13.3 骨骼系统的分裂
Section outline
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Skulls on Display
::显示时的skullThis somewhat macabre display can be viewed at the Slovak National Museum in Bratislava, Slovakia. The skulls are meant to represent normal human skeletal anatomy. The skull is part of the axial skeleton, which is one of the two major divisions of the human skeleton. The other division is the appendicular skeleton.
::可以在斯洛伐克布拉迪斯拉发的斯洛伐克国家博物馆上看到这种有刺骨的展示。头骨是正常的人体骨骼解剖。头骨是轴骨的一部分,是人体骨骼的两大部分之一。另一部分是侧肢骨。Axial Skeleton
::AxialThe axial skeleton, shown in blue in the figure , consists of a total of 80 . Besides the skull, it includes the rib cage and vertebral column . It also includes the three tiny ossicles (hammer, anvil, and stirrup) in the middle ear and the hyoid bone in the throat, to which the tongue and some other soft tissues are attached.
::除头骨外,它还包括肋骨笼和脊椎柱,还包括中耳的三根小(大锤、和)和喉咙的骨,舌头和其他一些软组织都附着在喉咙上。The bones of the axial skeleton are shown here in blue.
::轴骨骼的骨头 显示在这里蓝色的。Skull
::The skull is the part of the human skeleton that provides a bony framework for the head. It consists of 22 different bones. There are eight bones in the cranium — which encloses the brain — and 14 bones in the face.
::头骨是人骨骨骼的一部分,为头骨提供了一个骨骼框架,由22个不同的骨头组成,头骨有8个骨头,它包着大脑,面部有14个骨头。Cranium
::The cranium forms the entire upper portion of the skull. As shown in the figure , it consists of eight bones: one frontal bone, two parietal bones, two temporal bones, one occipital bone, one sphenoid bone, and one ethmoid bone. The ethmoid bone separates the nasal cavity from the brain. The sphenoid bone is one of several bones, including the frontal bone, that help form the eye sockets. The other bones of the cranium are large and plate-like. They cover and protect the brain. The bottom of the skull has openings for major and nerves . A large opening — called the foramen — connects the spinal cord and brain.
::脊椎骨形成头骨的整个上部部分。 如图所示, 它由八根骨骼组成: 一头骨, 两头骨, 两头骨, 两块时间骨, 两块时间骨, 一头枕骨, 一具书呆骨, 一具书呆骨, 和一根血质骨。 骨质骨骼将鼻腔与大脑分离。 骨质骨质骨质是数根骨骼中的一个骨骼, 包括前骨, 有助于形成眼窝。 其他脊椎骨骨体大, 类似板块。 它们覆盖并保护大脑。 头骨的底部有主脑和神经的开口。 一个巨大的开口 — 叫做脊椎和大脑连接了脊髓。The cranium consists of eight bones that are fused together at their joints.
::头盖骨由八根骨头组成 它们在关节合装在一起Facial Bones
::硬性骨头The 14 facial bones of the skull are located below the frontal bone of the cranium, and they are depicted in the figure below. Large bones in the face include the upper jaw bones, or maxillae (singular, maxilla), which form the middle part of the face and the bottom of the two eye sockets. The maxillae are fused together, except for an opening between them for the nose. The lower edge of the maxillae contains sockets for the upper teeth. The lower jaw bone, or mandible, is also large. The top edge of the mandible contains sockets for the lower teeth. The mandible opens and closes to chew food and is controlled by strong . There are two zygomatic (or cheek) bones and two nasal bones. The nasal region also contains seven smaller bones, as indicated in the figure.
::头骨的14个面部骨骸位于脊椎前骨下方,下面的图示中描述了这些骨骼。脸部的大骨骼包括上下巴骨头,或面部中部和两个眼窝底部形成面部中部和眼窝底部的峰部骨。面部骨骼结合在一起,但鼻孔的开口除外。面部下边缘含有上牙的座套。下巴骨,或可以修饰的,也很大。下巴的顶部的顶部包含下牙的顶部。人肉座打开并关闭咀嚼食物,并受强力控制。有两根zygomatic(或脸部)骨和两根鼻骨。鼻部区域也包含7个较小的骨骼,如图所示。The 14 bones that make up the face are labeled in this drawing of the skull.
