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  • 人体器官和器官系统

    lesson content

    “Achy Breaky Heart”
    ::“心痛心”

    You've probably heard this Billy Ray Cyrus song. Heartache, heartbreak... it's all related to love. But, did you ever wonder why we associate love with the heart ?
    ::你可能听过比利・雷・赛勒斯的歌 心痛,心碎...

    The heart was once thought to be the center of all thought processes, as well as the site of all emotions. This notion may have stemmed from very early anatomical dissections that found many nerves traced to the region of the heart. The fact that the heart may start racing when one is excited or otherwise emotionally aroused may have contributed to this idea, as well. In reality , the heart is not the organ that controls thoughts or emotions. The organ that controls those functions, in actuality, is the brain . In this concept, you’ll be introduced to the heart, brain, and other major organs of the .
    ::心曾经被认为是所有思想过程的中心,以及所有情感的发源地。 这一概念可能源于早期的解剖,它发现许多神经都可追溯到心脏所在的区域。 当一个人兴奋或情绪激动时,心会开始跳动,这或许也促成了这个想法。 事实上,心并不是控制思想或情感的器官。 控制这些功能的机关,实际上,是大脑。在这个概念中,你将被引入心脏、大脑和其他主要器官。

    Human Organs
    ::人体器官

    An organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function. Organs exist in most , including humans, other , and plants. In single-celled organisms (such as bacteria), the functional equivalent of an organ is an .
    ::器官是一个组织集合体,组成一个结构单位,以发挥共同功能; 器官存在于大多数生物体中,包括人类、其他植物和植物; 在单细胞生物(如细菌)中,器官的功能等同于器官。

    Tissues in Organs
    ::机关中的组织

    Although organs consist of multiple tissue types, many organs are composed of a main tissue that is associated with the organ’s major function, along with other tissues that play supporting roles. The main tissue may be unique to that specific organ. For example, the main tissue of the heart is cardiac muscle , which performs the heart’s major function of pumping and is found only in the heart. The heart also includes nervous and connective tissues that are required for it to perform its major function. For example, nervous tissues control the beating of the heart, and connective tissues make up heart valves that keep blood flowing in just one direction through the heart.
    ::尽管器官由多个组织类型组成,但许多器官是由与器官主要功能相关的主组织以及发挥辅助作用的其他组织组成。主组织可能是该特定器官的独特组织。例如,心脏的主组织是心脏肌肉,它发挥心脏抽水的主要功能,并且只存在于心脏中。心脏还包括神经和连接组织,这是它履行其主要功能所必需的。例如,神经组织控制心脏跳动,连接组织组成心脏阀门,使血液通过心脏流向一个方向。

    Vital Organs
    ::活机构

    The human body contains five organs that are considered vital for survival: the heart, brain, , liver , and lungs . The locations of these five organs — and several other internal organs — are shown in the figure below. If any of the five vital organs stops functioning and medical intervention is not readily available,  the organism's death will be imminent. 
    ::人体包含五种被认为对生存至关重要的器官:心脏、大脑、肝脏和肺部,这五种器官和若干其他内部器官的位置见下图,如果这五种重要器官中任何一个停止功能,医疗干预不易获得,则生物体死亡将迫在眉睫。

    1. The heart is located in the center of the chest, and its function is to keep blood flowing through the body. Blood carries substances to the they need. It also carries wastes away from cells.
      ::心脏位于胸腔中心,其功能是保持血液通过身体流动,血液将物质送到他们需要的地方,还携带细胞中的废物。
    2. The brain is located in the head and functions as the body’s control center. It is the seat of all thoughts, memories, perceptions, and feelings.
      ::大脑位于大脑的头部,作为身体的控制中心。 它是所有思想、记忆、感知和感觉的座椅。
    3. The two kidneys are located in the back of the abdomen on either side of the body. Their function is to filter blood and form urine , which is excreted from the body.
      ::这两个肾脏位于身体两侧腹部的后部,其功能是过滤血液和形成尿液,从身体中排出。
    4. The liver is located on the right side of the abdomen. I ts functions  include filtering blood, secreting bile that is needed for digestion , and producing necessary for blood clotting.
      ::肝脏位于腹部右侧,其功能包括过滤血液、分泌消化所需的易碎物,以及生产血凝结所需的物质。
    5. The two lungs are located on either side of the upper chest. Their main function is exchanging oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood.
      ::两个肺部位于上胸两侧,其主要功能是用血液交换氧气和二氧化碳。

