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  • 内分泌系统介绍

    Moon Face
    ::月月脸

    The patient in this photo has the characteristic moon face of a disorder called  Cushing’s syndrome. Other signs and symptoms of this disorder include abnormal weight gain, acne , and excessive hairiness, among many other abnormalities. What can cause so many different problems in one patient? The answer is overproduction of the endocrine system cortisol.
    ::照片中的病人有着被称为库兴综合症的疾病典型的月球面貌。 这种疾病的其他征兆和症状包括超常体重增加、腹肌和过度毛发,以及其他许多异常现象。 是什么能造成一个病人出现如此多不同的问题? 答案是内分泌系统皮质醇的过度生产。

    Overview of the Endocrine System
    ::内分泌系统概览

    The endocrine system is a system of glands called that release chemical messenger molecules into the bloodstream. The messenger molecules of the endocrine system are called endocrine hormones . Other glands of the body, including sweat glands and salivary glands , also secrete substances, but not into the bloodstream. Instead, they secrete them through ducts that carry them to nearby body surfaces. These other glands are not part of the endocrine system. Instead, they are called exocrine glands.
    ::内分泌系统是一种腺系统,称为将化学信使分子释放到血液中,内分泌系统中的送信分子称为内分泌激素,身体的其他腺,包括血汗腺和唾液腺,也属于隐蔽物质,但不在血液中,而是通过带它们到附近身体表面的管道进行隐蔽,这些其他的腺不属于内分泌系统的一部分,而是被称作排泄腺。

    Endocrine hormones act slowly compared with the rapid transmission of electrical messages in the . Endocrine hormones must travel through the bloodstream to the they affect, and this takes time. On the other hand, because endocrine hormones are released into the bloodstream, they travel throughout the body wherever flows. As a result, endocrine hormones may affect many cells and have body-wide effects. The effects of endocrine hormones are also longer lasting than the effects of nervous system messages. Endocrine hormones may cause effects that last for days, weeks, or even months.
    ::内分泌激素与内分泌信息快速传输相比,其作用缓慢。内分泌激素必须穿过血液流,到达其影响的地方,而这需要时间。另一方面,由于内分泌激素被释放到血液流中,它们会随血液流到全身,因此内分泌激素可能会影响许多细胞并产生全身影响。内分泌激素的影响也比神经系统信息的影响要长。内分泌激素可能会产生持续数天、数周甚至数月的影响。

    Glands of the Endocrine System
    ::内分泌系统的腺

    The major glands of the endocrine system are shown in the figure . The glands in the figure are described briefly in the rest of this section. Refer to the figure as you read about the glands in the following text.
    ::内分泌系统的主要腺在图中显示了。图中的腺在本节的其余部分作了简要描述。请参考下文中您读到的关于腺的图。

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    All of the glands in this figure are part of the endocrine system. Note that the ovary and testis are the only endocrine glands that differ in males and females.
    ::注意卵巢和睾丸是男女之间唯一不同的内分泌腺。

    Pituitary Gland
    ::管道干地

    The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain . It is controlled by the nervous system via the brain structure called the hypothalamus , to which it is connected by a thin stalk. The pituitary gland consists of two lobes, called the anterior (front) lobe and posterior (back) lobe. The posterior lobe stores and secretes hormones synthesized by the hypothalamus. The anterior lobe synthesizes and secretes its own endocrine hormones, also under the influence of the hypothalamus. One endocrine hormone secreted by the pituitary gland is growth hormone, which stimulates cells throughout the body to synthesize and divide. Most of the other endocrine hormones secreted by the pituitary gland control other endocrine glands. Generally, these hormones direct the other glands to secrete either more or less of their hormones, which is why the pituitary gland is often referred to as the “master gland” of the endocrine system.
    ::脑底部位于脑底部,由神经系统控制,神经系统通过大脑结构控制,称为低脑膜,由薄线连接。低脑腺由两叶叶组成,称为前额(前部)叶叶和后部(后部)叶。后脑叶商店和由低脑膜合成的分泌激素。前脑叶合成和分泌其自身的内分泌激素,也是在低脑膜的影响下。一个由低脑腺分泌的内分泌激素是生长激素,它刺激整个身体的细胞合成和分裂。其他大部分内分泌激素由下脑腺控制的其他内分泌腺。一般而言,这些荷尔蒙将其他腺的内分泌激素或多或少地引向它们的荷尔蒙的秘密,这就是为什么水下腺通常被称为内分泌系统的“主腺”。