::构成面部的14块骨头 贴在头骨的图画上Vertebral Column
::活性列列The vertebral column — also called the spine or backbone — is the flexible column of vertebrae (singular, vertebra) that connects the trunk with the skull and encloses the spinal cord. It consists of 33 vertebrae that are divided into five regions, as shown in the figure : the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions. From the neck down, the first 24 vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar) are individual bones. The five sacral vertebrae are fused together, as are the four coccygeal vertebrae.
::脊椎柱(也称为脊椎或脊柱)是脊椎(脊椎、脊椎)的软体柱,将脊椎与头骨连接起来,并附上脊髓,由33个脊椎组成,分为5个区域,如图所示:宫颈、胸椎、腰椎、羊毛和细胞细胞区域。从颈部向下,头24个脊椎(宫颈、脊椎和脊椎)为个体骨。5个脊椎和4个脊椎结合在一起。The vertebral column consists of 24 individual vertebrae that are separated by intervertebral discs of cartilage. An additional nine vertebrae are fused together at the base of the spine. Note the S-shaped curve of the vertebral column in the profile view on the right.
::脊椎柱由24个单独的脊椎骨组成,这些脊椎骨用软骨的垂直盘隔开。另外9个脊椎骨在脊椎底部结合。请注意右侧剖面视图中的脊椎柱的S形曲线。The human vertebral column reflects adaptations for upright bipedal . For example, the vertebral column is less like a rigid column than an S-shaped spring (see profile view in the figure above). Although newborn infants have a relatively straight spine, the curves develop as the backbone starts taking on its support functions, such as keeping the trunk erect, holding up the head, and helping to anchor the limbs. The S shape of the vertebral column allows it to act like a shock absorber, absorbing much of the jarring of walking and running so the forces are not transmitted directly from the pelvis to the skull. The S shape also helps protect the spine from breaking, which would be more likely with a straight, more rigid vertebral column. In addition, the S shape helps to distribute the weight of the body — particularly of the internal organs , so the weight load is not all at the bottom, as would occur with a straight spine.
::人的脊椎柱反映了对右侧两肢的适应。 例如, 脊椎柱不像一个硬体柱子, 不像一个S形弹簧( 见上文图中的剖面视图) 。 虽然新生婴儿有一个相对直的脊椎, 曲线随着脊柱开始发挥支撑功能而发展, 比如保持树干竖立, 扶住头部, 帮助固定肢体。 脊椎柱的S形状允许它像一个休克消化器一样行事, 吸收许多行走和运行的怪圈, 从而不会将力力从骨盆直接传送到头骨。 S 形状还有助于保护脊椎不断, 而脊椎通过直的、 更硬的脊椎体体体体, 更有可能得到脊椎断裂。 此外, S 形状有助于分配身体的重量, 特别是内部器官的重量。 因此, 重量负荷并非全部在底部, 直脊椎会发生。Rib Cage
::连带笼子The rib cage (also called thoracic cage) is aptly named, because it forms a sort of cage that holds within it the organs of the upper part of the trunk, including the heart and lungs . It is shown in the figure . The rib cage includes the 12 thoracic vertebrae and the breastbone (or sternum), as well as 12 pairs of ribs, which are attached at to the vertebrae. The ribs are divided into three groups, called true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs. The top seven pairs of ribs are true ribs. They are attached by cartilage directly to the sternum. The next three pairs of ribs are false ribs. They are attached by cartilage to the ribs above them, rather than directly to the sternum. The lowest two pairs of ribs are floating ribs. They are attached by cartilage to muscles in the abdominal wall. The attachments of false and floating ribs let the lower part of the rib cage expand to accommodate the internal movements of .
::肋骨笼(也称为胸腔笼)的名称是适当的,因为它是一种笼子,将内部的上部器官,包括心脏和肺,在图中显示。肋骨笼包括12胸脊椎和胸骨(或胸骨),以及连接在脊椎上的12对肋骨。肋骨分为三组,称为真正的肋骨、假肋骨和漂浮肋骨。顶部七对肋骨是真正的肋骨。肋骨是用软骨直接连接在胸骨上部的。下三对肋骨是假肋骨。肋骨是用软骨连接在胸部上的肋骨,而不是直接连接在胸部。最少的两对肋骨是浮动的肋骨;肋骨是用软骨连接在腹壁的肌肉上。假肋骨和浮动肋骨的附加,使下部骨骨骨部伸展,以容纳腹部运动。The rib cage encloses and protects the thoracic cavity.