    lesson content

    Use this shadow diagram of human anatomy to locate the five organs described above: heart, brain, kidneys, liver, and lungs. Do you know the functions of any of the other organs in the diagram?
    ::使用这个人类解剖图来定位上述五种器官:心脏、大脑、肾、肝、肺。您知道图表中其它器官的功能吗?

    Human Organ Systems
    ::人体器官系统

    Functionally related organs often cooperate to form whole organ systems . The 12 diagrams in the figures show 11 human organ systems, including separate diagrams for the male and female reproductive systems. Some of the organs and functions of the organ systems are identified in the figure. Each system is also described in more detail in the text that follows. Most of these human organ systems are also the subject of separate chapters in this book.
    ::与功能有关的机关往往合作组成整个器官系统,图中的12个图表显示11个人体器官系统,包括男女生殖系统分开的图表,图中列出了器官系统的一些器官和功能,下文还更详细地描述了每个系统,这些人体器官系统大多也是本书各章的主题。

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    These diagrams represent 11 human organ systems and show some of their organs and functions. The male and female reproductive systems are shown separately because of their significant differences.
    ::这些图表代表了11个人体器官系统,显示了其部分器官和功能,男女生殖系统由于其显著差异而分别显示。

    Integumentary System
    ::综合系统

    Organs of the integumentary system include the skin, hair, and nails. The skin is the largest organ in the body. It encloses and protects the body and is the site of many sensory receptors . The skin is the body’s first defense against , and it also helps regulate body temperature and eliminate wastes in sweat.
    ::皮肤是身体中最大的器官。皮肤是身体的封闭和保护身体,是许多感官受体的场所。 皮肤是身体的第一道防线,也有助于调节体温,消除汗水中的废物。

    Skeletal System
    ::骨骼系统

    The consists of , , teeth. The bones of the skeletal system are connected by tendons , ligaments , and cartilage . Functions of the skeletal system include supporting the body and giving it shape. Along with the muscular system , the skeletal system enables the body to move. The bones of the skeletal system also protect internal organs, store calcium , and produce red and white blood cells .
    ::骨骼系统的骨骼通过管子、颈部和软骨连接。骨骼系统的功能包括支持身体和使其形状化。骨骼系统与肌肉系统一起使身体移动。骨骼系统的骨骼也保护内脏器官、储存钙,并产生红白血细胞。

    Muscular System
    ::肌肉系统

    The muscular system consists of three different types of , including , which are attached to bones by tendons and allow for voluntary movements of the body. Smooth muscle tissues control the involuntary movements of internal organs, such as the organs of the , allowing food to move through the system. Smooth muscles in allow vasoconstriction and vasodilation, thereby helping to regulate body temperature. Cardiac muscle tissues control the involuntary beating of the heart, allowing it to pump blood through the blood vessels of the .
    ::肌肉系统由三种不同类型的肌肉系统组成,包括:骨骼通过弯曲附着在骨骼上,允许身体自愿移动;肌肉组织控制内器官(如器官)的非自愿移动,允许食物通过系统流动;肌肉系统允许血管收缩和血管血管扩张,从而帮助调节身体温度;心脏肌肉组织控制心脏的非自愿跳动,允许通过血管抽血。

