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  • 达尔文、华莱士和自然选择的进化论

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    Stepping Back in Time
    ::时步后退

    The Grand Canyon, shown here, is an American icon and one of the wonders of the natural world. It is also a record of the past. Look at the rock layers in the picture. If you were to walk down a trail to the bottom of the canyon, with each step down you would be taking a step back in time, because lower layers of rock represent the more distant past. The rock layers and the they contain show the prehistory of the region and its organisms over a two billion-year time span. Although Charles Darwin never visited the Grand Canyon, he saw rock layers and fossils in other parts of the world. They were one inspiration for his theory of evolution. Darwin’s theory rocked the scientific world, and in this concept, you will read why.
    ::此处显示的大峡谷是美国的一个图标,也是自然界的奇迹之一。它也是过去的一个记录。看看照片中的岩石层。如果你走过一条通往峡谷底部的足迹,每往下走一步,你就会倒退一步,因为下层岩石代表着更遥远的过去。岩石层及其中包含的岩石层展示了该地区在20亿年时间里的历史史及其生物体。虽然查尔斯·达尔文从未访问过大峡谷,但他看到了世界其他地区的岩石层和化石。它们是他进化理论的灵感之一。达尔文的理论震动了科学世界,在这个概念中,你会明白原因。

    What is the Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection?
    ::自然选择的进化理论是什么?

    Eighteenth century Englishman  Charles Darwin is one of the most famous scientists who ever lived. His place in the history of science is well deserved. Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection represents a giant leap in human understanding. It explains and unifies all of biology .   Darwin’s theory actually contains two major ideas:
    ::18世纪英国人查尔斯·达尔文(Charles Darwin)是有史以来最著名的科学家之一。 他在科学史上的地位是值得称道的。 达尔文的自然选择进化理论代表了人类理解的飞跃。 它解释并统一了所有生物学。 达尔文的理论实际上包含两大理念:

    1. Evolution occurs. In other words, of organisms change over time. Life on Earth has changed as descendants diverged from common ancestors in the past.
      ::换句话说,随着时间的流逝,生物的进化不断演变,随着后代与过去共同祖先的分离,地球上的生命发生了变化。
    2. Evolution occurs by . Natural selection is the process during which living things with beneficial traits produce more offspring than others do. This results in changes in the traits of living things over time.
      ::自然选择是一个过程,在这个过程里,有有益特性的生活产生比其他人多的后代。这导致生命特性随时间变化。

    In Darwin’s day, most people believed that all were created at the same time and remained unchanged thereafter. They also believed that Earth was only 6,000 years old. Therefore, Darwin’s ideas revolutionized biology. How did Darwin come up with these important ideas? It all started when he went on a voyage.
    ::在达尔文时代,大多数人认为,一切都是同时创造的,此后没有变化。 他们还认为地球只有6000年的历史。 因此,达尔文的思想使生物学革命化了。 达尔文是如何提出这些重要思想的? 这一切始于他航行时。

    Voyage of the Beagle
    ::Beagle 的航行

    In 1831, when Darwin was just 22 years old, he set sail on a scientific expedition on a ship called the HMS Beagle . Darwin was the naturalist on the voyage. As a naturalist, it was his job to observe and collect specimens of plants, , rocks, and fossils wherever the expedition went ashore. The route the ship took and the stops they made are shown on the map .  Darwin was fascinated by nature, so he loved his job on the Beagle. He spent more than three years of the five-year trip exploring nature on distant continents and islands. While he was away, a former teacher published Darwin’s accounts of his observations . By the time Darwin finally returned to England, he had become a famous naturalist.
    ::1831年,达尔文刚刚22岁时,他就在一艘名为HMS Beagle的船上进行科学考察。达尔文是航行的自然学家。作为一个自然学家,他的工作是观察和收集植物、岩石和化石的标本,只要探险到岸边。船的航行路线和停靠都显示在地图上。达尔文被大自然迷住了,因此他热爱在比格尔岛的工作。他花了五年时间在遥远的大陆和岛屿上探索自然。当他离开时,一位前教师公布了达尔文的观察记录。 达尔文最后回到英国时,他成了一位著名的自然学家。

