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  • 血型变化情况

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    Giving the Gift of Life
    ::给予生命的礼物

    Did you ever donate ? If you did, then you probably know that your blood type is an important factor in blood transfusions. People vary in the type of blood they inherit, and this determines which type(s) of blood they can safely receive in a transfusion. Do you know your blood type?
    ::你曾经捐过血吗?如果你捐过吗?如果你捐过,那么你也许就会知道你的血型是输血的一个重要因素。人们继承的血型各不相同,这决定了他们在输血中可以安全地得到的血型。你知道你的血型吗?

    What Are Blood Types?
    ::什么是血型?

    Blood is composed of suspended in a liquid called plasma. There are three types of cells in blood: red blood cells , which carry oxygen; white blood cells , which fight infections and other threats; and platelets , which are cell fragments that help blood clot. Blood type (or blood group) is a genetic characteristic associated with the presence or absence of certain molecules, called antigens , on the surface of red blood cells. These molecules may help maintain the integrity of the , act as receptors, or have other biological functions. A blood group system refers to all of the gene(s), , and possible genotypes and phenotypes that exist for a particular set of blood type antigens. Human blood group systems include the well-known ABO and Rhesus (Rh) systems, as well as at least 33 others that are less well known.
    ::血型(或血组)是某些分子(称为抗原)在红血细胞表面存在或不存在的遗传特征。这些分子可以帮助保持血细胞的完整性,充当受体,或具有其他生物功能。一个血组系统是指特定血型抗原存在的所有基因、基因型和可能存在的基因型和苯型。人类血组系统包括众所周知的ABO和Rhus(Rh)系统,以及至少33个不太为人知的其他系统。

    Antigens and Antibodies
    ::抗原和抗体

    Antigens —   such as those on the red blood cells — are molecules that the immune system identifies as either self (produced by your own body) or nonself (not produced by your own body). Blood group antigens may be , , glycoproteins (proteins attached to chains of sugars), or glycolipids ( attached to chains of sugars), depending on the particular blood group system. If antigens are identified as nonself, the immune system responds by forming antibodies that are specific to the nonself antigens. Antibodies are large, Y-shaped proteins produced by the immune system that recognize and bind to nonself antigens. The analogy of a lock and key is often used to represent how an antibody and antigen fit together, as shown in the illustration . When antibodies bind to antigens, it marks them for destruction by other immune system cells. Nonself antigens may enter your body on (such as or viruses), on foods, or on red blood cells in a blood transfusion from someone with a different blood type than your own. The last way is virtually impossible nowadays because of effective blood typing and screening protocols.
    ::抗原——例如红血细胞上的抗原——是免疫系统确定为自我(由自己身体生产)或非自我(非由自己身体生产)的分子; 血组抗原可能是(与糖链相连的蛋白质),也可能是(与糖链相连的蛋白质),或(与糖链相连的)甘蓝脂(与糖链相连的),视特定血组系统而定; 如果抗原被确定为非自身,免疫系统通过形成非自身抗原特有的抗体作出反应; 免疫系统产生的抗体是大型、Y型蛋白质,由免疫系统产生,能识别和与非自身抗原结合的。 血型不同,通过血型的人的血液输血中生成的抗体(如病毒或病毒),或红色血细胞中的抗生素是大的,Y型蛋白质是大的,并且与非自身抗原抗原结合的。如说明所示,一个锁和钥匙的类比通常用来表示抗体和抗原是如何结合的。 当抗体与抗原结合的抗体是其他免疫系统细胞的,就会被其他免疫细胞摧毁的,非生物细胞可以进入你的身体(如血样),最后的方式是不可能),因为现在是不可能。

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    Model of antigen and matching antibody

