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  • 精神活性药物

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    Art in a Cup
    ::杯中艺术

    Who knew that a cup of coffee could also be a work of art? A talented barista can make coffee look as good as it tastes. If you are a coffee drinker, you probably know that coffee can also affect your mental state. It can make you more alert, and it may improve your concentration. That’s because the caffeine in coffee is a psychoactive drug . In fact, caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world. In North America, for example, 90 percent of adults consume caffeine daily.
    ::谁知道一杯咖啡也是一种艺术作品?一个有才华的咖啡师可以把咖啡弄得和它味道一样好。如果你是咖啡喝家,你可能会知道咖啡也会影响你的心理状态。它可以提高你的警觉性,提高你的集中度。这是因为咖啡中的咖啡因是一种精神活性药物。事实上,咖啡因是世界上消费最广泛的精神活性物质。例如,在北美,90%的成年人每天消费咖啡因。

    What Are Psychoactive Drugs?
    ::什么是精神活性药物?

    Psychoactive drugs are substances that change the function of the brain and result in alterations of mood, thinking, perception, and/or behavior. Psychoactive drugs may be used for many purposes, including therapeutic, ritual, or recreational purposes. Besides caffeine, other examples of psychoactive drugs include cocaine, LSD, alcohol, tobacco, codeine, and morphine. Psychoactive drugs may be legal prescription medications (codeine and morphine), legal nonprescription drugs (alcohol and tobacco), or illegal drugs (cocaine and LSD).
    ::精神活性药物是改变大脑功能并导致情绪、思想、感知和/或行为改变的物质; 精神活性药物可用于多种目的,包括治疗、仪式或娱乐目的; 除了咖啡因以外,其他精神活性药物的例子包括可卡因、迷幻剂、酒精、烟草、可待因和吗啡; 精神活性药物可以是合法处方药(可待因和吗啡)、合法非处方药物(酒精和烟草)或非法药物(可卡因和迷幻剂)。

    Cannabis (or marijuana) is also a psychoactive drug, but its status is in flux, at least in the United States. Depending on jurisdiction, cannabis may be used recreationally and/or medically, and it may be legal or illegal. Legal prescription medications (such as opioids) are also used illegally by increasingly large numbers of people. Some legal drugs, such as alcohol and nicotine, are readily available almost everywhere, as illustrated by the sign pictured .
    ::大麻(或大麻)也是一种精神活性药物,但其状况在不断变化,至少在美国是这样,根据司法管辖权,大麻可以以娱乐和/或医疗方式使用,也可以合法或非法使用,越来越多的人非法使用合法处方药(如类阿片),酒精和尼古丁等一些合法药物几乎随处可见,如标语图所示。

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    Adverstising for legal psychoactive drugs is ubiquitous.
    ::对合法精神活性药物的反对无处不在。

    Classes of Psychoactive Drugs
    ::精神活性药物类别

    Psychoactive drugs are divided into different classes based on  their pharmacological effects. Several classes are listed below, along with examples of commonly used drugs in each class.
    ::精神活性药物根据其药理效应分为不同的类别,以下列出若干类别,以及每类常用药物的例子。