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    Voyage of the Beagle. This map shows the route of Darwin’s five-year voyage on the HMS Beagle. Each stop along the way is labeled. Darwin and the others on board eventually circled the globe.
    ::Beagle 的Vioyage 。 此地图显示了达尔文在 HMS Beagle 上五年航行的路线。 沿途的每个站点都有标签。 达尔文和其他乘客最终环绕全球。

     

    Darwin’s Observations
    ::达尔文的观察

    During the long voyage, Darwin made many observations that helped him form his theory of evolution. For example:
    ::达尔文在长程航行期间 提出了许多意见 帮助他形成进化理论

    • He visited rainforests and other new habitats , where he saw many plants and animals he had never seen before, including  the giant iguana and booby (pictured ). Based  on these  observations, Darwin was impressed with the great diversity of life.
      ::他访问了雨林和其他新的生境,在那里他看到了许多他以前从未见过的植物和动物,包括巨型蜥蜴和诱杀(图象)。 根据这些观察,达尔文对生命的巨大多样性印象深刻。
    • He experienced an earthquake that lifted the ocean floor 2.7 meters (9 feet) above sea level. He also found rocks containing fossil sea shells in mountains high above sea level. These observations suggested that continents and oceans had changed dramatically over time, and that they continue to change in dramatic ways.
      ::他还在海拔高的山上发现了含有化石海炮弹的岩石。 这些观察显示,随着时间的推移,大陆和海洋发生了巨大变化,而且它们继续发生着巨大变化。
    • He visited rock ledges that had clearly once been beaches that gradually built up over time. This suggested that slow, steady processes also change Earth’s surface.
      ::他造访了曾经显然是逐渐累积的海滩的岩壁。 这表明缓慢而稳定的过程也改变了地球的表面。
    • He dug up fossils of gigantic extinct mammals (such as the ground sloth, fossils of which are also pictured ). This was hard evidence that organisms looked very different in the past. It suggested that living things — like Earth’s surface — change over time.
      ::他挖掘了巨型灭绝哺乳动物的化石(如地洞,其化石也被描绘出来 ) 。 这是有力的证据,证明生物体过去看起来非常不同。 它暗示生命 — — 如地球表面 — — 随时间变化而变化。

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    On his voyage, Darwin saw giant marine iguanas and blue-footed boobies. He also dug up the fossil skeleton of a giant ground sloth like the one shown here. From left: Giant Marine Iguana, Blue-Footed Boobies, and Fossil Skeleton of a Giant Ground Sloth
    ::达尔文在航行中看到巨型海洋蜥蜴和蓝脚的乳房。他还挖掘了一个巨型地洞的化石骨架,像这里所展示的一样。从左边挖出:巨型海洋海洋巨头Iguana、蓝脚波比和巨型地洞的Fossil Skeleton。

     

    The Galápagos Islands
    ::加拉帕戈斯群岛

    Darwin’s most important observations were made on the Galápagos Islands (shown on the map of the Beagle voyage). The Galápagos Islands are a group of 16 small volcanic islands that are 966 kilometers (600 miles) off the west coast of South America. Individual Galápagos islands differ from one another in important ways. Some are rocky and dry, while others have better soil and more rainfall. Darwin noticed that the plants and animals on the different islands also differed. For example, the giant tortoises on one island had saddle-shaped shells, whereas those on another island had dome-shaped shells, as you can see in the photos . People who lived on the islands could even tell which island a tortoise came from by its shell. This started Darwin thinking about the . He wondered how each island came to have its own type of tortoise.
    ::达尔文最重要的观察是在加拉帕戈斯群岛(位于比格尔航程地图上 ) 。 加拉帕戈斯群岛是南美西海岸以外966公里(600英里)的16个小火山岛组成的群体。 个别加拉帕戈斯群岛在重要方面彼此不同。 有些是岩石和干燥的,而另一些则有更好的土壤和降雨量。 达尔文注意到不同岛屿上的动植物也不同。 比如,一个岛上的巨型乌龟有马鞍形的贝壳,而另一个岛上的巨型乌龟则有圆形贝壳,正如你从照片中可以看到的那样。 岛上的居民甚至可以用壳来判断哪个岛屿的乌龟。 这开始达尔文思考了这个岛。 他想知道每个岛屿是如何有自己类型的乌龟的。