    Genetics of Blood Type
    ::血型遗传基因

    An individual’s blood type depends on which alleles for a blood group system were inherited from their parents. Generally, blood type is controlled by alleles for a single gene , or for two or more very closely linked genes . Closely linked genes are almost always inherited together, because there is little or no recombination between them. Like other genetic traits, a person’s blood type is generally fixed for life, but there are rare instances in which blood type can change. This could happen, for example, if an individual receives a bone marrow transplant to treat a disease, such as leukemia. If the bone marrow comes from a donor who has a different blood type, the patient’s blood type may eventually convert to the donor’s blood type, because red blood cells are produced in bone marrow.
    ::一个人的血型取决于其血族系的代名词来自其父母。 一般来说,血型是由单一基因或两个或更紧密相连基因的代名词控制的。 紧密相连的基因几乎总是一起继承,因为彼此之间很少或没有再组合。 与其他遗传特征一样,一个人的血型一般是终身固定的,但很少出现血型可以改变的情况。 比如,如果一个人接受骨髓移植治疗白血病等疾病,这种情况就有可能发生。 如果骨髓来自不同血型的捐赠者,病人的血型最终可能转换为捐献者的血型,因为红血细胞是用骨髓造出来的。

    ABO Blood Group System
    ::ABO 血型系统

    The ABO blood group system is the best known human blood group system. Antigens in this system are glycoproteins. These antigen s are shown in the table   below . There are four common blood types for the ABO system:
    ::ABO血组系统是已知最著名的人类血组系统,该系统中的抗原为glycoproteins,这些抗原如下表所示。

    1. type A, in which only the A antigen is present
      ::A类,其中只有A类抗原
    2. type B, in which only the B antigen is present
      ::B类,其中只有B抗原
    3. type AB, in which both the A and B antigens are present
      ::AB类,其中含有A型和B型抗原的A型和B型抗原
    4. type O, in which neither the A nor the B antigen is present
      ::O型,A型和B型抗原都不存在的O型A型和B型抗原

    Genetics of the ABO System
    ::ABO系统的遗传学

    The ABO blood group system is controlled by a single gene on 9. There are three common alleles for the gene, often represented by the letters I A (or A), I B (or B), and i (or O). With three alleles, there are six possible genotypes for ABO blood group. Alleles I A and I B , however, are both dominant to allele i and codominant to each other. This results in just four possible phenotypes (blood types) for the ABO system. These genotypes and phenotypes are shown in the table below.
    ::9. ABO血组系统由9号上的单一基因控制,该基因有三种常见相位数,通常以字母IA(或A)、IB(或B)和i(或O)表示。有三种相位数,ABO血组有六种可能的基因型,但Aleres IA和IB对异系居于主导地位,彼此相联。这导致ABO系统只有四种可能的苯型(血型),这些基因型和苯型如下表所示。

    ABO Blood Group System
    Genotype Phenotype (Blood Type, or Group)
    I A I A A
    I A i A
    I B I B B
    I B i B
    ii O
    I A I B AB

    The diagram shows an example of how ABO blood type is inherited. In this particular example, the father has blood type A (genotype AO) and the mother has blood type B (genotype BO). This mating type can produce children with each of the four possible ABO phenotypes, although in any given family, not all phenotypes may be present in the children.
    ::图表展示了ABO血型继承的实例。在这个例子中,父亲有A型血型(原型AO),母亲有B型血型(原型BO ) 。 这种交配类型可以产生四个ABO型血型的孩子,尽管在任何特定家庭中,孩子中可能存在所有苯型。

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    Example of ABO blood group inheritance

    Medical Significance of ABO Blood Type
    ::ABO血型的医学意义

    The ABO system is the most important blood group system in blood transfusions. If red blood cells containing a particular ABO antigen are transfused into a person who lacks that antigen, the person’s immune system will recognize the antigen on the red blood cells as nonself. Antibodies specific to that antigen will attack the red blood cells, causing them to agglutinate (or clump) and break apart. If a unit of incompatible blood were to be accidentally transfused into a patient, a severe reaction (called acute hemolytic transfusion reaction) is likely to occur, in which many red blood cells are destroyed. This may result in kidney failure , shock, and even death. Fortunately, such medical accidents virtually never occur today.
    ::ABO系统是输血中最重要的血族系统。 如果含有特定ABO抗原的红血细胞被注入缺乏抗原的人身上,此人的免疫系统将承认红血细胞上的抗原是非自我的。 抗原特有的抗体将攻击红血细胞,导致血浆(或凝聚)分解。 如果不相容的血细胞不小心被注入病人身上,则很可能发生严重反应(称为急性血浆输血反应 ) , 许多红血细胞被摧毁。 这可能导致肾衰竭、冲击甚至死亡。 幸运的是,这种医疗事故今天几乎从未发生。