    • Stimulants are drugs that stimulate the brain and increase alertness and wakefulness. Examples of stimulants include caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, and amphetamines (such as Adderall).
      ::兴奋剂是刺激大脑和增加警觉和觉醒的药物,兴奋剂的例子包括咖啡因、尼古丁、可卡因和苯丙胺(如Adderall)。
    • Depressants are drugs that calm the brain, reduce anxious feelings, and induce sleepiness. Examples of depressants include ethanol (in alcoholic beverages) and opioids, such as codeine and heroin.
      ::抑制剂是让大脑平静、减少焦虑情绪和诱发睡眠的药物。 抑制剂的例子包括乙醇(酒精饮料 ) 和类阿片(如可待因和海洛因 ) 。
    • Anxiolytics are drugs that have a tranquilizing effect and inhibit anxiety. Examples of anxiolytic drugs include benzodiazepines (such as diazepam/Valium), barbiturates (such as phenobarbital), opioids, and antidepressant drugs (such as sertraline/Zoloft).
      ::镇静剂是具有镇静作用和抑制焦虑的药物,其例包括苯并二氮杂卓(如二氮-安定)、巴比妥酸盐(如苯巴比妥)、类阿片和抗抑郁药物(如/)。
    • Euphoriants are drugs that bring about a state of euphoria, or intense feelings of well-being and happiness. Examples of euphoriants include the so-called "club drug" MDMA (ecstasy), amphetamines, ethanol, and opioids (such as morphine).
      ::兴奋剂是导致兴奋或幸福和幸福的强烈感觉的药物。 兴奋剂的例子包括所谓的“俱乐部药物 ” ( 摇头丸 ) 、 安非他明、乙醇和类阿片(如吗啡 ) 。
    • Hallucinogens are drugs that can cause hallucinations and other perceptual anomalies. They also cause subjective changes in thoughts, emotions, and consciousness. Examples of hallucinogens include LSD, mescaline, nitrous oxide, and psilocybin.
      ::致幻剂是可能导致幻觉和其他感官反常的药物,也会导致思想、情感和意识的主观改变。 致幻剂的例子包括迷幻剂、麦斯卡林、一氧化二氮和psilocybin。
    • Empathogens are drugs that produce feelings of empathy, or sympathy with other people. Examples of empathogens include amphetamines and MDMA.
      ::致病原体是产生同情感或同情他人的药物,病原体的例子包括苯丙胺和甲基安非他明。

    Many psychoactive drugs have multiple effects, so they may be placed in more than one class. One  example is MDMA, pictured , which may act both as a euphoriant and as an empathogen. In some people, MDMA may also have stimulant or hallucinogenic effects. As of 2016, MDMA had no accepted medical uses, but it was undergoing testing for use in the treatment of post-traumatic stress disorder and certain other types of anxiety disorders.
    ::许多精神活性药物具有多重影响,因此可以将其置于一个以上类别。其中一个例子是MDMA, 图片显示,它既可以起到兴奋剂的作用,也可以起到病原体的作用。在一些人中,MDMA还可能具有兴奋剂或致幻作用。 截至2016年,MDMA没有被接受的医疗用途,但正在接受用于治疗创伤后应激障碍和某些其他焦虑紊乱的测试。

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    Ecstasy (MDMA) is most commonly taken in tablet form, like the tablets shown here.
    ::迷魂药(MDMA)最常以平板形式出现,如此处所示的平板药一样。

    Mechanisms of Action
    ::行动机制

    Psychoactive drugs generally produce their effects by affecting brain chemistry, which in turn may cause changes in a person’s mood, thinking, perception, and behavior. Each drug tends to have a specific action on one or more neurotransmitters or neurotransmitter receptors in the brain. Generally, they act as either agonists or antagonists.
    ::精神活性药物通常通过影响大脑化学而产生效果,而脑化学反过来又会改变一个人的情绪、思维、感觉和行为。 每种药物都倾向于对大脑中的一种或多种神经传递器或神经传递受体采取特定行动。 一般来说,它们要么是激动主义者,要么是对抗主义者。

    • Agonists are drugs that increase the activity of particular neurotransmitters. They might act by promoting the synthesis of the neurotransmitters, reducing their reuptake from , or mimicking their action by binding to receptors for the neurotransmitters.
      ::激动剂是增加特定神经传导器活动的药物。 它们可以通过促进神经传导器合成、减少神经传导器的再吸收或模仿其行为,将神经传导器的受体捆绑起来。
    • Antagonists are drugs that decrease the activity of particular neurotransmitters. They might act by interfering with the synthesis of the neurotransmitters or by blocking their receptors so the neurotransmitters cannot bind to them.
      ::对抗药物是减少特定神经传导器活动的药物。 它们可能干扰神经传导器合成,或堵塞其受体,使神经传导器无法与它们结合。

