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  • 案例研究结论:Hormonal Havoc

    Case Study Conclusion: Hormonal Havoc
    ::案例研究结论:Hormonal Havoc

    Gabrielle, who you read about in the beginning of this chapter, has polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). PCOS is named for the multiple fluid-filled sacs (or cysts) present in the ovaries of women with this syndrome. The cysts result from follicles in the ovary that did not properly produce and release an egg. Mature eggs are normally released from follicles monthly during the process of ovulation, but in PCOS, this often does not occur. Ovarian cysts can be common, and they do not necessarily mean that a woman has PCOS, but the presence of multiple ovarian cysts — plus other telltale signs and symptoms — may cause her physician to suspect PCOS.
    ::加布里埃尔,你在本章开头所读到的Gabrielle, 患有多细胞卵巢综合症(PCOS),PCOS被命名为患有这种综合症的妇女卵巢中存在多液体填充的囊囊(或细胞),细胞是由卵巢中未适当生产和释放卵的卵囊造成的。在排卵过程中,卵质蛋通常每月从卵囊中释放出来,但在PCOS中,这种情况往往不会发生。Ovarian细胞可能很常见,它们并不一定意味着女性有PCOS,但多卵巢囊的存在——加上其他显微征和症状——可能会让她的医生怀疑PCOS。

    Gabrielle’s symptoms of PCOS included irregular menstrual periods, weight gain, acne, and excess facial hair. There are many other symptoms of PCOS that women can experience, such as male-pattern baldness, pelvic pain, and depression, among others. As you may recall, Gabrielle also had some abnormal blood test results, including high levels of androgens and blood glucose. These can also be indications of PCOS. 
    ::加布里埃尔(PPCOS)的症状包括月经期不规则、体重增加、腹肌和面部毛发过大。 女性还可以经历其他许多POS症状,比如男性模式的秃头、骨盆疼痛和抑郁等。 如你所知,加布里埃尔(Gabrielle)也有一些异常的血液测试结果,包括高水平的青蛙和血糖。 这些也可以作为PCOS的标志。

    As you have learned, androgens are a term for male sex hormones, but females also normally produce androgens, albeit to a lesser extent than males. In women with PCOS, the level of androgens is abnormally high. These androgens include testosterone — which is produced by the ovaries — and DHEA, which is produced by the adrenal glands. This increase in androgens can have a “masculinizing” effect on women, including an increase in facial and body hair, male-pattern baldness, and interference with the menstrual cycle by preventing ovulation. Androgens also can cause weight gain and acne — two of the other common symptoms of PCOS.
    ::正如你们所学到的,青蛙是男性性荷尔蒙的术语,但女性通常也生产和青蛙,尽管其范围小于男性。在使用PCOS的妇女中,青蛙和青蛙的水平异常高。这些和青蛙包括由卵巢生产的睾丸酮和由肾上腺生成的DHEA。这种增加和青蛙会对妇女产生“大规模”影响,包括面部和身体毛发增加、男性型秃头和通过防止排卵干扰月经循环。 甲状腺也可以造成体重增加和丙烷,这是PCOS的其他两种常见症状。

    In addition to hypersecretion of androgens, PCOS often causes high blood glucose, as a result of insulin resistance. As you have learned, insulin is a hormone secreted by the pancreas that works in conjunction with other pancreatic hormones (such as glucagon) to regulate the level of blood glucose. What is another disease involving insulin resistance? If you answered type 2 diabetes, you are correct! In fact, women with PCOS are at a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes because of their resistance to insulin. More than 50 percent of women with PCOS will develop diabetes or pre-diabetes before they are 40 years old.
    ::除了高血清和青蛙之外,PCOS还经常由于胰岛素的抗药性而导致高血糖。正如你所了解的那样,胰岛素是胰岛素的一种激素,它与其他胰岛素激素(如葡萄干)一起起作用的胰岛素(cancreas)一道,用来调节血糖水平。另一种与胰岛素抗药有关的疾病又是什么?如果你回答2型糖尿病,你是对的。事实上,患有PCOS的妇女由于对胰岛素的抗药性,患2型糖尿病的风险很高。 50%以上的患有PCOS的妇女会在40岁之前就患糖尿病或糖尿病前的糖尿病。