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    Galápagos Tortoises. Galápagos tortoises have differently shaped shells depending on which island they inhabit. Tortoises with saddle-shaped shells can reach up to eat plant leaves above their head. Tortoises with dome-shaped shells cannot reach up in this way. These two types of tortoises live on islands with different environments and food sources. How might this explain the differences in their shells?
    ::加拉帕戈斯乌龟:加拉帕戈斯乌龟的外壳的形状不同,取决于它们居住的岛屿。 带有马鞍形外壳的乌龟可以爬到上面吃头顶上的植物叶。 带有圆顶形外壳的乌龟不能以这种方式爬上。 这两类乌龟生活在环境和食物来源不同的岛屿上。 这如何解释它们外壳的差别呢?

     

    Other Influences on Darwin
    ::对达尔文的其他影响

    Science, like evolution, always builds on the past. Darwin didn’t develop his theory completely on his own. He was influenced by the ideas of earlier thinkers.
    ::像进化一样,科学总是建立在过去的基础上。 达尔文并没有完全靠自己来发展他的理论。 他受到早期思想家思想的影响。

    Writings of Earlier Scientists
    ::早期科学家的著作

    Three scientists whose writings influenced Darwin were Lamarck , Lyell , and Malthus .
    ::三位科学家的著作影响了达尔文 分别是拉马克、莱尔和马尔修斯

    1. Jean Baptiste Lamarck (1744–1829) was an important French naturalist. He was one of the first scientists to propose that species change over time. Lamarck, however, was wrong about how species change. His idea of the inheritance of acquired characteristics is incorrect. Traits that an organism develops during its own lifetime cannot be passed on to offspring, as Lamarck believed.
      ::Jean Baptiste Lamarck(1744-1829年)是一位重要的法国自然学家。 他是最早提出物种随时间变化的科学家之一。 但是,Lamarck对物种如何变化的看法是错误的。 他对既得特征的遗传性的看法是错误的。 正如Lamarck所相信的那样,一个有机体在其一生中发育的轨迹不能传给后代。
    2. Charles Lyell (1797–1875) was a well-known English geologist. Darwin took his book,  Principles of Geology, with him on the Beagle . In the book, Lyell argued that gradual geological processes have slowly shaped Earth’s surface over very long periods of time. From this, Lyell inferred that Earth must be far older than most people believed.
      ::查尔斯·莱尔(Charles Lyell ((1797-1875))是一位著名的英国地质学家。 达尔文将他的书《地质学原理 》 和他一起在比格尔( Beagle ) 上。 在这本书中,莱尔认为渐进的地质过程在很长的时间内缓慢地塑造了地球表面。 从这一点来看,莱尔推断地球必须比大多数人所相信的要老得多。
    3. Thomas Malthus (1766–1834) was an English economist. He wrote an essay titled On Population . In the essay, Malthus argued that human populations grow faster than the resources they depend on. When populations become too large, famine and disease break out. In the end, this keeps populations in check by killing off the weakest members.
      ::托马斯·马尔萨斯(1766-1834年)是一位英国经济学家。 他写了一篇题为《人口 》 的论文。 在论文中,马尔萨斯认为人类人口增长快于他们赖以生存的资源。 当人口过大时,饥荒和疾病爆发。 最终,这通过杀死最弱的成员来遏制人口。

    Knowledge of Artificial Selection
    ::人工选择知识

    These scientists weren’t the only . He was also aware that humans could breed plants and animals to have useful traits. By selecting which plants or animals were allowed to reproduce, they could change an organism’s traits over time. The pigeons in the figure are good examples. Darwin called this type of change in organisms artificial selection . He used the word artificial to distinguish it from natural selection.
    ::这些科学家并不是唯一的科学家。 他还意识到人类可以培育植物和动物,以拥有有用的特性。 通过选择哪些植物或动物允许繁殖,他们可以随着时间的推移改变生物体的特性。 图中的鸽子就是很好的例子。达尔文称这种改变是有机体人工选择。 他用人工的词来区分它和自然选择。