    Consider the example of the neurotransmitter GABA. This is one of the most common neurotransmitters in the brain, and it normally has an inhibitory effect on . GABA agonists — which increase its activity — include ethanol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines, among other psychoactive drugs. All of these drugs work by promoting the activity of GABA receptors in the brain.
    ::以神经传播器GABA为例。 这是大脑中最常见的神经传播器之一,通常会对GABA刺激剂产生抑制作用,因为GABA刺激剂增加了它的活动,包括乙醇、巴比妥酸盐和苯并二氮杂卓,以及其他精神活性药物。 所有这些药物都通过促进GABA受体在大脑中的活动而发挥作用。

    Uses of Psychoactive Drugs
    ::使用精神活性药物

    You may have been prescribed psychoactive drugs by your doctor. For example, you r doctor may have prescribed you  an opioid drug, such as codeine for pain (most likely in the form of Tylenol with added codeine). Chances are you also use nonprescription psychoactive drugs (like caffeine) for mental alertness. These are just two of the many possible uses of psychoactive drugs.
    ::医生可能给你开过精神活性药物处方。 比如,你的医生可能给你开过类阿片药物处方,比如止痛药(很可能是Tylenol和添加的可待因)。你还有可能使用非处方精神活性药物(如咖啡因)来保持精神警觉。这只是精神活性药物的许多可能用途中的两种。

    Medical Uses
    ::医疗用途

    G eneral anesthesia is one use of psychoactive drugs in medicine. With general anesthesia, pain is blocked and unconsciousness is induced. General anesthetics are most often used during surgical procedures and may be administered in gaseous form, as in the photo . General anesthetics include the drugs halothane and ketamine. Other psychoactive drugs are used to manage pain without affecting consciousness. They may be prescribed either for acute pain in cases of trauma (such as broken bones) or for chronic pain caused by arthritis, , or fibromyalgia. Most often, the drugs used for pain control are opioids, such as morphine and codeine.
    ::一般麻醉是药物中精神活性药物的一种用途,一般麻醉是抑制疼痛和诱发失去知觉的,一般麻醉在外科手术中最经常地使用,并且可以气态方式进行,如照片所示。一般麻醉包括卤丹和氯胺酮。其他精神活性药物用于控制疼痛,而不会影响意识。在创伤(如骨折)或关节炎、或纤维瘤导致的慢性疼痛的情况下,可以处治急性疼痛,而用于止痛的药物通常是阿片,如吗啡和可待因。

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    This child is being prepared to receive a general anesthetic prior to surgery.
    ::这个孩子正在准备在手术前接受一般麻醉。

    Many psychiatric disorders are also managed with psychoactive drugs. Antidepressants like  sertraline, for example, are used to treat depression, anxiety, and . Anxiety disorders may also be treated with anxiolytics, such as buspirone and diazepam. Stimulants (such as amphetamines) are used to treat attention deficit disorder. Antipsychotics (such as clozapine and risperidone) — as well as mood stabilizers, such as lithium — are used to treat schizophrenia and bipolar disorder.
    ::许多精神紊乱症也用精神活性药物来管理,例如用抗抑郁剂,例如抗忧郁剂来治疗抑郁症、焦虑症和焦虑症,还可能用厌氧症治疗,如百草枯和二氮丙胺。 兴奋剂(如苯丙胺)用来治疗注意力缺失症。 抗精神病(如氯氰平和抗抑郁素)——以及情绪稳定剂,如锂——用来治疗精神分裂症和双极紊乱。

    Ritual Uses
    ::例行使用

    Certain psychoactive drugs, particularly hallucinogens, have been used for ritual purposes since prehistoric times. For example, Native Americans have used the mescaline-containing peyote cactus (pictured ) for religious ceremonies for as long as 5,700 years. In prehistoric Europe, the mushroom Amanita muscaria , which contains a hallucinogenic drug called muscimol, was used for similar purposes. Various other psychoactive drugs — including jimsonweed, psilocybin mushrooms, and cannabis —  have also been used by various peoples for ritual purposes for millennia.
    ::自史前时代以来,某些精神活性药物,特别是致幻剂,一直用于宗教仪式,例如,美洲原住民在5,700年的宗教仪式上一直使用含有麦斯卡林颗粒仙人掌(图象),在史前的欧洲,含有一种致幻药物,叫做 Muscimol 的蘑菇Amanita muscaria也被用于类似目的,其他各种精神活性药物,包括Jimsonweed、psilocybin蘑菇和大麻,也被各民族用于千年的仪式。