    These  antibodies are often spontaneously produced in the first years of life, after exposure to common  microorganisms in the environment t hat have antigens similar to blood antigens. Specifically, a  person with type A blood will produce a nti-B  antibodies, while a person with type B blood will produce a nti- A  antibodies. A person with type AB blood does not produce either antibody, while a person with type O blood produces both a nti- A and anti-B antibodies. Once the antibodies have been produced, they circulate in the plasma. The relationship between ABO red blood cell antigens and plasma antibodies is shown in the table .
    ::这些抗体往往是在生命的最初几年里,在接触环境中具有与血液抗原相似的抗原的普通微生物后自发生产的,具体来说,A型血液的人将产生抗B抗体,而B型血液的人将产生抗A抗体,AB型血液的人不会产生抗体,O型血液的人产生抗A抗体和B型抗体,抗体一旦产生,就会在血浆中传播,表内显示了ABO红色血细胞抗体和血浆抗体之间的关系。

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    The antibodies that circulate in the plasma are for different antigens than those on red blood cells, which are recognized as self antigens.

    Which blood types are compatible and which are not? Type O blood contains both anti-A and anti-B antibodies, so people with type O blood can only receive type O blood. However, they can donate blood to people of any ABO blood type, which is why individuals with type O blood are called universal donors . Type AB blood contains neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies, so people with type AB blood can receive blood from people of any ABO blood type. That’s why individuals with type AB blood are called universal recipients .  They can donate blood, however, only to people who also have type AB blood. These and other relationships between blood types of donors and recipients are summarized in the simple diagram .
    ::哪些血型是兼容的,哪些是不兼容的?O型血液含有抗A和抗B抗体,因此O型血液的人只能接受O型血液。然而,他们可以向任何ABO型血型的人捐赠血液,这就是O型血型的人为什么被称为普遍捐赠者的原因。AB型血型的人既不包含抗A,也不包含抗B型抗体,因此AB型血型的人可以从任何ABO型血型的人那里获得血液。这就是为什么AB型血型的人被称为普遍接受者的原因。但是,他们只能向同样有AB型血的人捐赠血液。这些以及血型的捐献者和接受者之间的其他关系在简单的图表中做了总结。

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    You can always donate blood to someone who has the same blood type as yours, but you may or may not be able to donate to people who have other blood types, as indicated in this diagram.
    ::你总是可以捐血给与你血型相同的人,但你可能或可能无法捐血给有其他血型的人,如本图所示。

    Geographic Distribution of ABO Blood Groups
    ::ABO血组的地理分布

    The frequencies of blood groups for the ABO system vary around the world. You can see how the A and B alleles and the blood group O are distributed geographically on the maps . According to the data provided:
    ::ABO系统的血型频率在世界各地各有不同。您可以看到地图上A类和B类的血型和O类的血型是如何地理分布的。根据提供的数据:

    • The I B allele’s highest frequency is in Asia. Its lowest frequency is among the indigenous people of Australia and the Americas.
      ::IB Alele的频率最高的是亚洲,最低的频率是澳大利亚和美洲的土著人民。
    • The highest frequencies of the I A allele are in Australian Aborigines, the Lapps (Sami) of Northern Scandinavia, and Blackfoot Native Americans in North America. The allele is nearly absent among Native Americans in Central and South America..
      ::美洲土著协会的最高频率是澳大利亚原住民、北斯堪的纳维亚的拉普斯人(Sami)和北美的黑脚土著美国人。 在中美洲和南美洲的土著美国人中,这一频率几乎不存在。
    • The i allele is the most common ABO allele around the world, and type O blood is the most common ABO blood type. Almost two-thirds of people have at least one copy of the i allele. It is especially common in Native Americans in Central and South America, where it reaches frequencies close to 100 percent. It also has relatively high frequencies in Australian Aborigines and Western Europeans. Its frequencies are lowest in Eastern Europe and Central Asia.
      ::i Allele是全世界最常见的ABO血源,O型血源是最常见的ABO血源类型。 近三分之二的人至少有一份ialle血源。 在中美洲和南美洲的美洲原住民中,ialle尤为常见,其频率接近100%。在澳大利亚原住民和西欧,iallele的频率也相对较高,其频率在东欧和中亚最低。
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    Distribution of the A allele for the ABO blood group system.

