.0级,地震造成的破坏非常大。 地震引发了冲击岛国的大规模海啸波。 一些地区的波浪高达9米(27英尺 ) 。The tsunami did much more damage than the massive earthquake. In the photo of Sendai ( Figure ), the black smoke is coming from an oil refinery. The refinery was set on fire due to the earthquake. The tsunami prevented efforts to extinguish the fire for several days.
::海啸造成的破坏远远多于大规模地震。 在Sendai(图)照片中,黑烟来自一个炼油厂。 炼油厂因地震而着火。 海啸阻止灭火的努力达数天之久。An aerial view shows the damage to Sendai, Japan caused by the earthquake and tsunami. Worst of all was the damage done to plants along the northeastern coast. Eleven reactors were automatically shut down. Power and backup power were lost at the Fukushima plant. This lead to equipment failures, meltdowns, and the release of radioactive materials. Cleanup of the disabled plants will go on for many years.
::最糟糕的是东北海岸沿岸的工厂遭到破坏,11座反应堆被自动关闭,福岛核电厂的电力和备用电力丢失,导致设备故障、熔化和放射性材料释放。 残废工厂的清理工作将持续多年。Tsunami Warning Systems
::海啸预警系统Most of the Indian Ocean tragedy could have been avoided if a warning system had been in place ( Figure ). As of June 2006, the Indian Ocean now has a warning system. Communities around the Pacific have had a tsunami warning system since 1948.
::如果建立了预警系统(图),大多数印度洋悲剧本来是可以避免的。 截至2006年6月,印度洋现在有一个预警系统,太平洋各社区自1948年以来就有一个海啸预警系统。This sign is part of the tsunami warning system used in communities around the Pacific Ocean since 1948. As in Japan, warning systems aren’t always helpful. People in communities very close to the earthquake do not have enough time to move out of the area. Farther away from the quake, evacuation of low-lying areas saves lives.
::与日本的情况一样,警报系统并不总是有帮助的。 地震附近社区的人们没有足够的时间离开该地区。 远离地震,低洼地区的疏散拯救了生命。Summary
::摘要- Tsunamis have relatively low amplitude and long wavelengths. They are not noticeable until they move up a shore.
::海啸的振幅和波长相对较低,在向海岸移动之前是无法观察到的。
- Tsunami warning systems are now found in most locations where tsunamis are possible.
::目前,在大多数可能发生海啸的地方都建立了海啸警报系统。
- The Boxing Day Tsunami of 2004 came from a massive earthquake. The waves traveled across the Indian Ocean, causing death and destruction in 15 nations.
::2004年的拳击日海啸来自一场大规模地震,波涛横跨印度洋,在15个国家造成死亡和破坏。
- In Japan, the tsunami struck very quickly after the 9.0 earthquake in the subduction zone offshore. Many more people died from the tsunami than the quake.
::在日本,海啸在海上潜没区9.0次地震发生后迅速袭击。 海啸造成的死亡人数比地震多得多。
Review
::回顾- How can a wave that is so powerful and tall on land be unnoticeable at sea?
::在陆地上如此强大和高大的海浪怎么会在海上无法察觉呢?
- How does an earthquake generate a tsunami?
::地震如何引发海啸?
- Why did the Boxing Day Tsunami cause so much damage all around the Indian Ocean basin?
::为什么拳击日海啸在印度洋盆地各地造成如此多的破坏?
- Why do you think there was more damage from the tsunami in Japan than from the earthquake that caused it?
::为何日本海啸所造成的损害比地震所造成的损害还要大?
- Tsunamis have relatively low amplitude and long wavelengths. They are not noticeable until they move up a shore.