    Nervous System
    ::神经系统

    The includes the brain and spinal cord — which make up the — and nerves that run throughout the rest of the body, making up the . The nervous system controls both voluntary and involuntary responses of the human organism, and also detects and processes sensory information.
    ::神经系统控制人体的自愿和非自愿反应,并检测和处理感官信息。

    Endocrine System
    ::内分泌系统

    The is made up of glands that secrete into the blood, which then carries hormones throughout the body. Endocrine hormones are chemical messengers that control many body functions, including metabolism , growth, and sexual . The master gland of the endocrine system is the pituitary gland , which produces hormones that control other . Some of the other endocrine glands include the pancreas , thyroid gland , and adrenal glands .
    ::内分泌激素是控制许多身体功能(包括新陈代谢、生长和性功能)的化学信使。内分泌系统的主腺是垂体腺,它产生控制其他内分泌腺的荷尔蒙。其他的内分泌腺包括胰腺、甲状腺和肾上腺。

    Cardiovascular System
    ::心血管系统

    The cardiovascular system (also called circulatory system) includes the heart, blood, and three types of blood vessels: arteries , veins , and capillaries. The heart pumps blood, which travels through the blood vessels. The main function of the cardiovascular system is transport. Oxygen from the lungs and nutrients from the digestive system are transported to cells throughout the body. Carbon dioxide and other waste materials are picked up from the cells and transported to organs (such as the lungs and kidneys) for elimination from the body. The cardiovascular system also equalizes body temperature and transports endocrine hormones to cells in the body where they are needed.
    ::心血管系统(也称为循环系统)包括心脏、血液和三种类型的血管:动脉、血管和血管。心脏泵血,通过血管穿行。心血管系统的主要功能是迁移。肺部的氧和消化系统养分被转移到整个身体的细胞中。二氧化碳和其他废物材料从细胞中取出,运到器官(如肺和肾),以便从身体中消除。心血管系统还使身体温度平衡,并将内分泌激素转移到身体中需要的细胞中。

    Lymphatic System
    ::淋巴系统

    The is sometimes considered part of the immune system . It consists of a network of lymph vessels and ducts that collect excess fluid (called lymph) from extracellular spaces in tissues and transport the fluid to the bloodstream. The lymphatic system also includes many small collections of tissue, (called lymph nodes) and an organ called the spleen , both of which remove pathogens and cellular debris from the lymph or blood. In addition, the thymus gland in the lymphatic system produces some types of white blood cells (lymphocytes) that fight infections.
    ::淋巴系统有时被视为免疫系统的一部分,由淋巴容器和管子组成的网络,从组织中的细胞外空间收集过剩的液体(所谓的淋巴),并将液体输送到血液中,淋巴系统还包括许多少量的组织集合(称为淋巴结)和一个称为脾脏的器官,两者都从淋巴或血液中清除病原体和细胞碎片,此外,淋巴系统中的胸腺腺生成了某种防止感染的白血细胞(淋巴细胞)。

    Respiratory System
    ::呼吸系统

    Organs and other structures of the include the nasal passages, lungs, and a long tube called the trachea , which carries air between the nasal passages and lungs. The main function of the respiratory system is to deliver oxygen to the blood and remove carbon dioxide from the body. Gases are exchanged between the lungs and blood across the walls of capillaries lining tiny air sacs (alveoli) in the lungs.
    ::呼吸系统的主要功能是将氧气输送到血液中,从身体中去除二氧化碳,肺部与血液之间在肺部的气囊中互换气体。

    Digestive System
    ::消化系统

    The digestive system consists of several main organs  —  including the mouth, esophagus , stomach , and small and large intestines — that form a long tube called the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Food moves through this tract, where it is digested. Its nutrients are then absorbed, and its waste products are excreted. The digestive system also includes accessory organs (such as the pancreas and liver) that produce and other substances needed for digestion, but through which food does not actually pass.
    ::消化系统由几种主要器官组成,包括口腔、食道、胃和大小肠道,形成一个称为胃肠道的长管,食物经过这一道,在那里消化,然后吸收养分,排出废物,消化系统还包括生产消化所需的副器官(如胰腺和肝脏)和其他物质,但食物实际上没有通过。