     

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    Distribution of the B allele for the ABO blood group system.
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    Distribution of blood type O for the ABO blood group system.

    Evolution of the ABO Blood Group System
    ::ABO 血液组体系的演变

    The geographic distribution of ABO blood type alleles provides indirect evidence for the evolutionary history of these alleles. Evolutionary biologists hypothesize that the allele for blood type A (I A ) evolved first, followed by the allele for blood type O (i), and then by the allele for blood type B (I B ). This chronology accounts for the percentages of people worldwide with each blood group, and is also consistent with known patterns of early movements .
    ::ABO血型所有物的地理分布间接地证明了这些异物的进化历史。进化生物学家假设A型血型(IA)的异物首先进化,然后进化为O型(i)的异物,然后进化为B型血型(IB)的异物。这个年表占了全世界每个血型人口的百分比,也符合已知的早期运动模式。

    The evolutionary forces of founder effect and have no doubt played a significant role in the current distribution of ABO blood types worldwide. Geographic variation in ABO blood groups is also likely to be influenced by , because different blood types are thought to vary in their susceptibility to certain diseases. For example:
    ::ABO血型目前在全世界的分布中无疑起着重要作用。 ABO血组的地理差异也有可能受到...的影响,因为不同的血型被认为在易患某些疾病方面各不相同。例如:

    • People with type O blood may be more susceptible to cholera and plague. They are also more likely to develop gastrointestinal ulcers .
      ::患O型血的人可能更容易患霍乱和瘟疫,他们也更有可能患胃肠溃疡。
    • People with type A blood may be more susceptible to smallpox and more likely to develop certain cancers.
      ::患有A型血的人可能更容易患天花,并更有可能患上某些癌症。
    • People with types A, B, and AB blood appear to be less likely to form blood clots that can cause strokes. However, early in our history, the ability of blood to form clots — which appears greater in people with type O blood — may have been a survival advantage.
      ::患有A型、B型和AB型血的人似乎不太可能形成可引起中风的血凝块,然而,在我们历史的早期,血液形成血凝块的能力——这在O型血的人中显得更大——可能是一种生存优势。
    • Perhaps the greatest natural selective force associated with ABO blood types is malaria . There is considerable evidence to suggest that people with type O blood are somewhat resistant to malaria, giving them a selective advantage where malaria is endemic.
      ::也许与ABO血型相关的最大的自然选择性力量是疟疾。 有大量证据表明O型血型的人对疟疾有某种抗药性,在疟疾流行的地方给他们选择性优势。

    Rhesus Blood Group System
    ::Rhesus血型血型系统

    Another well-known blood group system is the Rhesus (Rh) blood group system . The Rhesus system has dozens of different antigens, but only five main antigens ( called D, C, c, E, and e). The major Rhesus antigen is the D antigen. People with the D antigen are called Rh positive (Rh+), and people who lack the D antigen are called Rh negative (Rh-). Rhesus antigens are thought to play a role in transporting ions across cell membranes by acting as channel proteins .
    ::另一个众所周知的血族系统是Rhesus(Rh)血族系统。Rhesus系统有几十种不同的抗原,但只有5种主要抗原(称为D、C、C、E和e)。主要的Rhesus抗原是D抗原。D抗原的抗原被称为Rh正(Rh+),缺乏D抗原的人被称为Rh阴性(Rh-)。Rhesus抗原被认为通过作为通道蛋白在细胞膜之间运输离子方面发挥作用。

    The Rhesus blood group system is controlled by two linked genes on chromosome 1. One gene, called RHD, produces a single antigen, antigen D. The other gene, called RHCE, produces the other four relatively common Rhesus antigens (C, c, E, and e), depending on which alleles for this gene are inherited.
    ::1. 一种叫RHD的基因,产生一种抗原抗原抗原D。 另一种叫RHCE的基因,产生另外四种相对常见的Rhesus抗原(C、c、E和e),取决于该基因的代名词是继承的。