    Besides diabetes, women with PCOS have a higher chance of developing fertility problems, heart disease, sleep apnea (briefly stopping breathing during sleep), and uterine cancer, among other diseases and disorders. There is hope, however. Lifestyle modifications and medicines not only can help women cope with the symptoms of PCOS, but may also reduce the risk of some of the possible long-term consequences by lowering blood sugar and androgen levels. Eating a healthy diet and exercising regularly, for instance, can help women with PCOS lose weight. This can help lower blood glucose levels, improve insulin functioning, and can even make the menstrual cycle more regular. Medications (such as birth control pills and anti-androgens) can help restore a more regular menstrual cycle and reduce facial hair, body hair, and acne. The diabetes medication metformin can be used to treat several of the symptoms of PCOS, and may even prevent type 2 diabetes, by improving insulin functioning and lowering testosterone. Finally, women with PCOS who are trying to conceive may be helped with fertility medications that stimulate ovulation.
    ::除了糖尿病之外,患有PCOS的妇女更有可能出现生育问题、心脏病、睡前(睡前停止呼吸)和子宫癌以及其他疾病和疾病。但是,人们有希望:生活方式的改变和药物不仅可以帮助妇女应对PCOS症状,而且还可以通过降低血糖和血糖水平来降低某些可能的长期后果的风险。吃健康饮食和定期锻炼可以帮助患有PCOS的妇女减肥。这可以帮助降低血糖水平,改善胰岛素功能,甚至可以使月经周期更加正常。药物(如节育药丸和抗和rogens)可以帮助妇女恢复更正常的月经循环,减少面部毛发、身体毛和丙烷。糖尿病药物的美容可以用来治疗POS的几种症状,甚至可以通过改善胰岛素功能和降低睾丸酮来预防2型糖尿病。最后,那些试图接受PCOS的妇女,可以帮助其孕育的节能药物可以刺激卵素。

    The underlying cause of PCOS is not known for sure, though it is thought that both genetic and environmental factors play a role. PCOS tends to run in families, and women with a sister with PCOS are twice as likely to also have it. Researchers think that the insulin resistance seen in PCOS may cause the increase in androgens, illustrating how hormonal systems can influence each other.
    ::PCOS的根本原因并不明确,尽管人们认为遗传和环境因素都起着一定的作用。 PCOS往往在家庭中运行,而拥有PCOS姐妹的妇女也有两倍的可能性。 研究者认为PCOS中出现的胰岛素抗药性可能导致激素和rogens的增加,说明荷尔蒙系统如何相互影响。

    As you have seen throughout this chapter, endocrine hormones can have a wide variety of effects on the body, including the regulation of metabolism, reproductive functions, homeostasis of different ions and molecules, and mediating responses to stressful situations. Different hormones have different effects, but even a single hormone can have multiple effects. Hormones travel throughout the bloodstream and affect any cells that have the appropriate receptors for them, known as target cells. Many hormones have target cells in multiple types of organs and tissues, or they regulate molecules (such as blood glucose) that affect many organ systems. These are some of the reasons why changes in the normal level of an endocrine hormone — either hypersecretion or hyposecretion — can result in a wide variety of symptoms, like those we see in Cushing’s syndrome, diabetes, and PCOS. By understanding what goes wrong in these disorders, you can better appreciate how important the endocrine system is for regulating the many diverse functions of the human body.
    ::正如你在整个本章中所看到的那样,内分泌激素可能对身体产生各种各样的影响,包括新陈代谢、生殖功能、不同离子和分子的保持和对压力状况的调节反应。不同的荷尔蒙有不同的效果,但即使是单一荷尔蒙也有多种效果。荷尔蒙贯穿血液流,影响任何具有适当受体的细胞,称为目标细胞。许多荷尔蒙在多种类型的器官和组织中有目标细胞,或调节影响许多器官系统的分子(如血糖糖 ) 。这就是内分泌激素的正常水平变化——要么是高度机密,要么是低机密——可能导致多种症状的原因之一,就像我们在库辛综合症、糖尿病和PCOS中看到的症状。通过理解这些疾病中的错误,你可以更好地了解内分泌系统对调节人体多种功能的重要性。