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    Artificial Selection in Pigeons. Pigeon hobbyists breed pigeons to have certain characteristics. Both of the pigeons in the bottom row were bred from the common rock pigeon.
    ::鸽子爱好者饲养鸽子,使其具有一定的特性。 底层的鸽子都是从普通的岩鸽中繁殖的。

     

    Darwin Develops His Theory
    ::达尔文开发他的理论

    Darwin spent many years thinking about the work of Lamarck, Lyell, and Malthus, as well as what he had seen on his voyage and what he knew about artificial selection. What did all this mean? How did it all fit together? Eventually, it all came together in his theory of evolution by natural selection. It’s easy to see how these influences helped shape Darwin’s ideas, although it actually took Darwin years to formulate his theory. His reasoning went like this:
    ::达尔文花了多年时间思考拉马克、莱尔和马尔修斯的工作,以及他在航行中所看到的以及他所知道的人工选择。这一切意味着什么?这一切又意味着什么?这一切是一起的?最后,所有这一切都在他的自然选择的进化理论中走到一起。很容易看出这些影响是如何帮助塑造达尔文的理念的,尽管实际上达尔文花了几年时间来形成他的理论。他的推理是这样的:

    1. Like Lamarck, Darwin assumed that species can change over time. The fossils he found helped convince him of that.
      ::达尔文像拉马克一样认为物种可以随时间变化。他发现的化石帮助他相信了这一点。
    2. From Lyell, Darwin saw that Earth and its life were very old. Thus, there had been enough time for evolution to produce the great diversity of life that Darwin had observed.
      ::达尔文从莱尔(Lyell)那里看到,地球及其生命都非常古老。 因此,有充足的时间来进行进化,以产生达尔文所观察到的巨大生命多样性。
    3. From Malthus, Darwin knew that populations could grow faster than their resources. This “overproduction of offspring” led to a “struggle for existence,” in Darwin’s words.
      ::达尔文从马尔萨斯(Malthus)得知,人口的增长可以比资源更快。 达尔文(Malthus)说,“后代的过度生产”导致了“生存之争 ” 。
    4. From artificial selection, Darwin knew that some offspring have chance variations that can be inherited. In nature, offspring with certain variations might be more likely to survive the “struggle for existence” and reproduce. If so, they would pass their favorable variations to their offspring.
      ::从人工选择中,达尔文知道某些后代有可以继承的机会变异。 在自然界,具有某些变异的后代更有可能在“为生存而挣扎”和繁殖中存活下来。 如果是这样,他们会把有利的变异传给后代。
    5. Darwin coined the term fitness to refer to an organism’s relative ability to survive and produce fertile offspring. Nature selects the variations that are most useful, so he called this type of selection natural selection.
      ::达尔文创造了“适合”一词来指生物体的生存和生育生育后代的相对能力。 自然选择了最有用的变异,因此他称之为“选择自然选择 ” 。
    6. Darwin knew artificial selection could change domestic species over time. He inferred that natural selection could also change wild species over time. In fact, he thought that if a species changed enough, it might evolve into a new species.
      ::达尔文知道人为选择会随着时间的推移改变国内物种。 他推断自然选择也会随着时间的流逝而改变野生物。 事实上,他认为如果物种变化足够多,它可能会演变成新的物种。

