7.1 案例研究:我们的演变
Section outline
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Case Study: Evolving Can Be a Pain
::案例研究:演进可成为痛苦One morning, 30-year-old Sarah woke up with a sharp pain in her lower back. It was hard for her to walk, sit, or even lie down comfortably! When she called in sick for work that day, her boss asked her how she had hurt herself. Sarah had no idea. Her back had been a little sore and achy lately, but it wasn’t until she woke up that morning that she experienced such intense pain. Maybe it was from gardening? Sitting too much? Sleeping on an old mattress? She didn’t know what triggered it, and she thought she was too young and healthy to have unexplained back pain.
::一天早上,30岁的Sarah醒过来后背部有尖锐的疼痛。她很难走路、坐下、甚至躺着舒适!当她当天请病假时,她的老板问她自己是如何受伤的。Sarah完全不知道。她背部最近有点痛,但直到她早上醒来才感到如此剧烈的痛苦。也许是因为园艺造成的痛苦?坐在一个旧床垫上太难?她不知道是什么原因引发的,她认为她太年轻,身体健康,无法解释背部疼痛。When the pain didn’t go away after a few days, Sarah went to see a doctor. The doctor told Sarah that lower back pain is extremely common. About 80 percent of adults experience lower back pain at some point in their lives, and the first onset is particularly common between the ages of 30 and 50. There isn’t always an obvious injury or activity that triggers lower back pain. Most lower back pain is due to mechanical problems in the discs and bones of the spine, often due to natural degeneration over time. For instance, the discs that cushion the bony vertebrae that make up the spine can become compressed and protrude outward (herniate) over time, which can cause pain (as illustrated in the figure ). Sarah's doctor said that most lower back pain will go away within a few weeks, especially when self-care measures — such as the use of hot and cold packs, stretches, and anti-inflammatory medications — are taken. In a smaller number of cases, the pain becomes chronic, so she advised Sarah to return if her pain did not improve significantly after a few weeks.
::当疼痛几天后没有消失时,Sarah就去看医生了。医生告诉Sarah说,降低背部疼痛是非常常见的。 大约80%的成年人在生命的某个时刻经历降低背部疼痛,而第一个发病在30岁到50岁之间尤为常见。 并不是总有明显的伤害或活动触发较低背部疼痛。 大部分后背疼痛是由于盘中的机械问题和脊骨造成的,通常是由于时间的自然退化造成的。 比如,缓冲脊椎结骨的圆盘会逐渐压缩和外溢(Herniate),这可能会造成疼痛(如图所示 ) 。 莎拉的医生说, 最低背部疼痛会在几周内消失, 特别是当自我护理措施 — — 比如使用热和冷的包、伸缩和反炎药等 — — 被采取的时候。 在少数情况下,疼痛会变成慢性的,因此她建议莎拉如果几周后疼痛没有明显改善的话,就会返回。A herniated disc that is causing lower back pain by pinching a nerve.
::一根破碎的盘片 紧紧捏着神经 导致后背疼痛降低Fortunately, Sarah’s back pain improved, but it was frustratingly slow. She missed several days of work and had trouble with basic activities, such as putting on her socks and shoes, bending down to reach objects, and household chores. While lower back pain is usually not serious, because it is so prevalent and often at least temporarily debilitating, it has a tremendous public health and economic impact. In 2010, low back pain was ranked the third most burdensome health condition in the U.S. A 2006 study estimated that the cost of lower back pain in the U.S. was over $100 billion per year, mostly due to lost wages and productivity. A 2014 study determined that low back pain causes more disability worldwide than any other condition.
::幸运的是,莎拉的背痛有所好转,但速度缓慢,令人沮丧。 她错过了几天的工作,在基本活动上遇到了麻烦,比如穿上袜子和鞋子,弯下腰去达到物品,以及家务等。 虽然后背疼痛通常并不严重,因为它非常普遍,而且经常是暂时的,因此对公众健康和经济有着巨大的影响。 2010年,低背疼痛被排在美国三分之一最重的健康状况中排在第三位。 2006年的一项研究估计,美国低背痛的成本每年超过1 000亿美元,这主要是由于工资和生产力的丧失。 2014年的一项研究确定,低背痛导致的残疾比其他任何疾病都多。Why is back pain so prevalent in humans? One clue may lie with our primate relatives, such as chimpanzees and orangutans. Despite the fact that we share over 98 percent of our DNA with our closest living primate relatives — the chimpanzees — humans experience significantly more back pain-causing spinal conditions than nonhuman primates. Why? Recent research indicates that back pain may actually be an unpleasant side effect of our evolution away from other primates. You will read more about this interesting hypothesis in the Case Study Conclusion at the end of this chapter, after you learn more about human evolution.