    Rhesus Blood Group and Transfusions
    ::Rhesus血型和输血

    After the ABO system, the Rhesus system is the second most important blood group system in blood transfusions. The D antigen is the one most likely to provoke an immune response in people who lack the antigen. People who have the D antigen (Rh+) can be safely transfused with either Rh+ or Rh- blood, whereas people who lack the D antigen (Rh-) can be safely transfused only with Rh- blood.
    ::在ABO系统之后,Rhesus系统是输血中第二大血族系统。D抗原最有可能在缺乏抗原的人中引起免疫反应。D抗原(Rh+)可以安全地被Rh+或Rh-血液吸附,而没有D抗原(Rh-)的人只能安全地被Rh-血液吸附。

    Unlike anti-A and anti-B antibodies to ABO antigens, anti-D antibodies for the Rhesus system are not usually produced by sensitization to environmental substances. P eople who lack the D antigen (Rh-), however, may produce anti-D antibodies if exposed to Rh+ blood. This may happen accidentally in a blood transfusion, although this is extremely unlikely today. It may also happen during with an Rh+ fetus if some of the fetal blood cells pass into the mother’s blood circulation.
    ::与抗ABO抗原抗AA和抗B抗体不同的是,Rhesus系统的抗D抗体通常不是通过对环境物质的敏感度生成的。 但是,没有D抗原(Rh-)的人如果接触Rh+血,可能会产生抗D抗体。 这可能是在输血过程中意外发生的,尽管在今天这极不可能。 如果一些胎儿血细胞进入母亲血液循环,在Rh+胎儿期间也可能发生。

    Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
    ::新出生儿的血液性疾病

    If a woman who is Rh- is carrying an Rh+ fetus, the fetus may be at risk. This is especially likely if the mother has formed anti-D antibodies during a prior pregnancy because of a mixing of maternal and fetal blood during childbirth. Unlike antibodies against ABO antigens, antibodies against the Rhesus D antigen can cross the placenta and enter the blood of the fetus. This may cause hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN) , also called erythroblastosis fetalis, an illness in which fetal red blood cells are destroyed by maternal antibodies, causing anemia. This illness may range from mild to severe. If it is severe, it may cause brain damage and is sometimes fatal for the fetus or newborn. Fortunately, HDN can be prevented by preventing the formation of anti-D antibodies in the Rh- mother. This is achieved by injecting the  mother with  a medication called Rho(D) immune globulin.
    ::如果Rh-携带Rh+胎儿的妇女,胎儿可能面临危险;如果母亲在产前怀孕期间由于分娩期间混合了产妇和胎儿的血液而形成抗D抗体,这尤其有可能发生;与抗ABO抗原的抗体不同,抗Rhesus D抗原的抗体可以穿过胎盘进入胎儿的血液,这可能导致新生儿(HDN)的血液疾病(HDN),又称红血球胎儿,这种疾病导致胎儿红血细胞被母体抗体破坏,导致贫血;这种疾病可能从轻到重,可能造成脑损伤,有时会给胎儿或新生儿致命;幸运的是,HDN可以通过防止在Rh-母亲体内形成抗D抗体来预防。通过向母亲注射一种名为Rho(D)免疫球布林的药物,可以预防HDN。

    Geographic Distribution of Rhesus Blood Types
    ::Rhesus血型的地理分布

    The majority of people worldwide are Rh+, but there is regional variation in this blood group system, as there is with the ABO system. The aboriginal inhabitants of the Americas and Australia originally had very close to 100 percent Rh+ blood. The frequency of the Rh+ blood type is also very high in African populations, at about 97 to 99 percent. In East Asia, the frequency of Rh+ is slightly lower, at about 93 to 99 percent. Europeans have the lowest frequency of the Rh+ blood type at about 83 to 85 percent.
    ::全世界大多数人口为Rh+,但这一血族系统与ABO系统一样存在区域差异。美洲和澳大利亚的土著居民最初的血位非常接近100%Rh+。在非洲人口中,Rh+血型的频率也非常高,约为97%至99%。在东亚,Rh+的频率略低,约为93%至99%。欧洲人Rh+血型的频率最低,约为83%至85%。

    What explains the population variation in Rhesus blood types? Prior to the advent of modern medicine, Rh+ positive children conceived by Rh- women were at risk of fetal or newborn death or impairment from HDN. This was  an enigma, because presumably, natural selection would work to remove the rarer phenotype (Rh-) from populations. However, the frequency of this phenotype is relatively high in many populations.
    ::如何解释Rhesus血型的人口差异?在现代医学出现之前,Rh+阳性胎儿由Rh-妇女孕育,有胎儿或新生儿死亡的危险,或来自HDN的损伤。这是一个谜。 这是一个谜,因为可以推测,自然选择会有助于从人口中去除稀有的苯型(Rh-),然而,这种苯型的频率在许多人口中相对较高。