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    The peyote cactus contains a hallucinogenic drug that is still used by some Native Americans for religious rituals.
    ::皮奥特仙人掌含有一种致幻药物,一些土著美国人仍在用于宗教仪式。

    Recreational Uses
    ::娱乐用途

    The recreational use of psychoactive drugs generally has the purpose of altering one’s consciousness and creating a feeling of euphoria commonly called a “high.” Some of the drugs used most commonly for recreational purposes are  cannabis, ethanol, opioids, and stimulants (such as nicotine). Hallucinogens are also used recreationally, primarily for the alterations they cause in thinking and perception.
    ::娱乐性使用精神活性药物的目的通常是改变人们的意识,制造一种通常被称为“高”的快感。 一些最常用于娱乐目的的药物是大麻、乙醇、类阿片和兴奋剂(如尼古丁 ) 。 致幻剂也被娱乐性地使用,主要用于思想和感知的改变。

    Some investigators have suggested that the urge to alter one’s state of consciousness is a universal human drive, similar to the drive to satiate thirst, hunger, or sexual desire. They think that this instinct  is even present in children, who may attain an altered state by repetitive motions, such as spinning or swinging. Some nonhuman also exhibit a drive to experience altered states. T hey may consume fermented berries or fruit and become intoxicated. The way cats respond to catnip (see picture ) is another example.
    ::一些调查人员指出,改变人们意识状态的冲动是一种普遍的人类驱动力,类似于满足渴、饥饿或性欲的驱动力。 他们认为这种本能甚至存在于儿童身上,他们可能通过反复的动作(如旋转或摇摆)获得改变状态。 一些非人类的人还表现出了体验改变状态的动力。 他们可能消费发酵的浆果或水果并变得醉酒。 猫对猫咪的反应方式(见图片)是另一个例子。

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    This cat is holding a catnip toy and apparently enjoying its psychoactive effects.
    ::这只猫拿着猫咪玩具 享受着它的精神作用

    Addiction, Dependence, and Rehabilitation
    ::致瘾、依赖症和康复

    Psychoactive substances often bring about subjective changes that the user may find pleasant (euphoria) or advantageous (increased alertness). These changes are rewarding and positively reinforcing, so they have the potential for misuse, addiction, and dependence. Addiction refers to the compulsive use of a drug, despite negative consequences that such use may entail. Sustained use of an addictive drug may produce dependence on the drug. Dependence may be physical and/or psychological. It occurs when cessation of drug use produces withdrawal symptoms. Physical dependence produces physical withdrawal symptoms, which may include tremors, pain, seizures, or insomnia. Psychological dependence produces psychological withdrawal symptoms, such as anxiety, depression, paranoia, or hallucinations.
    ::精神活性物质往往带来主观变化,使使用者发现其可能感到愉快(优phoria)或有利(提高警惕)或有利(提高警惕),这些变化是有益和积极的加强,因此具有被滥用、吸毒成瘾和依赖的潜在可能性。 成瘾是指强迫使用一种药物,尽管这种使用可能造成负面后果。 持续使用一种上瘾药物可能会导致对药物的依赖。 依赖可能是身体上的和/或心理上的。当停止使用药物产生症状时,就会发生这种症状。身体依赖产生身体戒毒症状,其中可能包括颤抖、疼痛、癫痫或失眠。心理依赖产生心理戒毒症状,例如焦虑、抑郁、偏执或幻觉。