    Urinary System
    ::内脏系统

    The is part of the , which  removes  wastes from the body. The urinary system includes the pair of kidneys, which filter excess and a waste product (called urea) from the blood and form urine. Two tubes called ureters carry the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder , which stores the urine until it is excreted from the body through another tube called  the urethra . The kidneys also produce an enzyme called renin and a variety of hormones. These substances help regulate , the production of red blood cells , and the balance of calcium and phosphorus in the body.
    ::尿道系统包括一对肾脏,通过血液和尿液过滤过量的肾脏和一种废物(称为尿素),两管叫尿管,将尿液从肾脏运到膀胱,将尿液储存起来,直到通过另一个管子(尿素)从身体中排出,肾还产生一种酶,叫作列宁和各种激素,这些物质有助于调节红细胞的生产,以及体内的钙和磷的平衡。

    Male and Female Reproductive Systems
    ::男性和女性生殖系统

    The reproductive system is the only body system that differs substantially between males and females. Both male and female reproductive systems produce sex-specific sex hormones ( testosterone in males, estrogen in females) and gametes ( in males, eggs in females). However, the organs involved in these processes are different. The includes the epididymis , testes , and penis . The includes the uterus , ovaries , and mammary glands . The male and female systems also have different additional roles. For example, the male system has the role of delivering gametes to the female reproductive tract, whereas the female system has the roles of supporting an embryo and fetus until birth and also producing milk for the infant after birth.
    ::生殖系统是男女之间唯一差别很大的身体系统,男性和女性生殖系统都产生性别特有的性激素(雄性长龙、雌性雌性激素)和调子(雄性、雌性蛋),但是,这些过程所涉及的器官不同,包括肾上腺、睾丸和阴茎,包括子宫、卵巢和哺乳腺,男女生殖系统也具有不同的额外作用,例如,男性系统的作用是向女性生殖器官提供调子,而女性系统的作用是支持胚胎和胎儿直到出生,并为婴儿产后生产牛奶。

    Feature: Human Biology in the News
    ::特著:《新闻》中的人类生物学

    Organ transplantation has been performed by surgeons for more than six decades, and you’ve no doubt heard of people receiving heart, lung, and kidney transplants. However, you may have never heard of a penis transplant. The first U.S. penis transplant was performed in May 2016 at Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston. The 15-hour procedure involved a team of more than 50 physicians, surgeons, and nurses. The patient was a 64-year-old man who had lost his penis to in 2012. The surgical milestone involved grafting microscopic blood vessels and nerves of the donor organ to those of the recipient. As with most transplant patients, this patient will have to take immunosuppressing drugs for the rest of his life so his immune system will not reject the organ. The transplant team said that their success with this transplant “holds promise for patients with devastating genitourinary injuries and disease.” They also hope their experiences will be helpful for gender reassignment surgery.
    ::六十多年来,外科医生进行了器官移植,毫无疑问,你听说过有人接受心脏、肺和肾移植。然而,你可能从未听说过阴茎移植。第一次美国阴茎移植手术是2016年5月在波士顿马萨诸塞总医院进行的。15小时手术涉及50多个医生、外科医生和护士组成的团队。 病人是一位64岁男子,在2012年失去了阴茎。手术里程碑涉及到将微生物血管和捐血器官神经移植给接受者。 与大多数移植病人一样,这位病人将不得不为他的余生服用免疫抑制药物,这样他的免疫系统就不会拒绝器官。 移植小组说,他们成功移植手术“对患有毁灭性生殖器官伤害和疾病的病人有希望 ” 。 他们还希望他们的经历能有助于变性手术。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • An organ is a collection of tissues joined in a structural unit to serve a common function. Many organs are composed of a major tissue that performs the organ’s main function, as well as other tissues that play supporting roles.
      ::器官是一个组织集合体,组成一个结构单位,以发挥共同功能。 许多器官由一个主要组织组成,履行器官的主要功能,以及发挥辅助作用的其他组织。
    • The human body contains five organs that are considered vital for survival. They are the heart, brain, kidneys, liver, and lungs. If any of these five organs stops functioning, death of the organism is imminent without medical intervention.
      ::人体包含五种被认为对生存至关重要的器官。它们是心脏、大脑、肾、肝和肺。如果这五种器官中的任何一种停止功能,有机体的死亡在没有医疗干预的情况下即将发生。
    • Functionally related organs often cooperate to form whole organ systems. There are 11 major organ systems in the human organism. They are the integumentary, skeletal, muscular, nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive systems. Only the reproductive system varies significantly between males and females.
      ::与功能有关的器官往往合作组成整个器官系统,人体有机体有11个主要器官系统,它们是肿瘤系统、骨骼系统、肌肉系统、神经系统、内分泌系统、心血管系统、淋巴系统、呼吸系统、消化系统、尿系统和生殖系统,只有生殖系统在男性和女性之间差别很大。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is the primary  tissue in the heart, and what is its role?
    ::1. 心脏的主组织是什么,其作用是什么?