    Remaining Glands of the Endocrine System
    ::内分泌系统残留地

    Each of the other glands of the endocrine system is summarized below. Several of these endocrine glands are also discussed in greater detail in other concepts in this chapter. The thymus gland is covered in the chapter Immune System , and the gonads are described in depth in the chapter Male and Female Reproductive Systems .
    ::下文概述了内分泌系统其他各腺,本章其他概念中也更详细地讨论了其中若干内分泌腺,《免疫系统》中包括了胸腺腺,《男女生殖系统》中深入介绍了鼻腺。

    • The thyroid gland is a large gland in the neck. Thyroid hormones (such as thyroxine) increase the rate of metabolism in cells throughout the body. They control how quickly cells use energy and make proteins.
      ::甲状腺是颈部的一个大腺,甲状腺激素(如甲状腺素)增加了整个身体细胞的新陈代谢率,它们控制细胞使用能量和蛋白质的速度。
    • The four parathyroid glands are located in the neck behind the thyroid gland. Parathyroid hormone helps keep the level of calcium in the blood within a narrow range. It stimulates cells to dissolve calcium and release it into the blood.
      ::甲状腺后面的颈部有4个类甲状腺,甲状腺激素有助于将血液中的钙含量保持在狭窄范围内,刺激细胞溶解钙并释放到血液中。
    • The pineal gland is a tiny gland located near the center of the brain. It secretes the hormone melatonin , which controls the sleep-wake cycle and several other processes. The production of melatonin is stimulated by darkness and inhibited by light. Cells in the retina of the eye detect light and send signals to a structure in the brain called  the suprachiasmatic (SCN). Nerve fibers carry the signals from the SCN to the pineal gland via the autonomic nervous system .
      ::松树腺是位于大脑中心附近的一个很小的腺体,它分泌了控制睡眠觉循环和若干其他过程的荷尔蒙melatonin。Melatonin的生产受到黑暗和光阻的刺激。眼睛视网膜中的细胞探测光,向大脑中一个叫做超先令结构的信号发出信号。神经纤维通过自动神经系统将信号从SCN传送到松树腺。
    • The pancreas is located near the stomach . Its endocrine hormones include insulin and glucagon , which work together to control the level of glucose in the blood. The pancreas also secretes digestive into the .
      ::胰腺位于腹部附近,内分泌激素包括胰岛素和凝胶,它们合力控制血液中的葡萄糖水平。胰岛素还把消化到体内。
    • The two adrenal glands are located above the . Adrenal glands secrete several different endocrine hormones, including the hormone adrenaline, which is involved in the fight-or- flight response. Other endocrine hormones secreted by the adrenal glands have a variety of functions. T he hormone aldosterone, for example, helps regulate the balance of minerals in the body. The hormone cortisol —   which causes Cushing's syndrome when it is produced in excess — is also an adrenal gland hormone. 
      ::肾上腺介质位于该物质之上。肾上腺分泌了数种不同的内分泌激素,包括激素肾上腺素,这涉及抗争或飞航反应;肾上腺分泌的其他内分泌激素有多种功能;例如,激素藻激素有助于调节体内矿物的平衡;荷尔蒙皮质素——产生超量时引起库辛综合症——也是肾上腺激素。
    • The gonads include the ovaries in females and the testes in males. They secrete sex hormones , including   testosterone (in males) and estrogen (in females). These hormones control sexual maturation during and the production of gametes ( or egg cells) by the gonads after sexual maturation.
      ::这些激素包括雌性卵巢和雄性睾丸,它们分泌性激素,包括睾丸酮(雄性)和雌性激素(雌性),这些激素控制在性成熟期间的性成熟和在性成熟后由雌性恋者生产色调(或蛋细胞)。
    • The thymus gland is located in front of the heart. It is the site where immune system cells called T cells mature. T cells are critical to the adaptive immune system, in which the body adapts to specific .
      ::胸腺腺位于心脏前方。它是免疫系统细胞“T细胞”成熟的地点。T细胞对适应性免疫系统至关重要,身体适应特定情况。

