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  • 蛋白质合成

    Light bulbs being assembled in a systematic process, showcasing organized manufacturing.

    What an organized process!
    ::多么有条理的进程!

    The assembly line is an American invention that was developed around 1901 to mass-produce cars. Prior to that time, teams of workers would build a car together. With the advent of the assembly line, cars could be produced much more quickly and at lower cost. The assembly line idea quickly spread to other products, like the light bulbs shown above. Being able to line up parts in order and have a smooth process for putting those parts together means that an item can be produced quickly and reproducibly, coming out the same way every time.
    ::装配线是美国在1901年前后发明的大规模生产汽车。 在此之前,工人团队将一起制造汽车。 随着装配线的到来,汽车可以更快地以较低的成本生产。 装配线的想法可以迅速扩散到其他产品中, 如上面显示的灯泡。 能够将部件排成齐全并顺利地将这些部件放在一起, 意味着一个部件可以快速和可复制地生产, 每次都以同样的方式运出。

    Protein Synthesis
    ::蛋白质合成

    The process of synthesis is summarized in the diagram below. DNA produces an RNA template which then directs the to be introduced into the growing protein chain in the proper sequence. A specific transfer-RNA (tRNA) attaches to each specific amino and brings the amino acid to the RNA for incorporation.
    ::合成过程在下图中概述。DNA产生一个RNA模板,然后引导按正确的顺序将该模板引入生长中的蛋白质链中。具体转移-RNA(tRNA)附着于每个特定的氨基,并将氨基酸带入RNA以纳入。

    Overview of protein synthesis: shows DNA transcription to mRNA and subsequent translation process.

    Overview of protein synthesis
    ::蛋白质合成概览

    The first step in the process is transcription - the unfolding of DNA and the production of a messenger-RNA (mRNA) strand. This step takes place in the nucleus of the cell.
    ::这一过程的第一步是抄录——DNA的形成和送信员-RNA(mRNA)的制作,这一步骤在细胞核心中进行。

    Overview of protein synthesis showing the steps: initiation, elongation, and termination.

    Formation of RNA from DNA
    ::从DNA中形成 RNA

    The DNA uncoils and provides the pattern for the formation of a single strand of mRNA. After production of the RNA, the DNA refolds into the original double helix. The mRNA is exported to the cytoplasm (outside the nucleus) for further processing.
    ::脱氧核糖核酸未腐蚀,为形成单束毫RNA提供了模式。在生产出RNA后,脱氧核糖核酸将重新叠入原双螺旋。MRNA将出口到(核外的)细胞托盘,以便进一步加工。

    Amino acids will link with specific tRNA molecules for proper placement in the protein chain. The tRNA is a small coiled molecule that accepts an amino acid on one end and matches up to a specific three- portion of the mRNA on the other end. The tRNA interacts with the mRNA so as to put the amino acid in the proper sequence for the developing protein. After adding the amino acid to the sequence, the tRNA is then cleaved from the amino acid and recycled for further use in the process.
    ::氨酸将与特定的tRNA分子相连,以便适当放置在蛋白链中。tRNA是一个小圆状分子,在一端接受氨基酸,在另一端与mRNA的三分一匹配。tRNA与mRNA互动,以便将氨基酸纳入开发蛋白的正确序列中。在将氨基酸添加到序列中后,TRNA从氨基酸中分离出来,再再循环,以便在工艺中进一步使用。

    The process of amino acid assembly takes place in the ribosome. This structure consists of two subunits containing ribosomal RNA that enclose the mRNA and catalyze the formation of the amide linkages in the growing protein in a process known as translation . When protein synthesis is complete, the two subunits dissociate and release the completed protein chain. 
    ::氨基酸组装过程在核糖核酸中进行,由含有核糖核酸RNA的两个子单位组成,这些子单位将加入氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨基氨

    The process of protein synthesis is fairly fast. Amino acids are added to the growing peptide chain at a rate of about 3-5 amino acids per second. A small protein (100-200 amino acids) can be produced in a minute or less.
    ::蛋白质合成过程相当快,氨酸以每秒约3-5氨基酸的速度添加到不断增长的浸泡链中,小蛋白(100-200氨基酸)可以在一分钟或更短的时间里产生。

    ribosome interaction during protein synthesis, showing tRNA and mRNA alignment.

    Role of ribosome in protein synthesis
    ::在蛋白质合成中牛皮体的作用

     

     

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is transcription?
      ::什么是转录?
    2. What is translation?
      ::什么是翻译?
    3. What molecule gets the amino acid in the sequence at the proper time?
      ::哪个分子在合适的时间 得到氨基酸的序列?