    2. What non-muscle tissues are found in the heart? What are their functions?
    ::2. 心脏中发现了什么非肌肉组织?其功能是什么?

    3. Identify two vital organs in the human body. Identify their locations and functions.
    ::3. 确定人体的两个重要器官,确定它们的位置和职能。

    4. List three human organ systems. For each organ system, identify some of its organs and functions.
    ::4. 列出三个人体器官系统:每个器官系统应指明其一些机关和职能。

    5. Compare and contrast the male and female reproductive systems.
    ::5. 比较和对比男女生殖系统。

    6. For each of the following pairs of organ systems, describe one way in which they work together and/or overlap:
    ::6. 对于下列各对器官系统,说明它们共同工作和(或)重叠的方式:

    a. skeletal system and muscular system
    ::a. 骨骼系统和肌肉系统

    b. muscular system and digestive system
    ::b. 肌肉系统和消化系统

    c. endocrine system and reproductive system
    ::c. 内分泌系统和生殖系统

    d. cardiovascular system and urinary system
    ::d. 心血管系统和小便系统

     

    7. What is the largest organ of the human body?
    ::7. 人体最大的器官是什么?

     

    8. What are three organ systems involved in regulating human body temperature?
    ::8. 在调节人体温度方面涉及哪些三个器官系统?

     

    9. Teeth are part of  the _____________ system.
    ::9. 牙齿是系统的一部分。

    a. integumentary
    ::a. 整数

    b. skeletal
    ::b. 骨骼

    c. nervous
    ::c. 神经紧张

    c. A and B
    ::c. A和B

     

    10.  Which organ system includes hair?
    ::10. 哪个器官系统包括毛发?

     

    11. True or False:  Organs only exist in animals.
    ::11. 真实或假:只有动物才存在器官。

     

    12. True or False:  The respiratory system helps remove wastes from the body.  
    ::12. 真实或假:呼吸系统有助于将废物从身体中清除出来。

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Professor Anthony Atala is working to answer an important question: Can we grow new replacement organs, rather than transplanting organs from other people? In his state-of-the-art lab, he and his associates are actually growing human organs, including blood vessels, bladders, and kidneys. Watch the fascinating TED talk below to see how they are doing it.
    ::Anthony Atala教授正在努力回答一个重要的问题:我们能否种植新的替代器官,而不是从其他人那里移植器官?在他的最先进的实验室中,他和他的同伙实际上正在种植人体器官,包括血管、膀胱和肾脏。看看下面的TED精彩演讲,看看他们是如何做到的。

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    While organ transplants saves countless lives, they often fail. Learn more here: 
    ::器官移植拯救无数生命,但往往失败。