    Recent studies have found evidence that natural selection may actually favor heterozygotes for the Rhesus D antigen. The selective agent in this case is thought to be toxoplasmosis, a parasitic disease caused by the Toxoplasma gondii, which is very common worldwide. You can see a diagram of the parasite below. Infection by  this parasite often causes no symptoms at all, or it may cause flu-like symptoms for a few days or weeks. E xposure to the parasite has been linked, however, to increased risk of mental disorders (such as schizophrenia), neurological disorders (such as Alzheimer’s), and other neurological problems, including delayed reaction times. One study found that people who tested positive for antibodies to the parasite were more than twice as likely to be involved in traffic accidents.
    ::最近的研究发现,自然选择可能实际上有利于Rhesus D抗原的异性激素。 在本案中,选择性物剂被认为是xxoplasmission,这是全世界非常常见的一种寄生虫病,由Toxoplasma gondi 引起。 你可以看到下面寄生虫的图。 这种寄生虫的感染通常不会引起任何症状,或者可能造成几天或几周的类似流感的症状。 然而,寄生虫接触寄生虫与精神紊乱(如精神分裂症)、神经系统紊乱(如阿尔茨海默氏病)和其他神经问题(包括延迟反应时间)的风险增加有关。 一项研究发现,对寄生虫进行抗体阳性检测的人在交通事故中的可能性要高出一倍以上。

    lesson content
    Life cycle of the parasite that causes toxoplasmosis

    People who are heterozygous for the D antigen appear less likely to develop the negative neurological and mental effects of infection with Toxoplasma gondii . This could help explain why both phenotypes (Rh+ and Rh-) are maintained in most populations. There are also striking geographic differences in the prevalence of toxoplasmosis worldwide, ranging from zero  to 95 percent in different regions. This could explain geographic variation in the D antigen worldwide, because its strength as a selective agent would vary with its prevalence.
    ::作为D抗原异体的异体阳性古人似乎不太可能发展出托克奥普拉斯马贡迪感染的负面神经和精神影响,这可能有助于解释为什么大多数人口都保持了苯型(Rh+和Rh-),世界各地异体异体综合症的流行程度也存在惊人的地理差异,不同地区的流行率从零到95%不等,这可以解释全世界D抗原的地理差异,因为其作为选择性制剂的强度随其流行程度而不同。

    Feature: Myth vs. Reality
    ::特征:神话对现实

    Myth: Your nutritional needs can be determined by your ABO blood type. Knowing your blood type allows you to choose the appropriate foods that will help you lose weight, increase your energy , and live a longer, healthier life.
    ::传说: 您的营养需求可以由您的 ABO 血型决定。 了解您的血型可以让你选择合适的食物, 帮助您减肥,增加能量, 并过上更长、更健康的生活。

    Reality: This idea was proposed in 1996 in a New York Times bestseller Eat Right for Your Type , by Peter D’Adamo, a naturopath. Naturopathy is a method of treating disorders that involves the use of herbs, sunlight, fresh air, and other natural substances. Some medical doctors consider naturopathy a pseudoscience. A major scientific review of the blood type diet could find no evidence to support it. In one study, adults eating the diet designed for blood type A showed improved health — but this occurred in everyone, regardless of their blood type. Because the blood type diet is based solely on blood type, it fails to account for other factors that might require dietary adjustments or restrictions. For example, people with — but different blood types — would follow different diets, and one or both of the diets might conflict with standard diabetes dietary recommendations and be dangerous.
    ::真实性:这个想法是1996年在《纽约时报》畅销书畅销书畅销书《为你喜欢的类型而吃的权利》中由一位神经病患者Peter D'Adamo在《神经病》中提出来的。 甲状腺病是一种治疗疾病的方法,它涉及使用草药、阳光、新鲜空气和其他自然物质。 一些医生认为甲状腺病是一种伪科学。 对血型饮食进行的重大科学审查无法找到支持它的证据。 在一项研究中,吃为血型A设计的饮食的成年人表现出了更好的健康 — — 但这种情况发生在每个人身上,不管他们的血型如何。 由于血型饮食完全基于血型,它没有考虑到可能需要饮食调整或限制的其他因素。 比如,有不同血型的人会遵循不同的饮食,而其中一种或两种饮食可能与标准的糖尿病饮食建议相冲突,而且危险。