    Rehabilitation for drug dependence and addiction typically involves psychotherapy, which may include both individual and group therapy. Organizations such as Alcoholics Anonymous (AA) and Narcotics Anonymous (NA) may also be helpful for people trying to recover from addiction. These groups are self-described as international mutual aid fellowships, and  their primary purpose is to help addicts achieve and maintain sobriety. In some cases, rehabilitation is aided by the temporary use of psychoactive substances that reduce cravings and withdrawal symptoms without creating addiction themselves. T he drug methadone, for example, is commonly used to treat heroin addiction.
    ::戒毒和戒毒通常包括心理治疗,其中可包括个人和团体治疗,酒精匿名和麻醉品匿名等组织也可能有助于试图戒毒的人,这些团体自称为国际互助研究金,其主要目的是帮助吸毒成瘾者实现和保持清醒,在某些情况下,通过临时使用精神活性物质来帮助康复,这种物质可以减少渴望和戒除症状,同时又不会造成成瘾,例如,美沙酮药物通常用于治疗海洛因上瘾。

    Feature: Human Biology in the News
    ::特著:《新闻》中的人类生物学

    In the United States, a lot of media attention is currently given to a rising tide of opioid addiction and overdose deaths. Opioids are drugs derived from the opium poppy or synthetic versions of such drugs. They include the illegal drug heroin, as well as prescription painkillers such as codeine, morphine, hydrocodone, oxycodone, and fentanyl. In 2016, fentanyl received wide media attention when it was announced that an accidental fentanyl overdose was responsible for the death of music icon Prince. Fentanyl is an extremely strong and dangerous drug, said to be 50 to 100 times stronger than morphine, making risk of overdose death from fentanyl very high.
    ::在美国,目前媒体对阿片吸毒成瘾和吸毒过量致死的潮流给予了大量关注,类阿片是源自罂粟或合成此类药物的药物,包括非法药物海洛因,以及处方止痛药,如可待因、吗啡、羟考酮、羟考酮和芬太尼。 2016年,芬太尼受到媒体的广泛关注,当时媒体宣布,意外的芬太尼过量是造成音乐偶像王子死亡的原因。 芬太尼是一种极其强大和危险的药物,据说比吗啡强50至100倍,导致芬太尼致死的风险非常高。

    The dramatic increase in opioid addiction and overdose deaths has been called an opioid epidemic . It is considered to be the worst drug crisis in American history. Consider the following facts:
    ::类阿片吸毒成瘾和吸毒过量死亡的急剧增加被称为类阿片流行病,被认为是美国历史上最严重的毒品危机。

    • In 1999, there were more than twice as many accidental deaths from motor vehicle crashes than from drug overdoses. By 2014, these causes of accidental death were reversed, with close to 40 percent more accidental deaths from drug overdoses than car crashes. The majority of these drug overdose deaths were from heroin and opioid painkillers.
      ::1999年,死于机动车撞车的意外死亡人数是吸毒过量的两倍多。 到2014年,这些意外死亡原因得到了扭转,吸毒过量造成的意外死亡比车祸增加近40%。 这些吸毒过量死亡大多来自海洛因和类阿片止痛剂。
    • In 1999, the stimulant drug cocaine killed about twice as many people as did heroin. By 2014, deaths from heroin were up by 439 percent. During the same interval, deaths from cocaine also rose slightly, but were a much smaller proportion of all drug deaths than those caused by heroin.
      ::1999年,兴奋剂毒品可卡因造成的死亡人数比海洛因多一倍左右。 到2014年,海洛因造成的死亡人数上升了439 % 。 在同一间隔期间,可卡因造成的死亡人数也略有上升,但在所有毒品死亡人数中的比例要小得多。
    • In 2014, 4.8 million Americans reported using heroin at some point in their lives, and 4.3 million reported using prescription painkillers non-medically in the previous month.
      ::2014年,480万美国人报告在其生命的某个时刻使用海洛因,430万美国人报告上个月使用处方止痛药,非医疗止痛药。