    It's Wallace’s Theory, Too
    ::这是华莱士的理论,太

    Did you ever hear the saying that “great minds think alike?” It certainly applies to Charles Darwin and another English naturalist named Alfred Russel Wallace . Wallace lived at about the same time as Darwin and also traveled to distant places to study nature. Wallace wasn’t as famous as Darwin, but he developed essentially  the same theory of evolution. While working in what is now Malaysia, Wallace sent Darwin a paper he had written explaining his evolutionary theory. Wallace's ideas served to confirm what Darwin already thought. They also pushed Darwin to finish and publish his book,  On the Origin of Species. Published in 1859, the book changed science forever. It clearly spelled out Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection, and provided convincing arguments and evidence to support it.
    ::华莱士(Wallace)和另一个英国自然学家阿尔弗雷德·鲁塞尔·华莱士(Alfred Russel Wallace)都生活在达尔文的时代,也曾前往遥远的地方研究自然。 华莱士并不象达尔文那样出名,但他基本上发展了同样的进化理论。 在马来西亚,华莱士向达尔文发送了一篇解释其进化理论的论文。华莱士的想法证实了达尔文已经思考的内容。他们也促使达尔文完成并出版了他的书《物种起源》。 1859年出版的这本书永远改变了科学。 它清楚地阐述了达尔文的自然选择进化理论,并提供了令人信服的论据和证据来支持它。

    Applying Darwin's and Wallace’s Theory
    ::应用达尔文和华莱士的理论

    The following example applies Darwin’s and Wallace's theory of evolution by natural selection. It explains how giraffes came to have such long necks, like those shown in the photo .
    ::以下的例子应用达尔文和华莱士的自然选择进化理论。它解释了长颈鹿是如何长脖子的,就像照片中显示的那样。

    • In the past, giraffes had short necks, but there was chance variation in neck length. Some giraffes had necks a little longer than the average.
      ::过去,长颈鹿的颈部短短,但颈部长的概率有变化。 有些长颈鹿的颈部短于平均长度。
    • Then, as now, giraffes fed on tree leaves. Perhaps the climate became drier, and leaves became scarcer. There would be more giraffes than the trees could support. Thus, there would be a “struggle for existence.”
      ::然后,象现在一样,长颈鹿以树叶为食,或许气候变干燥,叶子变稀疏。长颈鹿将比树木所能支撑的还要多。 因此,将有一种“为生存而奋斗 ” 。
    • Giraffes with longer necks had an advantage, because they could reach leaves that other giraffes could not. As a result , the long-necked giraffes were more likely to survive and reproduce. T hey had greater fitness.
      ::长颈长颈长颈的长颈鹿有一个优势,因为他们可以达到其他长颈鹿无法达到的叶子。 结果,长颈长颈的长颈鹿更有可能存活和繁殖。 它们更健康。
    • These giraffes passed the long-neck trait to their offspring. With each successive generation, the population contained giraffes with longer and longer necks. Eventually, all giraffes had very long necks.
      ::这些长颈鹿把长颈鹿的特征传给了后代。 每一代人中,每一代人都长颈长颈长颈长颈长颈长颈长颈长颈长颈长颈。 最后,所有长颈长颈长颈的长颈鹿都长颈长颈长颈。

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    African Giraffes. Giraffes feed on leaves high in trees. Their long necks allow them to reach leaves that other ground animals cannot.
    ::非洲长颈类动物,长颈类动物靠树上高处的树叶为食,长颈类动物可以到达其他动物所不能到的树叶。

    As this example shows, chance variations may help a species survive if the environment changes. Variation among species helps ensure that at least one species will be able to survive environmental change.
    ::如这个例子所示,如果环境发生变化,机会的变化可能会帮助物种生存下去。 物种之间的差异有助于确保至少有一种物种能够生存下去。

    Feature: Reliable Sources
    ::特征:可靠来源

    In the first chapter of his book On the Origin of Species , Charles Darwin discussed how artificial selection (also called selective breeding) had been successful in changing the traits of animals, including pigeons, cats, cattle, and dogs. He used this discussion as a springboard to introduce his idea of natural selection — and to provide support for it. 
    ::查尔斯·达尔文在《物种起源》一书第一章中讨论了人工选择(也称选择性育种)如何成功地改变了动物的特性,包括鸽子、猫、牛和狗,他利用这次讨论作为跳板提出自然选择的想法,并为之提供支持。

