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  • 案例研究:化学与生命

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    Case Study: Diet Dilemma
    ::案例研究:饮食困难

    Joseph is a college student who has watched his father suffer from complications of type 2 diabetes for  the past few years. For people with type 2 diabetes, the hormone insulin does not transmit its signal sufficiently. Because insulin normally removes sugar from the bloodstream and brings it into the body’s cells, diabetes prevents  blood sugar levels from being properly regulated . This can cause damage to the cells.
    ::约瑟夫(Joseph)是大学生,在过去几年里一直看着他父亲患2型糖尿病并发症。 对于患有2型糖尿病的人来说,激素胰岛素的信号不够充分。 因为胰岛素通常会将糖从血液中取出并带入身体细胞,糖尿病可以防止血糖水平得到适当的调控。 这可能会对细胞造成损害。

    Diabetes can be treated with insulin injections, as shown above, as well as with dietary modifications, but complications can still occur. Joseph’s father has some nerve damage (or neuropathy) in his feet. This makes  his feet numb, so he didn’t notice when he got minor injuries to his feet, causing  some serious infections.
    ::糖尿病可以使用胰岛素注射(如上所述)以及饮食改变治疗,但并发症仍然可能发生。 约瑟夫的父亲脚部有些神经损伤(或神经病 ) 。 这使他的脚麻木,所以他脚部受轻伤时没有注意到,导致一些严重感染。

    Joseph is obese and knows that his weight — along with a family history of diabetes — increases his risk of getting the disease  himself. He wants to avoid the health issues that his father has suffered, so he begins walking every day for exercise and starts to lose some weight. He also wants to improve his diet in order to lose more weight, lower his risk of diabetes, and improve his general health, but he is overwhelmed with all of the different dietary advice he reads online and hears from his friends and family.
    ::Joseph肥胖了,并且知道他的体重(加上糖尿病的家庭史)增加了自己染病的风险。 他想避免他父亲的健康问题,因此他每天开始散步锻炼,开始减肥。他还想改善饮食状况,以便减肥,降低糖尿病风险,改善总体健康,但他在网上读到的和听到的朋友和家人的饮食建议都非常多。

    Joseph’s father tells him to limit refined carbohydrates, such as white bread and rice, because that is what he  does to help keep his blood sugar at an acceptable level... but Joseph’s friend tells him that eating a diet high in carbohydrates and low in fat is a good way to lose weight. Joseph reads online that “eating clean” by eating whole, unprocessed foods and avoiding food with “chemicals” can help with weight loss. One piece of advice that everyone seems to agree on is that drinking enough water is good for overall health.
    ::约瑟夫的父亲告诉他限制精炼的碳水化合物,比如白面包和大米,因为这正是他帮助他的血糖保持在可接受的水平上的做法。 但约瑟夫的朋友告诉他,吃高含量碳水化合物和低脂肪的饮食是减肥的好办法。 约瑟夫在网上读到,通过吃完整的、未经加工的食物和避免用“化学物质”来“吃干净”可以帮助减肥。 似乎大家都同意的一条建议是,饮用足够的水对总体健康有好处。

    All of this dietary advice may sound confusing, but you can better understand health conditions such as diabetes and the role of diet and nutrition by understanding chemistry. Chemistry is so much more than reactions in test tubes in a lab — it is the atoms, molecules, and reactions that make us who we are and keep us alive and functioning properly. Our diets are one of the main ways our bodies take in raw materials that are needed for the important chemical reactions that take place inside of us.
    ::所有这些饮食建议都可能听起来有些混乱,但你可以更好地了解糖尿病等健康条件,以及饮食和营养的作用,了解化学。化学比实验室试验管的反应要多得多 — — 原子、分子和反应使我们成为我们的一员,并保持我们的生命和正常运转。 我们的饮食是我们身体在原材料中采取的主要方法之一,而原材料是我们体内发生重要化学反应所需要的。

    Chapter Overview: Chemistry of Life
    ::第一章 概述:生命化学

    As you read this chapter, you will learn more about how chemistry relates to our lives, health, and the foods we eat. Specifically, you will learn about:
    ::当你阅读本章时,你会更多地了解化学与我们的生活、健康和食物的关系。具体地说,你会学到:

    • the nature of chemical substances, including elements, compounds, and their component atoms and molecules
      ::化学物质的性质,包括元素、化合物及其成分原子和分子
    • the structures and functions of biochemical compounds, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids (such as DNA and RNA)
      ::生化化合物的结构和功能,包括碳水化合物、脂类、蛋白质和核酸(如DNA和RNA)
    • what chemical reactions are, how energy is involved in chemical reactions, how enzymes assist in chemical reactions, and what some types of biochemical reactions in living organisms are
      ::化学反应是什么,能源如何参与化学反应,酶如何帮助化学反应,活生物体中有哪些类型的生化反应
    • properties of water and the importance of water for most biochemical processes
      ::水的特性和水对大多数生化过程的重要性
    • what pH is and why maintaining a proper pH in the body is important for biochemical reactions
      ::pH是何物,为什么身体保持适当的pH对生化反应很重要

    As you read the chapter, think about the following questions regarding  Joseph’s situation, as well as how diabetes and diet relate to the chemistry of life:
    ::想想关于Joseph状况的下列问题, 以及糖尿病和饮食与生命化学的关系:

    1. Why do you think Joseph’s father's diabetes increases Joseph's risk of getting diabetes?
    ::1. 为什么你认为约瑟夫的父亲的糖尿病会增加约瑟夫患糖尿病的风险?

    2. What is the difference between refined (simple) carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates? Why are refined carbohydrates particularly problematic for people with diabetes?
    ::2. 精炼(简单)碳水化合物与复杂的碳水化合物有什么区别?为什么精炼碳水化合物对糖尿病患者来说特别成问题?

    3. Insulin is a peptide hormone. In which class of biochemical compounds would you categorize insulin?
    ::3. 胰岛素是一种peptide激素,在哪种类型的生化化合物中,你会对胰岛素进行分类?

    4. Why is drinking enough water important for overall health? Can you drink too much water?
    ::4. 为什么饮用足够的水对总体健康很重要?你能喝太多水吗?

    5. Sometimes “eating clean” is described as avoiding “chemicals” in food. Think about the definition of “chemicals” and how it relates to what we eat.
    ::5. 有时, " 食用干净 " 被称为避免食物中的 " 化学物质 " ,考虑 " 化学物质 " 的定义及其与我们吃的东西的关系。