    Myth: ABO blood type is associated with certain personality traits. People with blood type A, for example, are patient and responsible, but may also be stubborn and tense, whereas people with blood type B are energetic and creative, but may also be irresponsible and unforgiving. In selecting a spouse, both your own and your potential mate’s blood type should be taken into account to ensure compatibility of your personalities.
    ::传说:ABO血型与某些个性特征相关。 比如,A型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型A的人有耐心和负责,但也可能是顽固和紧张的,而血型B型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型血型

    Reality: The belief that blood type is correlated with personality is widely held in Japan and other East Asian countries (the Japanese booth pictured below offers fortunes based on blood type). The idea was originally introduced in the 1920s in a study commissioned by the Japanese government, but it was later shown to have no scientific support. The idea was revived in the 1970s by a Japanese broadcaster, who wrote popular books about it. There is no scientific basis for the idea, and it is generally dismissed as pseudoscience by the scientific community. Nonetheless, it remains popular in East Asian countries, just as  astrology is popular in many other countries.
    ::真实性:日本和其他东亚国家广泛认为血型与个性相关(下文所描述的日本摊位提供了基于血型的财富 ) 。 这一概念最初在20世纪20年代在日本政府委托进行的一项研究中提出,但后来却证明没有科学支持。 70年代,日本一家广播公司重新提出这一想法,他为此撰写了流行的书籍。 这个想法没有科学依据,科学界一般视其为伪科学。 尽管如此,在东亚国家仍然很受欢迎,正如占星学在许多其他国家一样。

    This booth in Japan provides fortunes based on ABO blood type.
    ::在日本的这个摊位提供基于ABO血型的财富。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Blood type (or blood group) is a genetic characteristic associated with the presence or absence of antigens on the surface of red blood cells. A blood group system refers to all of the gene(s), alleles, and possible genotypes and phenotypes that exist for a particular set of blood type antigens.
      ::血型(或血型)是与红细胞表面是否存在抗原有关的遗传特征,血型系统是指特定血型抗原存在的所有基因、异象、可能存在的基因型和苯型。
    • Antigens are molecules that the immune system identifies as either self or nonself. If antigens are identified as nonself, the immune system responds by forming antibodies that are specific to the nonself antigens, leading to the destruction of cells bearing the antigens.
      ::抗原是免疫系统确定为自有或非自有的分子,如果抗原被确定为非自有,免疫系统的反应是形成非自有抗原特有的抗体,导致带有抗原的细胞被摧毁。
    • The ABO blood group system is a system of red blood cell antigens controlled by a single gene with three common alleles on chromosome 9. There are four possible ABO blood types: A, B, AB, and O. The ABO system is the most important blood group system in blood transfusions. People with type O blood are universal donors, and people with type AB blood are universal recipients.
      ::ABO血族系是一个红血细胞抗原系统,由单一基因控制,在染色体9上有三个常见的异差。 ABO血族有四种可能:A型、B型、AB型和O型。 ABO血族系是输血中最重要的血族系。 O型血族系是普遍捐赠者,ABB血族为普遍接受者。
    • The frequencies of ABO blood type alleles and blood groups vary around the world. The allele for the B antigen is least common, and blood type O is the most common. The evolutionary forces of founder effect, genetic drift, and natural selection are responsible for the geographic distribution of ABO alleles and blood types. P eople with type O blood, for example, may be somewhat resistant to malaria, possibly giving them a selective advantage where malaria is endemic.
      ::ABO血型异源和血族的频率在世界各地各异。 B抗原的异源最不常见,而O的异源最为常见。 创建效应、遗传漂移和自然选择的进化力量是ABO血型和血型的地理分布的原因。 例如,O型血的人群可能在一定程度上抗疟疾,在疟疾流行的地方,他们可能会有选择地获得优势。
    • The Rhesus blood group system is a system of red blood cell antigens controlled by two genes with many alleles on chromosome 1. There are five common Rhesus antigens, of which antigen D is most significant. Individuals who have antigen D are called Rh+, and individuals who lack antigen D are called Rh-. Rh- mothers of Rh+ fetuses may produce antibodies against the D antigen in the fetal blood, causing hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN).
      ::Rhesus血族系系由两种基因控制的红色血细胞抗原系统,两种基因在染色体1上含有多种异象,五种普通Rhesus抗原,其中抗原D最为重要,有抗原D的人被称为Rh+,缺乏抗原D的人称为Rh-Rh-Rh-Rh-Rh-Fetuses的母亲可能会产生抗体,对抗胎儿血液中的D抗原,导致新生儿的血液疾病(HDN)。
    • The majority of people worldwide are Rh+, but there is regional variation in this blood group system. This variation may be explained by natural selection that favors heterozygotes for the D antigen, because this genotype seems to be protected against some of the neurological consequences  of the common parasitic infection toxoplasmosis.
      ::全世界大部分人都是Rh+,但这种血族系统存在区域差异。 这种差异的原因可能是自然选择偏向于D抗原的异体,因为这种基因类型似乎受到保护,免受常见寄生虫感染过氧化性硬化症的某些神经学后果的影响。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. Define blood type and blood group system.
    ::1. 界定血型和血型系统。