    The use of selective breeding to change the traits of other species has a very long history. In fact, archaeological evidence indicates that selective breeding of both plants and animals began as early as 10,000 years ago in the Middle East, when previous hunter-gatherers began to domesticate animals and cultivate cereal plants. Around this time, changes in climate led to increasing drought, which forced people to concentrate around permanent sources. These population concentrations could not be supported by the wild animals and plants in the vicinity, providing a  stimulus for the invention of and the use of selective breeding to increase the amount of available food . For thousands of years, species of plants (such as wheat and rice) and of animals (such as goats and sheep) were selectively bred and changed from their wild ancestors.
    ::利用选择性育种来改变其他物种的特性有很长的历史,事实上,考古证据表明,早在10 000年前,即在中东开始有选择性地培育动植物,当时以前的狩猎采集者开始饲养牲畜和种植谷物作物,在这段时期,气候变化导致干旱加剧,迫使人们集中在永久来源周围,这些人口集中不能得到附近野生动物和植物的支持,从而刺激发明和利用选择性育种来增加现有粮食的数量,数千年来,植物(如小麦和大米)和动物(如山羊和羊)的种类有选择地从野生祖先那里繁殖和改变。

    In the New World, the wild grain called teosinte, pictured on the left , was selectively bred by Native Americans to produce larger and more numerous edible kernels. The result was modern maize (commonly called corn), shown on the right in the same picture. After maize was created, it spread across the Americas and was introduced to Europe by European explorers and traders. Today, maize is still a dietary staple, and the most widely grown grain crop in the Americas.
    ::在新世界中,由左边描绘的称为teosinte的野生谷物被美洲原住民有选择地培育出来,生产数量更大、数量更多的食用内核。 结果是现代玉米(俗称玉米 ) , 在同一图景中展示在右边。 玉米创建后,玉米遍布整个美洲,由欧洲探险家和贸易商引入欧洲。 如今,玉米仍然是食粮主食,也是美洲最广泛种植的谷物作物。

    lesson content

    Selective breeding changed teosinte (left) to modern maize (right). The middle ear is a hybrid produced by breeding teosinte with maize.
    ::选择性育种将丁辛特(左)改为现代玉米(右),中耳是一种混合品种,通过与玉米一起育种辛特(teosinte)产生。

    The wild ancestors of domesticated wheat and rice were easy to identify because the modern species resemble their wild counterparts. That wasn't the case, however, with maize, which looks very different from teosinte. Maize also appeared quite suddenly in the archaeological record, so its origins have been of special interest.
    ::家养小麦和大米的野生祖先很容易辨认,因为现代物种与野生物种相似。 但是,玉米的情况并非如此,玉米与花生玉米大不相同。 玉米在考古记录中也突然出现,因此其起源引起了特别的兴趣。

    Go online to learn more about the selective breeding of teosinte to maize. Use only reliable sources (such as university Web sites) to find answers to the following questions:
    ::上网了解更多关于有选择地向玉米育种脊髓灰质炎的情况。

    1. Where and when was teosinte selectively bred to produce maize?
      ::烟叶何时以及何时有选择地培育来生产玉米?
    2. How did the change from wild teosinte to modern maize occur so rapidly?
      ::从野生磷酸盐到现代玉米的改变是如何如此迅速地发生的?
    3. What is the genetic basis of this change? 
      ::这种变化的遗传基础是什么?

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection states that living things with beneficial traits produce more offspring than others do. This leads to changes in the traits of living things over time.
      ::达尔文的自然选择进化理论指出,有有益特性的生活比其他人产生更多后代。 这导致生命特征随时间变化。
    • During his voyage on the Beagle , Darwin made many observations that helped him develop his theory of evolution. His most important observations were made on the Galápagos Islands.
      ::达尔文在比格尔号航行期间提出了许多意见,帮助他发展进化理论,他在加拉帕戈斯群岛上提出了最重要的意见。
    • Darwin was influenced by other early thinkers, including Lamarck, Lyell, and Malthus. He was also influenced by his knowledge of artificial selection.
      ::达尔文受到其他早期思想家的影响,包括拉马克、莱尔和马尔修斯。他还受到关于人工选择的知识的影响。
    • Wallace’s paper on evolution confirmed Darwin’s ideas. It also pushed him to publish his book, On the Origin of Species. The book clearly spells out his theory and provides extensive evidence and well-reasoned arguments to support it.
      ::华莱士关于进化的论文证实了达尔文的想法。 论文还促使他出版了他的书《物种起源》。 书中明确阐述了他的理论,并提供了广泛的证据和理由充分的论点来支持这一理论。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. State Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection.
    ::1. 达尔文州自然选择的进化理论。