    Chapter Summary
    ::章次摘要

    In this chapter you learned about the glands and hormones of the endocrine system, their functions, how they are regulated, and some diseases and disorders of the endocrine system. Specifically, you learned that:
    ::在本章中,你了解了内分泌系统的腺和荷尔蒙,它们的功能,如何加以调节,以及内分泌系统的一些疾病和紊乱。

    • The endocrine system is a system of glands that release chemical messenger molecules called hormones into the bloodstream. Other glands, called exocrine glands, release substances onto nearby body surfaces through ducts.
      ::内分泌系统是一种腺系统,它将被称为荷尔蒙的化学信使分子释放到血液中。
    • Endocrine hormones travel more slowly than nerve impulses, which are the body’s other way of sending messages. T he effects of endocrine hormones, however, may be much longer lasting.
      ::内分泌激素的行走速度比神经冲动慢得多,神经冲动是人体发信息的另一途径。 但是内分泌激素的影响可能要长得多。
    • The pituitary gland is the master gland of the endocrine system. Most of the hormones it produces control other endocrine glands. These glands include the thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pineal gland, pancreas, adrenal glands, gonads (testes and ovaries), and thymus gland.
      ::脑垂状腺是内分泌系统的主腺,它产生的大多数激素控制着其他内分泌腺,这些腺包括甲状腺、静脉类甲状腺、松树类甲状腺、胰腺、肾上腺、甲状腺(睾丸和卵巢)和胸腺腺。
    • Diseases of the endocrine system are relatively common. An endocrine disease usually involves hypersecretion or hyposecretion of a hormone. Hypersecretion is frequently caused by a tumor. Hyposecretion is often caused by destruction of hormone-secreting cells by the body’s own immune system.
      ::内分泌系统的疾病比较常见,内分泌疾病通常涉及激素的高度机密或低机密性。 超机密性经常由肿瘤引起。 内分泌系统内分泌常因体内免疫系统破坏荷尔蒙保密细胞而引起。
    • Endocrine hormones travel throughout the body, but affect only certain cells, called target cells. Target cells  have receptors specific to particular hormones.
      ::内分泌荷尔蒙贯穿整个身体,但只影响某些细胞,称为目标细胞,目标细胞有特定荷尔蒙特有的受体。
    • Steroid hormones (such as estrogen) are endocrine hormones made of lipids that cross plasma membranes and bind to receptors inside target cells. The hormone-receptor complexes then move into the nucleus, where they influence gene expression.
      ::类固醇激素(如雌激素)是由脂质制成的内分泌激素,这些脂质横跨等离子膜,并与目标细胞内的受体捆绑在一起。 荷尔蒙受体综合体随后进入核心,从而影响基因表达。
    • Non-steroid hormones (such as insulin) are endocrine hormones made of amino acids that bind to receptors on the surface of target cells. This activates an enzyme in the plasma membrane, and the enzyme controls a second messenger molecule, which influences cell processes.
      ::非小类激素(如胰岛素)是由氨基酸制成的内分泌激素,与目标细胞表面的受体捆绑在一起。这激活了血浆膜中的酶,酶控制了影响细胞过程的第二个信使分子。
    • Most endocrine hormones are controlled by negative feedback loops, in which rising levels of a hormone feed back to stop its own production — and vice-versa. For example, a negative feedback loop controls production of thyroid hormones. The loop includes the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and thyroid gland.
      ::大部分内分泌激素都受到负面反馈循环的控制,在循环中,荷尔蒙的回馈水平不断上升,以阻止自己的生产,反之亦然。例如,甲状腺激素的反反馈循环控制生产,循环包括低丘脑、垂体腺和甲状腺。
    • Only a few endocrine hormones are controlled by positive feedback loops, in which rising levels of a hormone feed back to stimulate continued production of the hormone. Prolactin, the pituitary hormone that stimulates milk production by mammary glands, is controlled by a positive feedback loop. The loop includes the nipples, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and mammary glands.
      ::只有少数内分泌激素受到积极反馈循环的控制,其中荷尔蒙的回馈水平不断上升,刺激荷尔蒙的持续生产。 活性激素,即刺激哺乳腺产奶的垂体性激素,受到积极反馈循环的控制。 循环包括乳头、下丘、垂体腺和哺乳腺。
    • The pituitary gland is at the base of the brain, where it is connected to the hypothalamus by nerves and capillaries. It has an anterior (front) lobe that synthesizes and secretes pituitary hormones and a posterior (back) lobe that stores and secretes hormones from the hypothalamus.
      ::脑部底部是脑部的垂体腺,神经和刺青将它与皮下脑膜连接起来。它有一个前额(前额)叶子,可以合成和分泌垂体荷尔蒙和后部(后部)叶子,可以储存和分泌皮下脑荷尔蒙。
      • Hormones synthesized and secreted by the anterior pituitary include growth hormone — which stimulates cell growth throughout the body — and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), which stimulates the thyroid gland to secrete its hormones.
        ::由前脑垂体合成和秘密的荷尔蒙包括生长激素——它刺激整个身体细胞生长——和甲状腺刺激激素(TSH),它刺激甲状腺腺分泌其荷尔蒙。
      • Hypothalamic hormones stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary include vasopressin — which helps maintain homeostasis in body water — and oxytocin, which stimulates uterine contractions during birth, as well as the letdown of milk during lactation.
        ::后脑垂体病所储存和隐蔽的甲状腺荷尔蒙包括血管压抑剂(有助于保持身体水中的顺势保持)和催产素(刺激分娩期间的子宫收缩),以及哺乳期间的牛奶衰竭。