::肋骨笼遮盖并保护胸腔Appendicular Skeleton
::外观电磁元The appendicular skeleton, shown in red in the figure , consists of a total of 126 bones. It includes all the bones of the limbs (arms, legs, hands, and feet,) as well as the bones of the shoulder (shoulder girdle) and pelvis (pelvic girdle).
::外形骨骼在图中以红色显示,由总共126根骨骼组成,包括四肢的所有骨骼(手臂、腿、手和脚)以及肩膀和骨盆的骨骼。The appendicular skeleton includes the upper and lower appendages and girdles.
::子宫骨骼包括上、下子的附着物和刺绣。Upper Limbs
::上陆架Each upper limb consists of 30 bones. As shown in the figure above, there is one bone (called the humerus) in each of the upper arms, and there are two bones (called the ulna and radius) in each of the lower arms. The remaining bones of the upper limb are shown in the figure . Each wrist contains eight carpal bones — which are arranged in two rows of four bones each — and each hand contains five metacarpal bones. The bones in the fingers of each hand include 14 phalanges ( three in each finger except the thumb, which has two phalanges). The thumb has the unique ability to move into opposition with the palm of the hand, and with each of the fingers when they are slightly bent. This allows the hand to handle and manipulate objects such as tools.
::每个上肢由30根骨头组成。如上图所示,每个上臂各有一根骨头(称为humerus),每个下臂各有两根骨头(称为ulna和半径)。上肢的其余骨头在图中显示。每个手腕有8根骨骼,每根骨头排列成两排,每根骨头有5根骨骼。每根手手指的骨头包括14根长腿(指中各有3根,指有2根长腿)。拇指具有独特的能力,可以与手掌的手掌和每根手指在轻弯时形成对立。这样可以使手处理和操作工具等物件。Bones of the wrist (carpals A-E) and hand (metacarpals 1-5 and phalanges)
::手腕和手的骨骼(巴巴巴和巴巴巴)Lower Limbs
::低林木Each lower limb consists of 30 bones. As shown in the figure , there is one bone (called the femur) in each of the upper legs, and there are two bones (called the tibia and fibula) in each of the lower legs. The knee cap (or patella) is an additional leg bone at the front of each knee, which is the largest joint in the .
::每个下肢由30个骨头组成。如图所示,上腿各有一根骨头(称为股骨),下腿各有两根骨头(称为蒂比亚和纤维骨)。膝盖(或帕特拉)是膝盖前部的另外一根腿骨,是膝盖上最大的关节。Bones of the legs
::腿骨骨The remaining bones of the lower limbs are shown . Each ankle contains seven tarsal bones (including the talus and calcaneus), and each foot contains five metatarsal bones. The tarsals and metatarsals form the ankle, heel, and arch of the foot. They give the foot strength while allowing flexibility. The bones in the toes of each foot consist of 14 phalanges (three in each toe except the big toe, which has two phalanges)
::显示下肢的其余骨骼。每个脚踝都包含七块沥青骨头(包括塔卢斯和卡尔卡尼乌斯),每只脚包含五块等离子骨。 沥青和等离子骨形成脚踝、脚跟和脚的拱门。它们提供脚力,同时允许伸缩。每脚脚趾的骨头由14根长腿组成(除大脚趾外,每个脚趾各3根长,有两根长腿)。Bones of the lower leg (fibula and tibia), ankle (talus), heel (calcaneus), foot (metatarsals), and toes (phalanges)
::低脚骨(纤维和骨)、脚踝、脚跟、脚跟、脚趾和脚趾Shoulder Girdle
::肩 肩围The pectoral girdle (also called shoulder girdle) attaches the upper limbs to the trunk of the body. It is connected to the axial skeleton by muscles alone. This allows a considerable range of motion in the upper limbs. The shoulder girdle consists of just two pairs of bones, with one of each pair on opposite sides of the body (see figure ). There are a right and left clavicle (collarbone), and a right and left scapula (shoulder blade). The scapula is a pear-shaped flat bone that helps form the shoulder joint. The clavicle is a long bone that serves as a strut between the shoulder blade and the sternum.
