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  • 案例研究:你的支助系统

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    Case Study: A Pain in the Foot 
    ::案例研究:脚痛

    Melissa loves wearing high heels when she goes out at night, like the stiletto heels shown here . She knows they are not the most practical shoes, but she likes how they look.
    ::Melissa喜欢晚上出去穿高跟鞋,就像这里展示的丝质高跟鞋。她知道鞋不是最实用的鞋子,但喜欢穿这样。

    Lately, she has been experiencing pain in the balls of her feet — the area just behind the toes. Even when she trades her heels for comfortable sneakers, it still hurts when she stands or walks.
    ::最近,她脚的睾丸——脚趾后面的那一带——一直疼痛,即使她用脚跟换了舒适的鞋,站着或走路时仍然会痛。

    What could be going on? She searches online to try to find some answers. She finds a reputable source for foot pain information — a website from a professional organization of physicians that peer reviews the content by experts in the field. There, she reads about a condition called metatarsalgia, which produces pain in the ball of the foot that sounds very similar to what she is experiencing.
    ::究竟发生了什么?她在网上搜索以寻找答案。她找到了一个著名的脚痛信息源 — — 来自一个专业的医生组织的网站,对实地专家的内容进行同行评审。在那里,她读到一个叫“美塔塔里沙尔吉亚”的条件,它造成脚球疼痛,听起来与她所经历的情况非常相似。

    She learns that a common cause of metatarsalgia is the wearing of high heels. Shoes like this  push the foot into an abnormal position, resulting in excessive pressure being placed on the ball of the foot. Looking at the photograph above, you can imagine how much of the woman’s body weight is focused on the ball of her foot, because of the shape of her high heels. If she were not wearing high heels, her weight would be more evenly distributed across her foot.  
    ::她了解到,高跟鞋是造成高跟鞋穿高跟鞋的常见原因。 像这样的鞋子将脚推入不正常的姿势,导致对脚的球施加过度的压力。 以上照片显示,你可以想象,由于高跟鞋的形状,女性体重多少集中在脚的球上。 如果她不穿高跟鞋,她的体重将更均衡地分布在她的脚上。

    As she reads more about the hazards of high heels, Melissa learns that they can also cause foot deformities, such as hammertoes, bunions, and small cracks in bone called stress fractures. High heels may even contribute to the development of osteoarthritis of the knees at an early age.
    ::Melissa在更多关于高跟鞋危害的文章中了解到,高跟鞋还会导致脚部畸形,如锤子、子和骨小裂缝,叫做应激骨折。 高高高跟鞋甚至会早期助长膝关节炎的发育。

    These conditions caused by high heels are all problems of the skeletal system, which includes bones and connective tissues that hold bones together and cushion them at joints (such as the knee). The skeletal system supports the body’s weight and protects internal organs, but as you will learn as you read this chapter, it also carries out a variety of other important physiological functions.
    ::高跟鞋造成的这些条件都是骨骼系统的问题,包括骨骼和连接组织,它们将骨骼连接在一起,在关节(如膝盖)上缓缓。 骨骼系统支撑身体的重量,保护内脏,但当你阅读本章时,你会知道,它也发挥其他各种重要的生理功能。

    At the end of the chapter, you will find out why high heels can cause these skeletal system problems, as well as the steps Melissa takes to recover from her foot pain and prevent long-term injury.
    ::在章末,你会发现为什么高跟鞋会引发这些骨骼系统问题,以及梅丽莎为从脚部疼痛中恢复过来和防止长期伤害而采取的步骤。

    Chapter Overview: Skeletal System
    ::概述:骨骼系统

    In this chapter, you will learn about the structure, functions, growth, repair, and disorders of the skeletal system. Specifically you will learn about:
    ::在本章中,您将了解骨骼系统的结构、功能、生长、修补和紊乱。具体来说,您将了解:

    • The components of the skeletal system, which includes bones, ligaments, and cartilage
      ::骨骼系统的组成部分,包括骨头、颈部和软骨。
    • The functions of the skeletal system, including supporting and giving shape to the body; protecting internal organs; facilitating movement; producing blood cells; helping maintain homeostasis; and producing endocrine hormones
      ::骨骼系统的功能,包括支持和塑造身体;保护内脏器官;促进行动;生产血细胞;帮助保持同源性;以及生产内分泌激素
    • The organization and functions of the two main divisions of the skeletal system: the axial skeletal system (which includes the skull, spine, and rib cage), and the appendicular skeletal system (which includes the limbs and girdles that attach the limbs to the axial skeleton)
      ::骨骼系统两个主要部分的组织和功能:轴骨系统(包括头骨、脊椎和肋骨笼子)和外形骨骼系统(包括将肢体连接在轴骨架上的四肢和颈部)
    • The tissues and cells that make up bones, along with  their specific functions, which include making new bone, breaking down bone, producing blood cells, and regulating mineral homeostasis
      ::构成骨头的组织和细胞及其具体功能,包括制造新骨头、骨折、产生血细胞、调节矿物质原状
    • The different types of bones in the skeletal system, based on shape and location
      ::基于形状和位置的骨骼系统中不同类型骨骼的骨骼
    • How bones grow, remodel, and repair themselves
      ::骨骼是如何生长、改造和修复的
    • The different types of joints between bones, where they are located, and the ways in which they allow different types of movement, depending on their structure
      ::骨骨之间不同种类的关节,地点所在,以及它们允许不同类型运动的方式,取决于它们的结构
    • The causes, risk factors, and treatments for the two most common disorders of the skeletal system — osteoporosis and osteoarthritis
      ::骨骼系统两种最常见的疾病——骨质疏松症和骨髓炎——的原因、风险因素和治疗方法

    As you read this chapter, think about the following questions:
    ::当你读到本章时,请考虑以下问题:

    1. Melissa suspects she has a condition called metatarsalgia. This term is related to the term “metatarsals.” What are metatarsals, where are they located, and how do you think they are related to metatarsalgia?
    ::1. Melissa怀疑她有一个条件,叫 " metatarsalgia " ,这个术语与“matatarsal”一词有关。什么是 " metatarsal " ,他们在哪里,以及你认为他们与 " metatarsalgia " 有何关系?

    2. High heels can cause stress fractures, which are small cracks in bone that usually appear after repeated mechanical stress, instead of after a significant acute injury. What other condition described in this chapter involves a similar process?  
    ::2. 高跟鞋可造成应激骨折,即通常在反复机械压力后而不是在严重急性伤害后出现的骨折。

    3. What are bunions and osteoarthritis of the knee? Why do you think they can be caused by wearing high heels?
    ::3. 膝盖的子和骨髓炎是什么?你为什么认为穿高跟鞋会导致它们?