      ::腹部垂体合成和隐蔽的荷尔蒙包括生长激素(刺激整个身体细胞生长)和甲状腺刺激激素(TSH),激素刺激甲状腺分泌其荷尔蒙;后脑垂体储存和隐蔽的甲状腺激素包括血管压抑素,有助于保持身体水中的足部耐久;催产素,刺激子宫萎缩;哺乳期牛奶衰竭。
    • The thyroid gland is a large endocrine gland in the front of the neck. It is composed mainly of clusters of cells called follicles, which are specialized to absorb iodine and use it to make thyroid hormones. Parafollicular cells among the follicles synthesize the hormone calcitonin.
      ::甲状腺是颈部前方的大型内分泌腺,主要由称为卵囊的细胞群组成,这些细胞群专门吸收碘,并用来制造甲状腺激素。
      • The thyroid hormones thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3) cross cell membranes and regulate gene expression to control the rate of metabolism in cells body-wide, among other functions. The production of T4 and T3 is regulated by thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) from the pituitary, which is regulated, in turn, by thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) from the hypothalamus.
        ::甲状腺激素甲状腺激素甲状腺(T4)和三碘二甲苯丙胺(T3)跨细胞膜,并管制基因表达,以控制整个细胞中新陈代谢率,除其他功能外,还管制甲状腺激素(T4)和甲状腺甲状腺甲状腺激素(TSH)的生产,后者又受甲型甲状腺释放激素(TRH)的调节,而甲状腺激素(TH)则受甲状腺激素(TH)的调节,后者受甲状腺释放激素(TRH)的调节。
      • Calcitonin helps regulate blood calcium levels by stimulating the movement of calcium into bone. It works in conjunction with parathyroid hormone to maintain calcium homeostasis.
        ::Calcitonin通过刺激钙进入骨骼,帮助调节血钙水平,它与除虫菊激素一起保持钙的均匀。
      • Abnormal secretion of thyroid hormones may occur for a variety of reasons, and it may lead to the development of a goiter. The most common cause of hyperthyroidism is Graves’ disease, an autoimmune disorder. Iodine deficiency is a common cause of hypothyroidism worldwide. In the United States, the most common cause of hypothyroidism is Hashimoto’s thyroiditis, another autoimmune disorder. Hypothyroidism in pregnant women may cause permanent cognitive deficits in children.
        ::甲状腺激素的异常分泌可能因多种原因而发生,并可能导致甲状腺病的形成。 超甲状腺病的最常见原因是格雷夫斯病(Graves ) , 一种自体免疫紊乱。 碘缺乏症是全世界甲状腺机能不足的常见原因。 在美国,甲状腺机能不足的最常见原因是哈本甲状腺炎,这是另一种自体免疫紊乱。 孕妇的甲状腺类固醇可能导致儿童长期认知缺陷。

