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  • 人体身体健康

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    Contain the Brain
    ::包含大脑

    You probably recognize the colorful object in this photo as a human brain . The brain is arguably the most important organ in the . Fortunately for us, the brain has its own special “container,” called the cranial cavity. The cranial cavity enclosing the brain is just one of several cavities in the human body that form “containers” for vital organs.
    ::你可能认识到这张照片中的多彩物体是人脑。 大脑可以说是该照片中最重要的器官。幸运的是,对我们来说,大脑有自己的特殊的“容器 ” , 叫做脑腔。 大脑的脊髓腔只是人体中构成重要器官“容器”的几个洞中的一个。

    What Are Body Cavities?
    ::什么是身体腐烂?

    The human body, like that of many other , is divided into a number of body cavities. A body cavity is a fluid-filled space inside the body that holds and protects internal organs. Human body cavities are separated by membranes and other structures. The two largest human body cavities are the ventral cavity and dorsal cavity. These two body cavities are subdivided into smaller body cavities. Both the dorsal and ventral cavities and their subdivisions are shown in the diagram .
    ::人体和许多其他身体一样,被分为若干个身体腔。身体腔是身体内装满液体的空间,保持和保护内部器官。人体腔由膜和其他结构隔开。最大的两个人体腔是呼吸道腔和口腔。这两个身体腔被细分为较小的身体腔。圆和口腔及其细分部分都显示在图表中。

    lesson content

    Human body cavities
    ::人体体腔

    Ventral Cavity
    ::文特拉尔食堂

    The ventral cavity is at the anterior (or front) of the trunk. Organs contained within this body cavity include the lungs , heart, stomach , intestines, and reproductive organs. The ventral cavity allows for considerable changes in the size and shape of the organs inside  as they perform their functions. O rgans such as the lungs, stomach, or uterus , for example, can expand or contract without distorting other tissues or disrupting the activities of nearby organs.
    ::内腔的器官包括肺部、心脏、胃部、肠道和生殖器官; 内部的胃部和外形在起作用时允许体内器官的大小和形状发生相当大的变化; 例如,肺部、胃部或子宫等器官可以扩大或缩缩,而不会扭曲其他组织或干扰附近器官的活动。

    The ventral cavity is subdivided into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.
    ::呼吸腔腔又细分为胸腔和腹腔。

    • The thoracic cavity fills the chest and is subdivided into two pleural cavities and the pericardial cavity. The pleural cavities hold the lungs, and the pericardial cavity holds the heart.
      ::胸腔插入胸腔,再分为两个胸腔和腹心腔。胸腔控制着肺部,腹心腔控制着心脏。
    • The abdominopelvic cavity fills the lower half of the trunk and is subdivided into the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity. The abdominal cavity holds digestive organs and the , and the pelvic cavity holds reproductive organs and organs of excretion .
      ::腹腔胸腔为腹腔和腹腔,腹腔为消化器官,腹腔为生殖器官和排泄器官。

    Dorsal Cavity
    ::多拉尔洞穴

    The dorsal cavity is at the posterior (or back) of the body, including both the head and the back of the trunk. The dorsal cavity is subdivided into the cranial and spinal cavities.
    ::口腔腔位于身体的后部(或后部),包括后备箱的头部和后部。口腔又细分为脊髓和脊椎腔。

    • The cranial cavity fills most of the upper part of the skull and contains the brain.
      ::头骨的上部部部位 都充斥着脑部
    • The spinal cavity is a very long, narrow cavity inside the vertebral column . It runs the length of the trunk and contains the spinal cord .
      ::脊椎腔在脊椎柱内是一个非常长、狭窄的洞穴,长于后备箱长度,内含脊髓。

    The brain and spinal cord are protected by the of the skull and the vertebrae of the spine. They are further protected by the meninges, a three-layer membrane that encloses the brain and spinal cord. A thin layer of cerebrospinal fluid is maintained between two of the meningeal layers. This clear fluid is produced by the brain, and it provides extra protection and cushioning for the brain and spinal cord.
    ::大脑和脊椎的脊椎受头骨和脊椎的保护。它们还受到三层膜的保护。三层膜将大脑和脊髓连接在一起。脑脊髓和脊髓的两层之间保持一层薄薄的脑脊髓液。脑脑和脊椎的液由大脑产生,为大脑和脊髓提供了额外的保护和衬垫。

    Feature: My Human Body
    ::特质:我的人体

    The meninges membranes that protect the brain and spinal cord inside their cavities may become inflamed, generally due to a bacterial or viral infection. This condition is called meningitis , and it can lead to serious long-term consequences such as deafness, epilepsy, or cognitive deficits, especially if not treated quickly. Meningitis can also rapidly become life-threatening, so it is classified as a medical emergency.
    ::通常由于细菌或病毒感染,保护大脑和腹腔脊髓的脑膜膜可能发炎。 这种疾病被称为脑膜炎,可能导致严重的长期后果,如耳聋、癫痫或认知缺陷,特别是如果不迅速治疗。 脑膜炎也可能迅速危及生命,因此被归类为医疗紧急情况。