::胸围(也称为肩围)将上肢绑在身体的后骨上部,它单独通过肌肉与轴骨相连,这样可以使上肢有相当大的运动范围。肩围由两对骨头组成,每对骨头在身体的对面(见图)。左侧有一个左侧的锁骨(领骨),右侧和左侧的冠骨(肩骨),肩骨是有助于形成肩部结合的梨形平板骨。锁骨是长骨,在肩部和胸骨之间起到支撑作用。Bones of the shoulder girdle
::肩臂的骨头Pelvic Girdle
::Pelvic 切盘The pelvic girdle attaches the legs to the trunk of the body, and also provides a basin to contain and support the organs of the abdomen. It is connected to the vertebral column of the axial skeleton by ligaments . The pelvic girdle consists of two halves — one half for each leg — but the halves are fused with each other in adults at a joint called the pubic symphysis. Each half of the pelvic girdle includes three bones, as shown in the figure : the ilium (flaring upper part of the pelvic girdle), pubis (lower front), and ischium (lower back). Each of these bones helps form the acetabulum, which is a depression into which the top of the femur (thighbone) fits. When the body is in a seated position, it rests on protrusions (called tuberosities) of the two ischial bones.
::骨盆凝结将腿绑在身体的骨干上,并提供一个盆地,以容纳和支撑腹部的器官。它与轴骨的脊椎柱相连,用利袍连接。骨盆凝结由两半半半组成——每条腿一半——但两半在成人体内结为连接点,称为阴阳体。骨盆凝结的每半包括三根骨头,如图所示骨盆上部发)、阴道(下面)和(下背),这些骨头的每个骨骼都有助于形成骨骼,也就是骨骼顶部(高骨)的抑郁症。当身体处于一个坐位时,它就落在两根骨的骨质(所谓管状)上。
Bones of the pelvic girdle
::骨盆结骨的骨头Summary
::摘要-
The axial skeleton consists of a total of 80 bones. It includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It also includes the three tiny ossicles in the middle ear and the hyoid bone in the throat.
::轴骨骼由总共80个骨头组成,包括头骨、脊椎柱和肋骨笼,还包括中耳的3个小骨和喉咙的骨。 -
The skull provides a bony framework for the head. It consists of 22 different bones:
eight
in the cranium (which encloses the brain) and 14 in the face (which includes the upper and lower jaw).
::头骨为头骨提供了一个骨骼框架。它由22个不同的骨骼组成:8个在头顶上(囊括大脑),14个在脸部(包括下巴和上下巴)。 -
The vertebral column is a flexible, S-shaped column of 33 vertebrae that connects the trunk with the skull and encloses the spinal cord. The vertebrae are divided into five regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal regions. The S shape of the vertebral column allows it to absorb shocks and distribute the weight of the body.
::脊椎柱是一个由33个脊椎组成的软体S型柱子,将脊椎骨与头骨连接起来,并附上脊髓,脊椎骨分为五个区域:宫颈、胸腔、腰椎、羊毛、羊毛和细胞细胞区域。脊椎柱的S型能吸收冲击并分配身体的重量。 -
The rib cage holds and protects the organs of the upper part of the trunk, including the heart and lungs. It includes the 12 thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and 12 pairs of ribs.
::肋骨笼包住并保护内衣上部的器官,包括心脏和肺部,包括12胸脊椎、胸骨和12对肋骨。 -
The appendicular skeleton consists of a total of 126 bones. It includes the bones of the four limbs, shoulder girdle, and pelvic girdle.
::外形骨骼由总共126根骨骼组成,包括四肢、肩膀和骨盆的骨骼。 -
Each upper limb consists of 30 bones. There is one bone (called the humerus) in the upper arm, and two bones (called the ulna and radius) in the lower arm. The wrist contains
eight
carpal bones, the hand contains
five
metacarpals, and the fingers consist of 14 phalanges. The thumb is opposable to the palm and fingers of the same hand.