    2. Describe two observations Darwin made on his voyage on the Beagle that helped him develop his theory of evolution.
    ::2. 描述达尔文在 Beagle 号上航行时的两点观察,有助于他发展进化理论。

    3. What is the inheritance of acquired characteristics? Which scientist developed this mistaken idea?
    ::3. 既得特征的遗产是什么?哪个科学家发展了这种错误想法?

    4. What is artificial selection? How does it work?
    ::4. 什么是人为选择?它如何运作?

    5. How did Alfred Russel Wallace contribute to the theory of evolution by natural selection?
    ::5. Alfred Russel Wallace如何通过自然选择对进化理论作出贡献?

    6. Apply Darwin’s theory of evolution by natural selection to a specific case. Explain, for example, how Galápagos tortoises could have evolved saddle-shaped shells.
    ::6. 通过自然选择将达尔文的进化理论应用到具体案例中,例如,解释加拉帕戈斯龟是如何进化马鞍形贝壳的。

    7. Why did Darwin’s observations of Galápagos tortoises cause him to wonder how species originate?
    ::7. 为什么达尔文对加拉帕戈斯海龟的观察使他想知道物种是如何起源的?

    8. Explain how the writings of Charles Lyell and Thomas Malthus helped Darwin develop his theory of evolution by natural selection.
    ::8. 解释查尔斯·莱尔和托马斯·马尔图斯的著作如何帮助达尔文通过自然选择发展进化理论。

    9. If a person builds big muscles thanks  to a special diet and a lot of weightlifting, will they pass the trait of big muscles on to their children ? Why or why not?
    ::9. 如果一个人靠特殊饮食和大量举重来建立大肌肉,他们是否会把大肌肉的特征传给子女?为什么或为什么不能?

    10. If a hypothetical ecosystem had unlimited resources available for all the organisms living in it, how do you think  evolution would be affected?
    ::10. 如果假设的生态系统为所有生活在其中的生物拥有无限的资源,那么,你认为进化会受到何种影响?

    11. In terms of evolution, what is the best definition of “fitness?"
    ::11. 就演变而言, " 适当性 " 的最佳定义是什么?

    a. the amount of lean muscle mass in an organism
    ::a. 有机体中精壮肌肉质量的量

    b. the ability of an organism to exercise for a long period of time
    ::b. 生物体长期运动的能力

    c. an organism’s ability to survive to an old age
    ::c. 生物体活到老年的能力

    d. an organism’s ability to survive and produce fertile offspring
    ::d. 生物体生存和生育后代的能力

     

    12. In natural selection, organisms are selected by ___________ ; in artificial selection, organisms are selected by __________ .
    ::12. 在自然选择中,有机体由______选定;在人工选择中,有机体由______选定。

     

    13. Explain why naturally occurring variations between individuals are important for evolution.
    ::13. 解释为什么人与人之间自然发生的差异对演变很重要。

     

    14. True or False:  Modern maize evolved from teosinte through natural selection.
    ::14. 真实或假:现代玉米从色素到自然选择而演变。

     

    15. True or False:  The theory of evolution states that living organisms on Earth all evolved at once and then stopped changing.
    ::15. 真实或假:进化理论指出,地球上的生物体都同时演变,然后停止变化。

     

    16. True or False:   Extinct animals' fossils are one piece  of evidence supporting  Darwin’s theory of evolution.
    ::16. 真实或假:灭绝动物的化石是支持达尔文进化理论的证据之一。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Darwin's ideas revolutionized biology as we know it .   C heck out some facts about his theory of evolution in this video:
    ::达尔文的想法使我们所知道的生物学革命化。看看他在这个视频中的进化理论的一些事实:

     

    Check out this trailer of Darwin's voyage that "shook the world."
    ::看看这辆达尔文航行的拖车 那辆"震撼世界"的拖车