    Learning the symptoms of meningitis may help you or a loved one get prompt medical attention if you ever develop the disease. Common symptoms include fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Other symptoms include confusion or altered consciousness, vomiting, and an inability to tolerate light or loud noises. Young children often exhibit less specific symptoms, such as irritability, drowsiness, or poor feeding.
    ::学习脑膜炎的症状可能会帮助您或亲人得到及时的医疗护理,如果您曾经患上这种疾病的话。常见症状包括发烧、头痛和颈部僵硬。其他症状包括意识混乱或改变、呕吐和无法忍受光或噪音。 幼儿经常出现不那么具体的症状,如不耐烦、懒惰或喂食不良。

    Meningitis is diagnosed with a lumbar puncture ( commonly known as a "spinal tap"), in which a needle is inserted into the spinal canal to collect a sample of cerebrospinal fluid. The fluid is analyzed for the presence of in a medical lab. If meningitis is diagnosed, treatment consists of antibiotics and sometimes antiviral drugs . Corticosteroids may also be administered to reduce inflammation and the risk of complications (such as brain damage). Supportive measures such as IV fluids may also be provided.
    ::脑膜炎被诊断为乳头刺穿(通常称为“脊髓刺”),针插入脊髓脏,以采集脑脊髓液样本,对液液进行分析,以确定是否在医疗实验室出现;如果诊断出脑膜炎,治疗包括抗生素,有时是抗病毒药物;也可以对皮质类固醇进行施用,以减少炎症和并发症风险(如脑损伤);还可以提供IV液等辅助措施。

    Some types of meningitis can be prevented with a vaccine . Ask your health care professional whether you have had the vaccine or should get it. Giving antibiotics to people who have had significant exposure to certain types of meningitis may reduce their risk of developing the disease. If someone you know is diagnosed with meningitis and you are concerned about contracting the disease yourself, see your doctor for advice. 
    ::使用疫苗可以预防某些类型的脑膜炎。 询问你的保健专业人员你是否接种了疫苗或者应该接种了疫苗。 给那些严重接触过某些类型的脑膜炎的人提供抗生素可能会降低他们发展这种疾病的风险。 如果您知道的人被诊断患有脑膜炎,而且你担心自己感染这种疾病,请见医生咨询。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The human body is divided into a number of body cavities, fluid-filled spaces in the body that hold and protect internal organs. The two largest human body cavities are the ventral cavity and dorsal cavity.
      ::人体分为若干个身体洞穴,在保持和保护内脏器官的体内装满液体的空间,最大的两个人体洞穴是呼吸道洞穴和口腔洞穴。
    • The ventral cavity is at the anterior (or front) of the trunk. It is subdivided into the thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity.
      ::口腔腔在后备箱前部(或前部),再细分为胸腔和腹腔。
    • The dorsal cavity is at the posterior (or back) of the body, and includes the head and the back of the trunk. It is subdivided into the cranial cavity and spinal cavity.
      ::背腔腔位于身体的后部(或后部),包括后备箱的头部和后部,再分为脊椎腔和脊椎腔。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is a body cavity?
    ::1. 什么是体腔?

    2. Compare and contrast the ventral and dorsal body cavities.
    ::2. 比较和对比呼吸和体腔。

    3. Identify the subdivisions of the ventral cavity, and the organs each contains.
    ::3. 标明呼吸腔的分部和每个内含的器官。

    4. Describe the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity and their contents.
    ::4. 描述服腔及其内装物的分类。

    5. Identify and describe all the tissues that protect the brain and spinal cord.
    ::5. 识别和描述保护大脑和脊髓的所有组织。

    6. What do you think might happen if fluid were to build up excessively in one of the body cavities?
    ::6. 如果液体在一个身体洞穴中过量积聚,你认为会发生什么情况?

    7. Explain why a woman’s body can accommodate a full-term fetus during pregnancy without damaging  her internal organs.
    ::7. 解释为什么妇女的身体可以在怀孕期间接受全时胎儿,而不会损害其内脏。

    8. Which body cavity does the needle enter in a lumbar puncture?
    ::8. 针头在腰部刺穿时进入哪个身体的洞穴?

    9. What are the names given to the three body cavity divisions where the heart is located?
    ::9. 心脏所在的三个身体腔分管的名称是什么?

    10. What are the names given to the three body cavity divisions where the kidneys are located?
    ::10. 肾脏所在的三个体腔部的名称是什么?

    11. True or False:  The stomach is located in the dorsal cavity.
    ::11. 真实或虚假:胃部位于背部腔内。

    12. True or False:  A body cavity must open to the outside world.
    ::12. 真实或假:体腔必须向外部世界开放。

    13. True or False:  The vertebral column surrounds the spinal cavity.
    ::13. 真实或假:脊椎柱环绕脊椎腔。

    14. The _________ cavity is directly below the thoracic cavity.
    ::14. 胆固度直接低于胸腔。

    15. What is the name of the fluid that protects the brain and spinal cord?
    ::15. 保护大脑和脊髓的液体叫什么名字?

    a. meningeal
    ::a. 脑膜炎

    b. cerebrospinal
    ::b. 脑脊椎

    c. lumbar
    ::c. 腰

    d. cranial
    ::d. 日经

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Learn about this man's personal account of having meningitis.
    ::了解这个人脑膜炎的个人情况

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

     

    Check out this video of a lumbar puncture procedure:  
    ::校对:Portnoy