    The opioid epidemic in the United States has occurred in all demographic groups, including every ethnic, age, gender, and socioeconomic category. What has caused this epidemic? The answer appears to be an equally dramatic increase in the medical use of prescription painkillers. In 1991, about 76 million prescriptions were written for painkillers. In 2011, the number of prescriptions for these drugs had risen to 219 million — an almost three-fold increase! During these same two decades, Mexican drug cartels began shipping huge amounts of heroin to the United States. Heroin became cheaper and easier to buy than prescription painkillers. Many people who became addicted to prescription opioids switched to heroin. About 80 percent of new heroin users in 2014 reported that they started out misusing prescription painkillers.
    ::美国的类阿片流行病发生在所有人口群体中,包括每个种族、年龄、性别和社会经济类别。是什么原因导致了这一流行病?答案似乎是处方止痛药医疗用量同样急剧增加。1991年,约有7 600万处方用于止痛药。2011年,这些药物的处方数量上升到2.19亿,几乎增加了三倍!在这20年中,墨西哥毒品卡特尔开始向美国运送大量海洛因。海洛因变得比处方止痛药便宜,更容易购买。许多对处方止痛药上瘾的人转向海洛因。2014年,大约80%的新海洛因使用者报告说,他们开始滥用处方止痛药。

    Doctors, public health professionals, and politicians have all called for new policies, funding, programs, and laws to address the opioid epidemic. Changes that have already been made include a shift from criminalizing to medicalizing the problem, more  treatment programs, and more widespread distribution and use of the opioid-overdose antidote naloxone (Narcan). Opioids can slow or stop a person's , which is what usually causes overdose deaths. Naloxone helps the person wake up and keeps them breathing until emergency medical treatment can be provided.
    ::医生、公共卫生专业人员和政治家都呼吁制定新的政策、资金、方案和法律来应对阿片流行病。 已经发生的变化包括:从将问题定罪到医疗化的转变,更多的治疗方案,以及更广泛地分发和使用阿片过剂量的纳洛酮(Narcan ) 。 类阿片可以减慢或阻止一个人的行走,而这正是通常导致过量死亡的原因。 纳洛酮帮助人们醒来并保持呼吸,直到可以提供紧急医疗为止。

    What, if anything, will work to stop the opioid epidemic in the United States? Keep watching the news to find out.
    ::如果有什么能阻止类阿片在美国流行的呢? 继续观察新闻以了解情况。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Psychoactive drugs are substances that change the function of the brain and result in alterations of mood, thinking, perception, and behavior. They include prescription medications (such as opioid painkillers), legal substances (such as nicotine and alcohol), and illegal drugs (such as LSD and heroin).
      ::精神活性药物是改变大脑功能并导致情绪、思想、感知和行为的改变的物质,包括处方药(如类阿片止痛剂)、合法物质(如尼古丁和酒精)和非法药物(如迷幻药和海洛因)。
    • Psychoactive drugs are divided into different classes according to their pharmacological effects. They include stimulants, depressants, anxiolytics, euphoriants, hallucinogens, and empathogens. Many psychoactive drugs have multiple effects, so they may be placed in more than one class.
      ::精神活性药物根据其药理效应分为不同的类别,包括兴奋剂、镇静剂、厌解剂、兴奋剂、致幻剂、致幻剂和病原体。 许多精神活性药物具有多重影响,因此可以归入一个以上类别。
    • Psychoactive drugs generally produce their effects by affecting brain chemistry. Generally, they act either as agonists — which enhance the activity of particular neurotransmitters — or as antagonists, which decrease the activity of particular neurotransmitters.
      ::精神活性药物通常通过影响脑化学而产生效果,一般而言,它们要么是作为刺激剂(这加强了某些神经传导剂的活动),要么是作为对抗剂,减少某些神经传导剂的活动。
    • Psychoactive drugs are used for various purposes, including medical, ritual,  and recreational purposes.
      ::精神活性药物用于各种目的,包括医疗、仪式和娱乐目的。
    • Misuse of psychoactive drugs may lead to addiction, which is the compulsive use of a drug despite the negative consequences such use may entail. Sustained use of an addictive drug may produce physical or psychological dependence on the drug. Rehabilitation typically involves psychotherapy, and sometimes the temporary use of other psychoactive drugs.
      ::滥用精神活性药物可能导致成瘾,即强迫使用一种药物,尽管这种使用可能造成负面后果。 持续使用一种上瘾药物可能导致对药物的身体或心理依赖。 康复通常涉及心理治疗,有时是临时使用其他精神活性药物。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What are psychoactive drugs?
    ::1. 什么是精神活性药物?