    Endocrine System Disorders
    ::内分泌系统疾病

    Diseases of the endocrine system are relatively common. An endocrine system disease usually involves the secretion of too much or not enough of a hormone. When too much hormone is secreted, the condition is called hypersecretion . When not enough hormone is secreted, the condition is called hyposecretion .
    ::内分泌系统疾病比较常见,内分泌系统疾病通常涉及荷尔蒙分泌过多或不够。当过多的荷尔蒙被保密时,情况被称为高度机密。当没有足够的荷尔蒙被保密时,情况被称为低机密。

    Hypersecretion and Hyposecretion 
    ::超机密和超机密

    Hypersecretion by an endocrine gland is often caused by a tumor . A  tumor of the pituitary gland, for example, can cause hypersecretion of growth hormone. If this occurs during childhood and goes untreated, it results in very long arms and legs, and abnormally tall stature by (see photo ). This condition is commonly known as gigantism .
    ::内分泌腺的超强机密往往由肿瘤引起。 例如,垂垂垂腺的肿瘤可能导致生长激素的高度机密。 如果这种情况发生在童年,并且未经治疗,则导致手臂和腿长,身高异常高(见照片 ) 。 这种状况通常被称为“ 显形症 ” 。

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    The man on the left, named Martin Van Buren Bates, is depicted in this photo standing next to a man of average size. Bates was a Civil War-era American famed for his incredibly large size. He was at least 7 feet 9 inches tall and weighed close to 500 pounds. He was normal in size at birth, but started to grow very rapidly by about age six years, presumably because of hypersecretion of growth hormone.
    ::左边那个叫马丁·范·布伦·贝茨的人,在这张照片中被描绘成一个平均体型的人旁边。贝茨是一个以体型超大闻名的内战时代美国人。他至少有7英尺9英寸高,体重近500磅。出生时体重正常,但六岁左右开始快速成长,大概是因为生长激素高度隐秘。

    Hyp o secretion by an endocrine gland is often caused by destruction of the hormone-secreting cells of the gland. As a result, not enough of the hormone is secreted. An example of this is type 1 diabetes , in which the body’s own immune system attacks and destroys cells of the pancreas that secrete insulin. This type of is generally treated with frequent injections of insulin.
    ::内分泌腺的内分泌分泌排泄物往往由腺内分泌分泌细胞的破坏所致。 结果,荷尔蒙的分泌不够秘密。 这方面的一个例子就是1型糖尿病,其中人体自身的免疫系统攻击并摧毁了胰岛素分泌的胰岛素细胞。 这种类型的细胞通常会经常注射胰岛素。