      ::甲状腺激素(T4)和甲状腺激素(T3)甲状腺激素(T3)甲状腺激素(T3)甲状腺膜膜炎(T3)交叉细胞膜,并管制基因表达,以控制细胞体外新陈代谢率等功能。T4和T3的产生受来自垂死动物的甲状腺刺激激素(TSH)的调节,后者又受低脑下脑的甲状腺释放激素(TRH)的调节。卡西通宁通过刺激钙进入骨骼来帮助调节血液钙水平。它与除虫性激素结合,以保持氨酸盐的耐久性。甲状腺激素的异常秘密可能因多种原因而发生,并可能导致甲状腺激素发育。高血球病是甲状腺病,一种自发性免疫障碍。碘缺乏症是全世界缺碘症的一个常见原因。在美国,最常见的甲状腺固醇原因是甲状腺的甲状腺炎,这是另一个自动免疫缺损。
    • The adrenal glands are endocrine glands that produce a variety of hormones. The two adrenal glands are located on both sides of the body, just above the kidneys. Each gland has two layers: an outer layer (called the adrenal cortex) and an inner layer (called the adrenal medulla).
      ::肾上腺是产生各种荷尔蒙的内分泌腺。两种肾上腺位于身体两侧,仅高于肾脏。每种腺有两层:外层(称为肾上腺皮)和内层(称为肾上腺膜)。
      • The adrenal cortex produces steroid hormones known generally as  corticosteroids, of which there are three types: mineralocorticoids (such as aldosterone), which helps control electrolyte balance; glucocorticoids (such as cortisol), which helps control the rate of metabolism and suppresses the immune system; and androgens (such as DHEA), which is converted to sex hormones in the gonads.
        ::肾上腺皮质激素产生类固醇激素,一般称为皮质类固醇,其中有三种类型:有助于控制电解平衡的矿物质类固醇(如阿多斯特龙);有助于控制新陈代谢率和抑制免疫系统的液溶胶类固醇(如皮质醇);以及转化为甲状腺中性激素的rogens(如DHEA)。
      • The adrenal medulla produces non-steroid catecholamine hormones, including adrenaline and noradrenaline. These hormones stimulate the fight-or-flight response.
        ::肾上腺内分泌会产生非分子小儿麻痹激素,包括肾上腺素和Nradrenaline。这些激素会刺激战斗或飞行反应。
      • Disorders of the adrenal glands generally include either hypersecretion or hyposecretion of adrenal hormones. The cause may be a problem with the adrenal glands or with the pituitary gland, which controls adrenal cortex hormone production. Examples include Cushing’s syndrome — in which there is hypersecretion of cortisol — and Addison’s disease, in which there is hyposecretion of cortisol and mineralocorticoids.
        ::肾上腺的紊乱一般包括肾上腺激素的高度机密或低机密性。 原因可能是肾上腺或控制肾上腺生产的脑下垂腺的问题。 例子包括库辛综合症 — — 在这种综合症中,皮质质素高度机密 — — 和阿迪森病,在这种综合症中,皮质素和矿质类的低机密性。