    2. Identify six classes of psychoactive drugs, along with an example of a drug in each class.
    ::2. 查明六类精神活性药物,并举每类药物为例。

    3. Compare and contrast psychoactive drugs that are agonists and psychoactive drugs that are antagonists.
    ::3. 比较和对比刺激性精神活性药物和对抗性精神活性药物。

    4. Describe two medical uses of psychoactive drugs.
    ::4. 描述精神活性药物的两种医疗用途。

    5. Give an example of a ritual  use of a psychoactive drug.
    ::5. 举一个仪式使用精神活性药物的例子。

    6. Generally speaking, why do people use psychoactive drugs recreationally?
    ::6. 一般而言,人们为何娱乐性地使用精神活性药物?

    7. Define addiction.
    ::7. 界定成瘾。

    8. Identify possible withdrawal symptoms associated with physical dependence on a psychoactive drug.
    ::8. 查明与对精神活性药物的实际依赖相关的可能的戒毒症状。

    9. Why might a person with a heroin addiction be prescribed the psychoactive drug methadone?
    ::9. 为什么向海洛因成瘾者开具精神活性药物美沙酮?

    10. The prescription drug Prozac inhibits the reuptake of the neurotransmitter serotonin, causing more serotonin to be present in the synapse. Prozac can elevate mood, which is why it is sometimes used to treat depression. Answer the following questions about Prozac:
    ::10. 处方药Prozac抑制神经分质剂血清素的重新服用,导致神经突触中出现更多的血清素,Prozac可以提高情绪,这也是为什么它有时被用来治疗抑郁症的原因。

    a. Is Prozac an agonist or an antagonist for serotonin? Explain your answer.
    ::a. 蛋白质是血清素的激动剂还是对抗剂?

    b. Is Prozac a psychoactive drug? Explain your answer.
    ::b. 百忧解是一种精神活性药物吗?

     

    11. Name three classes of psychoactive drugs that include opioids.
    ::11. 列出包括类阿片在内的三类精神活性药物。

     

    12. True or False:  All psychoactive drugs are either illegal or available by prescription only.
    ::12. 真实或虚假:所有精神活性药物要么是非法的,要么只有处方才能获得。

     

    13. True or False:  Anxiolytics might be prescribed by a physician.
    ::13. 真实或假的:医生可能开处方解说。

     

    14. Name two drugs that activate receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA.  Why do you think these drugs generally have a depressant effect?
    ::14. 列出两种激活神经质素GABA受体的药物。 为什么你认为这些药物通常会产生抑制作用?

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Learn more about psychiatric drugs that are being researched to treat mental health disorders. In this inspiring TED talk, neurobiologist David Anderson explains how modern psychiatric drugs treat the chemistry of the whole brain, and why a more nuanced view of how the brain functions could lead to targeted psychiatric drugs that work better and avoid side effects.
    ::更多了解正在研究的治疗心理健康障碍的精神病药物。 在这次鼓舞人心的TED演讲中,神经生物学家大卫·安德森解释了现代精神病药物如何治疗整个大脑的化学,以及为什么对大脑功能如何导致目标精神病药物更好发挥作用并避免副作用的更细微的看法。

     

     

     

     

     

    While western societies deem them "illegal," numerous studies show that many hallucinogenic substances are non-neurotoxic, non-addictive, and are having profound effects curing some of the most stubborn mental health disorders. Learn more here:
    ::虽然西方社会认为这些药物“非法”, 但许多研究表明许多致幻药物是非神经毒性的、非致瘾的, 并且正在产生深远影响, 治愈一些最顽固的心理健康疾病。