    Hormone Resistance
    ::激素抗药性

    In some cases, an endocrine gland secretes a normal amount of hormone, but target cells do not respond normally to it. This may occur because target cells have become resistant to the hormone. An example of this type of endocrine disorder is type 2 diabetes . In type 2 diabetes, do not respond to normal amounts of insulin. As a result, cells do not take up glucose from the blood, leading to high blood glucose levels. Insulin may or may not be needed to treat type 2 diabetes. Instead, it may be treated with lifestyle changes and non-insulin medications.
    ::在某些情况下,内分泌腺分泌一种正常数量的荷尔蒙,但目标细胞对此没有正常反应,可能是因为目标细胞对荷尔蒙有抗药性。这类内分泌紊乱的一个例子是2型糖尿病。在2型糖尿病中,不与正常的胰岛素量发生反应。因此,细胞不从血液中提取葡萄糖,导致高血糖含量。胰岛素可能或可能不需要治疗2型糖尿病。相反,它可能用生活方式变化和非胰岛素药物治疗。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • The endocrine system is a system of glands that release chemical messenger molecules called hormones into the bloodstream. Other glands, called exocrine glands, release substances onto nearby body surfaces through ducts. Endocrine hormones travel more slowly than nerve impulses, which are the body’s other way of sending messages. T he effects of endocrine hormones, however, may be much longer lasting.
      ::内分泌系统是一种腺系统,它释放了被称为荷尔蒙的化学信使分子。 其他的腺,叫做异泌腺,通过管道将物质释放到附近的身体表面。内分泌激素比神经脉冲慢,神经脉冲是人体发送信息的另一途径。 但是,内分泌激素的影响可能要持久得多。
    • The pituitary gland is the master gland of the endocrine system. Most of the hormones it produces control other endocrine glands. These glands include the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pineal gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads (testes and ovaries), and thymus gland.
      ::脑垂状腺是内分泌系统的主腺,它产生的大多数激素控制着其他内分泌腺,这些腺包括甲状腺、静脉类甲状腺、松树类甲状腺、胰腺、肾上腺、甲状腺(睾丸和卵巢)和胸腺腺。
    • Diseases of the endocrine system are relatively common. An endocrine disease usually involves hypersecretion or hyposecretion of a hormone. Hypersecretion is frequently caused by a tumor. Hyposecretion is often caused by destruction of hormone-secreting cells by the body’s own immune system.
      ::内分泌系统的疾病比较常见,内分泌疾病通常涉及激素的高度机密或低机密性。 超机密性经常由肿瘤引起。 内分泌系统内分泌常因体内免疫系统破坏荷尔蒙保密细胞而引起。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What is the endocrine system? What is its general function?
    ::1. 什么是内分泌系统?其一般功能是什么?

    2. Compare and contrast endocrine and exocrine glands.
    ::2. 比较和对比内分泌和排泄腺。

    3. How do endocrine system messages differ from those of the nervous system?
    ::3. 内分泌系统信息与神经系统信息有何不同?

    4. Describe the role of the pituitary gland in the endocrine system.
    ::4. 描述下垂腺在内分泌系统中的作用。

    5. List three endocrine glands other than the pituitary gland. Identify their functions.
    ::5. 列出除垂死腺以外的三个内分泌腺,说明其功能。

    6. Which endocrine gland has an important function in the immune system? What is that function?
    ::6. 哪些内分泌腺在免疫系统中具有重要功能?这种功能是什么?

    7. Define hypersecretion and hyposecretion.
    ::7. 确定高度机密和低机密。

    8. Name an endocrine disorder in which too much of a hormone is produced.
    ::8. 指出产生过多荷尔蒙的内分泌紊乱。

    9. What are two reasons people with diabetes might have signs and symptoms of inadequate insulin?
    ::9. 糖尿病患者可能有不适当的胰岛素征兆和症状的两个原因是什么?

    10.   Is   Cushing’s syndrome an example of hyposecretion or hypersecretion?
    ::10. Cushing综合症是否是次机密或高度机密的一个例子?

    11. True or False:  The hypothalamus is the master gland of the endocrine system.
    ::11. 真实或假:下脑膜是内分泌系统的主干腺。

    12. True or False:  Mammary glands that produce milk for offspring are part of the endocrine system.
    ::12. 真实或假:为后代生产牛奶的哺乳腺是内分泌系统的一部分。

    13. Melatonin is produced by the _______________.
    ::13. 梅拉图宁由...生产。

    a. pituitary gland
    ::a. 脑下腺

    b. hypothalamus
    ::b. 下脑膜炎

    c. pineal gland
    ::c. 松树腺

    d. pancreas
    ::d. 胰腺

    14. Besides location, what is the main difference between the anterior lobe of the pituitary and the posterior lobe of the pituitary?  
    ::14. 除了地点外,腹部前叶与腹部后叶的主要区别是什么?

    15. Which endocrine glands differ between males and females? Which hormones do they produce?
    ::15. 男性和女性之间有哪些内分泌腺不同?它们会产生哪些荷尔蒙?

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Most people want to live a long, healthy life. Geneticist Cynthia Kenyon’s research suggests that endocrine hormones may be key to human longevity. Watch this TED talk to learn how. 
    ::大多数人都希望过着健康长寿的生活。遗传学家辛西娅·凯尼翁的研究表明内分泌激素可能是人类长寿的关键。看看TED的演讲如何学习。

     

     

    What does it mean to have congenital adrenal hyperplasia? Learn more here:
    ::有先天性肾上腺增殖意味着什么?