      ::肾上腺皮质激素产生类固醇激素,一般称为皮质类固醇,有三种类型:有助于控制电解平衡的矿物类固醇(如阿多斯特酮),有助于控制电解平衡的矿物类固醇(如皮质素),有助于控制新陈代谢率并抑制免疫系统;以及青蛙(如DHEA),可转化为谷底内激素的性激素。肾上腺激素(如DHEA),包括肾上腺激素和诺列腺素的非固醇性催化激素综合症(包括肾上腺素和诺列腺素),这些激素刺激了战斗或飞行反应。肾上腺激素的病一般包括肾上腺激素的高度机密或低机密性激素。其原因可能是肾上腺或皮下腺的病症,后者控制肾上皮质皮激素激素的激素生产。例子例包括Cushing综合症,该综合症中含有高清的石质激素 — 和亚士基质类病。
    • The pancreas is a gland located in the upper left abdomen behind the stomach that functions as both an endocrine gland and an exocrine gland. As an endocrine gland, the pancreas releases hormones — such as insulin — directly into the bloodstream. As an exocrine gland, the pancreas releases digestive enzymes into ducts that carry them to the gastrointestinal tract.
      ::作为内分泌腺,胰腺将激素(如胰岛素)直接释放到血液中,作为排出腺,胰岛素将消化酶释放到带入肠胃的管道中。
      • Tissues in the pancreas that have an endocrine role exist as clusters of cells called pancreatic islets. The islets consist of four main types of cells, each of which secretes a different endocrine hormone. Alpha (α) cells secrete glucagon, beta (β) cells secrete insulin, delta (δ) cells secrete somatostatin, and gamma (γ) cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide.
        ::具有内分泌作用的胰腺组织作为称为胰岛素的细胞群存在,由四大类细胞组成,其中每种细胞都分泌不同的内分泌激素。阿尔法(α)细胞秘密格鲁卡贡、贝塔(β)细胞秘密胰岛素、三角洲()细胞秘密索马托斯特丁和伽马(γ)细胞秘密聚苯酯。
      • The endocrine hormones secreted by the pancreatic islets all play a role, either directly or indirectly, in glucose metabolism and homeostasis of blood glucose levels. I nsulin, for example, stimulates the uptake of glucose by cells and decreases the level of glucose in the blood, whereas glucagon stimulates the conversion of glycogen to glucose and increases the level of glucose in the blood.
        ::内分泌激素由胰岛素分泌小盘秘而不宣,在葡萄糖新陈代谢和血液葡萄糖水平的顺软保持中,都直接或间接地起到作用,例如,胰岛素刺激细胞吸收葡萄糖,降低血液中的葡萄糖水平,而葡萄干激素则刺激将甘醇转化为葡萄糖,并提高血液中的葡萄糖水平。
      • Disorders of the pancreas include pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, and diabetes mellitus. Pancreatitis is painful inflammation of the pancreas that has many possible causes. Pancreatic cancer of the endocrine tissues is rare, but increasing in frequency. It is generally discovered too late to cure surgically. Smoking is a major risk factor for pancreatic cancer.
        ::胰腺紊乱包括胰腺炎、胰腺癌和糖尿病。胰腺炎是造成许多可能原因的胰腺疼痛炎。内分泌组织中的胰腺癌非常罕见,但频率却在增加。一般发现手术治疗为时已晚。吸烟是胰腺癌的一个主要风险因素。
      • Diabetes mellitus is the most common type of pancreatic disorder. In diabetes, inadequate activity of insulin results in high blood levels of glucose. Type 1 diabetes is a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the insulin-secreting beta cells of the pancreas. Type 2 diabetes is usually caused by a combination of insulin resistance and impaired insulin secretion due to a variety of environmental and genetic factors.
        ::糖尿病是最常见的胰腺紊乱类型,在糖尿病中,胰岛素活性不足导致高血糖含量,1型糖尿病是一种慢性自动免疫性疾病,免疫系统在这种疾病中攻击胰岛素保密的胰岛素乙型细胞,2型糖尿病通常是由胰岛素抗药性和因各种环境和遗传因素导致的胰岛素分泌受损综合作用造成的。