    2. Explain the relationship between antigens and antibodies.
    ::2. 解释抗原与抗体之间的关系。

    3. Identify the alleles, genotypes, and phenotypes in the ABO blood group system.
    ::3. 查明ABO血型系统中的异灵、基因型和苯型。

    4. Discuss the medical significance of the ABO blood group system.
    ::4. 讨论ABO血组系统的医学意义。

    5. Compare the relative worldwide frequencies of the three ABO alleles.
    ::5. 比较三个ABO球员的相对世界频率。

    6. Give examples of how different ABO blood types vary in their susceptibility to diseases.
    ::6. 请举例说明不同ABO血型在易患疾病方面有何差异。

    7. Describe the Rhesus blood group system.
    ::7. 描述Rhesus血型系统。

    8. Relate Rhesus blood groups to blood transfusions.
    ::8. 将Rhesus血型与输血联系起来。

    9. What causes hemolytic disease of the newborn?
    ::9. 新生儿的肝炎病是什么原因?

    10. Describe  how toxoplasmosis may explain the persistence of the Rh- blood type in human populations.
    ::10. 描述xxoplasmismis可能如何解释Rh血型在人类人口中的持久性。

    11. A woman is blood type O and Rh-, and her husband is blood type AB and Rh+. Answer the following questions about this couple and their offspring.
    ::11. 妇女是O型和Rh-型血,她的丈夫是AB型和Rh+型血,回答关于这对夫妇及其后代的下列问题。

    a. What are the possible genotypes of their offspring in terms of ABO blood group?
    ::a. 就ABO血型而言,其后代可能的基因型是什么?

    b. What are the possible phenotypes of their offspring in terms of ABO blood group?
    ::b. 就ABO血型而言,其后代可能的苯型是什么?

    c. Can the woman donate blood to her husband? Explain your answer.
    ::c. 妇女能否献血给丈夫?

    d. Can the man donate blood to his wife? Explain your answer.
    :sadd) 男子能捐血给妻子吗?

     

    12 . True or False:  Type O blood is characterized by the presence of O antigens.
    ::12. 真实或假:O型血液的特征是存在O抗原。

     

    13. Explain why newborn hemolytic disease may be more likely to occur in a second pregnancy than in a first.
    ::13. 解释为什么新生儿肝炎疾病在第二次怀孕期间比第一次怀孕期间更可能发生。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Is malaria the reason so many people have type O blood? Listen to this fascinating National Public Radio interview with Dr. Christine Cserti-Gazdewich, a blood specialist (hematologist) at the University of Toronto, who discusses an emerging theory about this.
    ::疟疾是这么多人有O型血的原因吗? 听听国家公共电台对多伦多大学血液专家(化学学家)Christine Cserti-Gazdewich博士的令人着迷的访谈,他讨论了这方面的新理论。

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Human behavior is influenced by many factors ,  but could it also be the result of parasitism? Learn more here:
    ::人类的行为受到许多因素的影响,但也可能是寄生虫病的结果。