::为什么背部疼痛在人类中如此普遍?一个线索可能在于我们的灵长类亲属,如黑猩猩和猩猩。尽管我们与最亲近的灵长类亲属——黑猩猩——分享了98%以上的DNA,但事实上,我们与最亲近的灵长类亲属——黑猩猩——分享了98%以上的DNA。 人类比非人类的灵长类动物在背部经历更多的导致脊椎疼痛的情况。为什么?最近的研究表明,背部疼痛实际上可能是我们从其他灵长类进化的不愉快的副作用。你将在了解更多人类进化知识之后,在本章结尾的案例研究结论中更多地阅读这个有趣的假设。Chapter Overview: Human Evolution
::第一章 概述:人类演变In this chapter, you will learn about human evolution — from our early primate ancestors to modern humans — and the factors that shaped us along the way. Specifically, you will learn about:
::在本章中,你们将了解人类的进化——从我们早期的灵长类祖先到现代人类——以及塑造我们沿途的因素。-
The classification and evolution of primates
::灵长类的分类和演变 -
The classification, evolution, and characteristics of the human family,
Hominidae
, otherwise known as the great apes
::人类家庭的分类、演变和特征,Hominidae,又称巨猿 -
How human activities are threatening our nonhuman primate relatives
::人类活动如何威胁我们的非人类灵长类亲属 -
The evolution and characteristics of the hominins, which includes modern humans and our immediate ancestors, such as the australopithecines
::荷明的进化和特征,包括现代人类和我们的直系祖先,如大草药。 -
The evolution of the human genus,
Homo
, including the early human species
Homo habilis, Homo erectus,
and
Homo heidelbergensis
and the climate, physical, and behavioral changes that occurred during this period that contributed to early humans spreading widely out of Africa
::人类基因、同族的演变,包括早期人类物种的早期人类物种同性人、立体人、同性人、同性人、以及这一时期发生的气候、物理和行为变化,这些变化导致早期人类从非洲广泛蔓延 -
The evolution of archaic humans, including
Homo neanderthalensis, Homo floresiensis,
and
Homo denisova
and how they coexisted and possibly interbred with our species,
Homo sapiens
::古老人类的进化,包括同尼安德特人、同性恋者、同性恋者、同性恋者、同性恋者,以及他们如何与我们人类人类,同性恋者、同性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、以及他们如何与我们人类,同性恋人、异性人、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异性恋者、异人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异性人、异性人 -
The evolution of modern humans, how they became distributed worldwide, and models of how
Homo sapiens
came to be the only human species.
::现代人类的进化, 如何被传播到世界各地, 以及智人如何成为 人类的唯一模式。 -
How the variability of the Earth’s climate likely influenced the evolution of hominins by causing them to become increasingly intelligent and adaptable to changing environments.
::地球气候的变异性如何影响住民的进化,导致他们越来越聪明,适应不断变化的环境。 -
How culture allowed humans to adapt to new environments throughout the world, including the development of language, tools, clothing, shelter, use of fire, and different strategies for obtaining food
::文化如何使人类适应世界各地的新环境,包括发展语言、工具、衣服、住所、使用火灾和获取食物的不同战略
As you read this chapter, think about the following questions:
::当你读到本章时,请考虑以下问题:1. How are humans related to chimpanzees and orangutans?
::1. 人类与黑猩猩和猩猩的关系如何?2. What are some skeletal differences between humans and chimpanzees?
::2. 人类和黑猩猩之间的骨骼差别是什么?3. What is the main defining trait of hominins? Why do you think this trait might lead to back pain in humans?
::3. Homminins的主要特征是什么?你为什么认为这种特征会导致人类的背痛? -
The classification and evolution of primates