      ::具有内分泌作用的胰腺内分泌组织是作为被称为胰岛素的细胞群组成的内分泌细胞中的内分泌作用。腹部由四种主要细胞组成,其中每种细胞都分泌不同的内分泌激素。阿尔法(α)细胞秘密格鲁卡贡,贝塔(β)细胞分泌胰岛素,德尔塔()细胞分泌胰岛素,以及伽马(γ)细胞分泌胰岛素。由胰岛素分泌中分泌的内分泌激素都直接或间接地作用于血清代谢和血液内血清内血清水平的内分泌内分泌细胞内分泌细胞内分泌。例如,胰岛素分泌细胞内分泌细胞内分泌的内分泌细胞内分泌素内分泌的内分泌内分泌,而内泌性肝脏内分泌的内分泌的内分泌内分泌的内分泌,而内泌的肝脏内脏内分泌的内分泌的内分泌的内分泌的内分泌内分泌,而导致的肝内性性性癌的肝内分泌内分泌的内分泌的内分泌内分泌的内分泌,而导致的内分泌的内分泌的内分泌的内分泌的内分泌,而导致的内分泌的内分泌的内分泌的内分泌的内分泌的内分泌,而导致的内分泌,而导致的内分泌的内分泌的内分泌,而导致的内分泌,而性性性性性性性性性性。 的内泌,而导致的内分泌,而导致的内分泌的内分泌,而内分泌,而内泌,而内泌,而内泌的内分泌的内分泌的内分泌的内分泌,一种,一种,一种,一种的肝内分泌的肝内分泌的内分泌的肝内分泌的肝内分泌的内分泌,而内分泌的内分泌的内分泌,而内分泌,而内分泌,而内分泌的内分泌的肝内分泌的内分泌的内泌的内分泌的内分泌

    Now that you have learned about two important regulatory systems in the body —the nervous system and the endocrine system — the following chapters will delve into some more specific systems of the body, starting with the integumentary system, which includes skin, nails, and hair.
    ::既然你们已经了解身体的两个重要的监管制度——神经系统和内分泌系统——以下各章将深入身体的某些更具体的系统,首先是包括皮肤、指甲和毛发在内的内分泌系统。

    Chapter Summary Review
    ::" 概述 " 章次

    1. The pituitary gland is considered the master gland of the endocrine system, because its hormones control other endocrine glands. For each of the glands below, describe one way in which it is controlled by the pituitary gland.
    ::1. 脑下腺被视为内分泌系统的主干腺,因为其荷尔蒙控制了其他内分泌腺,对以下每一种腺,描述其受脑下腺控制的一种方式。

    a. the thyroid gland
    ::a. 甲状腺

    b. the adrenal gland
    ::b. 肾上腺

    c. the gonads (ovaries and testes)
    ::c. 球形(卵子和睾丸)

    2. What is the name of the main brain structure that secretes hormones that control the pituitary gland?
    ::2. 控制垂死腺的主要脑结构中隐藏荷尔蒙的主要脑结构的名称是什么?

    3. Define hyposecretion and give an example of an endocrine disorder involving hyposecretion. Be sure to include the name of the hormone involved.
    ::3. 界定低位机密并举一个涉及低位机密的内分泌紊乱的例子,一定要包括所涉荷尔蒙的名称。

    4. Define hypersecretion and give an example of an endocrine disorder involving hypersecretion. Be sure to include the name of the hormone involved.
    ::4. 界定高度机密并举一个涉及高度机密的内分泌紊乱的例子,一定要包括所涉荷尔蒙的名称。

    5. Which hormone plays a role in regulating metabolism in some way?
    ::5. 何种荷尔蒙在以某种方式调节新陈代谢方面发挥某种作用?

    a. cortisol
    ::a. 焦分醇

    b. thyroid hormone
    ::b. 甲状腺激素

    c. glucagon
    ::c.

    d. all of the above
    ::d. 以上所有情况

    6. Which endocrine gland plays an important role in the fight-or-flight response?
    ::6. 哪些内分泌腺在打击或飞行反应方面发挥重要作用?

    7. True or False:  Sex hormones, such as androgens, are only produced by the gonads.
    ::7. 真实或假的:性激素,如性激素和受孕激素,仅由鼻涕虫产生。