::每个上肢由30个骨骼组成。上臂有一个骨头(称为humerus),下臂有两个骨头(称为ulna和半径 ) 。手腕有8个骨骼,手部有5个形骨,手指有14个长颈骨。拇指对手掌和手指是可抵抗的。 -
Each lower limb also consists of 30 bones. There is one bone (called the femur) in the upper leg, and two bones (called the tibia and fibula) in the lower leg. The patella covers the knee joint. The ankle contains
seven
tarsal bones, and the foot contains
five
metatarsals. The tarsals and metatarsals form the heel and arch of the foot. The bones in the toes consist of 14 phalanges.
::下肢各有30根骨头,上腿有1根骨头(称为大腿骨),下腿有2根骨头(称为小腿骨和纤维骨),膝盖盖盖有2根骨头(称为小腿骨和纤维骨),膝盖盖盖盖有2根骨头,脚踝有7根沥青骨头,脚部有5根大脚骨,头部和头部有2根骨,脚部有14根长腿骨。 -
The shoulder girdle attaches the upper limbs to the trunk of the body. It is connected to the axial skeleton only by muscles, allowing mobility of the upper limbs. Bones of the shoulder girdle include a right and left clavicle, as well as a right and left scapula.
::肩臂将上肢绑在身体的后备箱上,与轴骨相连的只有肌肉,允许上肢运动。 肩臂的骨骼包括左、右锁骨,以及左、右骨。 -
The pelvic girdle attaches the legs to the trunk of the body, and supports the organs of the abdomen. It is connected to the axial skeleton by ligaments. The pelvic girdle consists of two halves that are fused together in adults. Each half consists of three bones: the ilium, pubis, and ischium.
::骨盆结骨将腿绑在躯干上,支撑腹部的器官,用颈部与轴骨相连,骨盆结骨由两半半组成,两半在成人体内结合,两半由三根骨头组成:、和。
Review
::回顾1. What bones are included in the axial skeleton?
::1. 轴骨骼中包括什么骨头?2. Identify the two main parts of the skull. How many bones does each part contain?
::2. 标明头骨的两个主要部分:每个部分含有多少骨头?3. Describe the vertebral column.
::3. 描述脊椎柱。4. What are the advantages of an S-shaped vertebral column?
::4. S形脊椎柱有什么好处?5. What is the rib cage? What is its function?
::5. 肋骨笼是什么?其功能是什么?6. What bones are included in the appendicular skeleton?
::6. 外形骨骼中包括什么骨头?7. How many bones are found in each upper limb? What are they?
::7. 在每个上肢中发现了多少骨头?它们是什么?8. Identify the bones in each of the lower limbs.
::8. 查明每下肢的骨头。9. What is the shoulder girdle? Why does it allow considerable upper limb mobility?
::9. 肩带是什么?为什么允许相当大的上肢运动?10. Describe the pelvic girdle and the bones it contains.
::10. 描述骨盆和骨骼。11. True or False: False ribs are made of cartilage and are not true rib bones.
::11. 真实或假:假肋骨是用软骨制成的,不是真正的肋骨。12. True or False: The jaw contains two maxillae and one mandible.
::12. 真实或假:下巴上下巴有两层和一层。13. Describe some of the similarities between the upper limbs and the lower limbs.
::13. 描述上肢和下肢之间的一些相似之处。14. Explain the advantage of having some ribs that are not attached directly to the sternum.
::14. 说明有些肋骨与胸骨不直接相连的好处。15. Put the following vertebral regions in order, from the closest to the head to the farthest from the head:
::15. 按顺序排列以下脊椎区域,从最近处到头部,到头部最远处:sacral; lumbar; cervical; coccygeal; thoracic
::; ; ; 宫颈; 细胞细胞; 胸腔Explore More
::探索更多Check out this video to learn about the fusion of bones in newborns' skulls:
::以了解新生儿头骨骨骼中骨骼的凝聚情况:To learn more about divisions of the skeletal system, watch this video:
::更多了解骨骼系的分裂, -
The axial skeleton consists of a total of 80 bones. It includes the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage. It also includes the three tiny ossicles in the middle ear and the hyoid bone in the throat.