    8. True or False:  Estrogen can travel to the nucleus of a cell.
    ::8. 真实或假:雌激素可移动到细胞核心。

    9. Explain why non-steroid hormones typically require the activation of second messenger molecules to have their effects, instead of directly affecting intracellular processes themselves.
    ::9. 解释为什么非小类荷尔蒙通常要求激活第二信使分子才能产生效果,而不是直接影响细胞内部过程本身。

    10. Explain what it means that endocrine hormones are “chemical messengers.”
    ::10. 解释内分泌激素是 " 化学信使 " 的含义。

    11. If you were a physician, and a patient came to you complaining of excessive thirst and urination, what endocrine disorder might you suspect the patient has?  In order to diagnose this disorder, what would you want to check for in the patient’s blood? Explain your answer.
    ::11. 如果你是医生,而一个病人来投诉过量的口渴和尿液,你可能会怀疑病人患有什么内分泌紊乱?为了诊断这种紊乱,你想检查病人的血液中有什么?请解释你的答案。

    12. Pancreatic islet cells all produce:
    ::12. 脉冲内分泌细胞均产生:

    a. insulin
    ::a. 胰岛素

    b. glucagon
    ::b.

    c. endocrine hormones
    ::c. 内分泌激素

    d. digestive enzymes
    ::d. 消化酶

    13. Give one example of negative feedback in the endocrine system.
    ::13. 举一个内分泌系统中负面反馈的例子。

    14. Explain the circumstances in which organs and hormones in a negative feedback loop can actually increase the level of a hormone.
    ::14. 解释负面反馈循环中的器官和荷尔蒙实际上会增加荷尔蒙水平的情况。

    15. True or False:  The hormone vasopressin is synthesized by the hypothalamus.
    ::15. 真实或假:荷尔蒙血管抑制素由下脑膜合成。

    16. True or False:  Like most other hormones, prolactin is regulated by a negative feedback loop.
    ::16. 真实或假:与大多数其他荷尔蒙一样,蛋白质受负面反馈循环管制。

    17. Identify the gland that secretes each of the following hormones:
    ::17. 识别下列荷尔蒙的分泌腺:

    a. melatonin
    ::a. 美拉通宁

    b. growth hormone
    ::b. 生长激激素

    c. thyroid stimulating hormone
    ::c. 甲状腺刺激激素激素

    d. aldosterone
    ::d. 阿尔多酮

    18. A goiter is an enlargement of the ________ _________ .
    ::18. " 甲状腺 " 是指扩大 " _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

    19. Explain why giving iodine can treat some cases of hypothyroidism, but is not usually helpful when someone has hypothyroidism due to Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
    ::19. 解释为什么给碘可以治疗一些甲状腺机能不足的情况,但当有人因桥本甲状腺炎而出现甲状腺机能不足的情况时,通常没有帮助。

    20. For each disease below, identify the hormone involved and whether the problem involves hyposecretion or hypersecretion of this hormone.
    ::20. 对于以下每一种疾病,请指明所涉荷尔蒙,以及问题是否涉及这种荷尔蒙的高度机密或高度机密。

    a. Addison’s disease
    ::a. 艾迪逊病

    b. Graves’ disease
    ::b. 坟墓病

    c. Cushing’s syndrome
    ::c. 挤动综合症

    d. Type 1 diabetes
    ::d. 1型糖尿病

    21. What is an example of a disease caused by  hormone resistance?
    ::21. 荷尔蒙抗药性引起的疾病的例子是什么?

    22. True or False:  Adrenaline is an exocrine hormone.
    ::22. 真实或假:肾上腺素是一种外分泌荷尔蒙。

    23. Steroid hormones ____________________.
    ::23. 类固醇荷尔蒙

    a. always increase muscle mass
    ::a. 总是增加肌肉重量

    b. are fat soluble
    ::b. 脂肪可溶性

    c. bind to receptors on the plasma membrane
    ::c. 与等离子膜上的受体结合

    d. include insulin
    ::d. 包括胰岛素

    24. Explain generally how autoimmune disorders can disrupt the endocrine system. Give one example.
    ::24. 一般性地解释自动免疫紊乱如何会扰乱内分泌系统,举一个例子。