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  • 肌肉系统紊乱

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    Pain in the Neck
    ::颈部疼痛

    Spending hours each day looking down at hand-held devices is a pain in the neck — literally. The weight of the head bending forward can put a lot of strain on neck , and muscle injuries can be very painful. Neck pain is one of the most common of all complaints that bring people to the doctor’s office. In any given year, about one in five adults will suffer from neck pain. That’s a lot of pains in the neck! Not all of them are due to muscular disorders, but many of them are. Muscular disorders, in turn, generally fall into two general categories: musculoskeletal disorders and neuromuscular disorders.
    ::每天看下手持装置的时间都是颈部疼痛 — — 确实如此。 头部弯曲的重量会给颈部带来很多压力,肌肉受伤会非常痛苦。 颈部疼痛是导致人们去医生办公室的所有投诉中最常见的一种。 在任何一年中,大约五分之一的成年人将遭受颈部疼痛。 颈部疼痛是一大堆。 它们并非都是肌肉紊乱造成的,但其中许多都是。 肌肉紊乱通常分为两大类:肌肉骨骼紊乱和神经肌肉紊乱。

    Mus c uloskeletal Disorders
    ::肌肉骨骼疾病

    Musculoskeletal disorders are injuries that occur in muscles or associated tissues (such as tendons) because of biomechanical stresses. They may be caused by sudden exertion, over-exertion, repetitive motions, or long periods maintaining awkward positions. Musculoskeletal disorders are often work- or sports-related, and generally just one or a few muscles are affected. They can often be treated successfully, and full recovery can be very likely. The disorders include muscle strains, tendinitis , and carpal tunnel syndrome.
    ::肌肉骨骼紊乱是指由于生物机械压力而在肌肉或相关组织(如管)中发生的伤害,可能是由于突然施用、过度施用、重复运动或长时间保持尴尬姿势造成的,肌肉骨骼紊乱往往与工作或体育有关,一般只有一或几只肌肉受到影响,通常可以成功治疗,完全康复的可能性很大,这种紊乱包括肌肉紧张、骨髓炎和骨髓隧道综合症。

    Muscle Strain
    ::肌肉阵列

    A muscle strain is an injury in which muscle fibers tear as a result of overstretching. A muscle strain is also commonly called a pulled muscle or torn muscle. (Strains are often confused with sprains, which are similar injuries to ligaments .) Depending on the degree of injury to muscle fibers, a muscle strain can range from mildly to extremely painful. Besides pain, typical symptoms include stiffness and bruising in the area of the strained muscle. The photo shows a large bruise caused by a hamstring muscle strain. Hamstring strains are very common in track and field athletes. In sprinters, for example, about one third of injuries are hamstring injuries. Having a previous hamstring injury puts an athlete at increased risk for having another one.
    ::肌肉系是一种损伤,肌肉纤维因过度伸展而撕裂,肌肉系也通常称为拉动肌肉或撕裂肌肉。 (肌肉系通常与扭伤混在一起,与颈部相似。 )根据肌肉纤维的伤害程度,肌肉系可能从轻度到极度痛苦不等。除了疼痛外,典型症状包括肌肉紧张地区的僵硬和瘀伤。照片显示,肌肉系断裂导致大块瘀伤。在田径运动员和田径运动员中,断肢系很常见。例如,在冲刺手中,大约三分之一的伤口是伤。以前被割断腿的伤使运动员更有可能再生一个。

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    Bleeding in muscle tissue may cause a muscle strain to produce a bruise over the affected muscle, as in this hamstring bruise. The photos show two images of the same leg, both taken four days after the injury occurred.
    ::肌肉组织出血可能会造成肌肉紧张,造成受影响肌肉的瘀伤,例如,在这一割腕的瘀伤中,照片显示了同一腿的两张图象,两张图象都是在受伤四天后拍摄的。

    Proper first aid for a muscle strain includes five steps, which are represented by the acronym PRICE. The PRICE steps should be followed for several days after the injury. The five steps are:
    ::肌肉紧张的适当急救包括五个步骤,其缩略语为PRICE。

    1. Protection:  Apply soft padding to the strained muscle to minimize impact with objects that might cause further damage.
      ::防护:对肌肉肌肉施用软垫,以尽量减少与可能造成进一步损害的物体的撞击。
    2. Rest:  Rest the muscle to accelerate healing and reduce the potential for re-injury.
      ::休息:休息肌肉以加速愈合并减少再伤的可能性。
    3. Ice:  Apply ice for 20 minutes at a time every two hours to reduce swelling and pain.
      ::冰:每两个小时一次施用20分钟的冰,以减少肿胀和疼痛。
    4. Compression:  Apply a stretchy bandage to the strained muscle to reduce swelling.
      ::压缩:对肌肉紧张的肌肉施以拉伸绷带,以减少肿胀。
    5. Elevation:  Keep the strained muscle elevated to reduce the chance of pooling in the muscle.
      ::抬高:保持肌肉紧张 降低肌肉聚集的机会

    Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs, such as ibuprofen) can help reduce inflammation and relieve pain. Because such drugs interfere with blood clotting, however, they should be taken only after bleeding in the muscle has stopped — not immediately after the injury occurs. For severe muscle strains, professional medical care may be needed.
    ::非类固醇抗炎药物(NSID,如ibuprofen)可以帮助减少炎症和缓解疼痛,但是,由于这种药物会干扰血液凝血,因此只有在肌肉出血停止(而不是在受伤后立即)之后才能服用,对于严重的肌肉株,可能需要专业的医疗服务。

    Tendinitis
    ::丁丁膜炎

    Tendinitis is inflammation of a tendon that occurs when it is over-extended or worked too hard without rest. Tendons that are commonly affected include those in the ankle, knee, shoulder, and elbow. The affected tendon  depends on the type of use that causes the inflammation. Rock climbers tend to develop tendinitis in their fingers, while basketball players are more likely to develop tendinitis in the knees, to name a few examples. 
    ::丁丁基炎是一种流行性炎,当它过度扩张或工作太辛苦而无休止时,就会发生这种炎症。 通常受到影响的tendon疾病包括脚踝、膝盖、肩膀和肘部。 受到影响的tendon疾病取决于导致炎症的施用类型。 岩壁攀爬者往往在手指上发炎,而篮球运动员则更有可能在膝盖上发炎,举几个例子。

    Symptoms of tendinitis may include aching, sharp pain, a burning sensation, or joint stiffness. In some cases, swelling occurs around the inflamed tendon, and the area feels hot and looks red. Treatment includes the PRICE guidelines listed above, as well as  the use of NSAIDs to further reduce inflammation and pain. Although symptoms should show improvement within a few days of treatment, full recovery may take several months. A gradual return to or other use of the affected tendon is recommended. Physical or occupational therapy may speed the return to normal activity levels.
    ::炎的症状可能包括疼痛、剧烈疼痛、灼痛、烧灼的感觉或共同僵硬,在某些情况下,在发炎的草原周围出现肿胀,该地区感到热热和红。治疗包括上面列出的PRICE准则,以及使用非典因来进一步减少炎症和疼痛。虽然症状应在治疗的几天内出现改善,但可能需要几个月的时间才能完全康复。建议逐步恢复或以其它方式使用受到影响的草原。身体或职业治疗可以加速恢复正常的活动水平。

    Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
    ::卡尔帕隧道综合症

    Carpal tunnel syndrome is a common biomechanical problem that occurs in the wrist when the median nerve becomes compressed between carpal (see figure ). This may occur due to  repetitive use of the wrist, a tumor , or trauma to the wrist. Two-thirds of cases are work-related. C omputer work, work with vibrating tools, and work that requires a strong grip all increase one's risk of developing this problem . Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs more often in women than men. Other risk factors include obesity , , and arthritis. Genetics may also play a role.
    ::骨髓隧道综合症是手腕上常见的生物机械问题,当中位神经在骨髓之间压缩时,就会出现这种症状(见图 ) , 这可能是由于反复使用手腕、肿瘤或手腕创伤所致。三分之二的病例与工作有关。计算机工作、用振动工具和需要大力控制的工作都增加了人们发展这一问题的风险。 皮肤隧道综合症在女性中位发生频率高于男性。其他风险因素包括肥胖、关节炎、遗传病也可能起到作用。

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    Carpal tunnel syndrome occurs when the median nerve in the wrist becomes compressed.
    ::当手腕的中位神经被压缩时,会出现卡尔帕隧道综合症。

    Compression of the median nerve results in inadequate nervous stimulation of the muscles in the thumb and first two fingers of the hand. The main symptoms are pain, numbness, and tingling in these digits. Sometimes, symptoms can be improved by wearing a wrist splint or receiving corticosteroid injections. Surgery to cut the carpal ligament reduces pressure on the median nerve and is generally more effective than nonsurgical treatment. Recurrence of carpal tunnel syndrome after surgery is rare. Without treatment, on the other hand, the lack of nervous stimulation by the median nerve may eventually cause the affected muscles of the hand to weaken and waste away.
    ::对中位神经的压缩导致对大拇指和手头两根手指肌肉的神经刺激不足,主要症状是疼痛、麻木和数位数的刺痛。有时,通过佩戴手腕板或接受花生类固醇注射可以改善症状。外科手术可以减少对中位神经的压力,一般比非外科治疗更有效。手术后皮肤隧道综合症的复发是罕见的。另一方面,中位神经缺乏神经刺激,最终可能导致受影响的手肌肉削弱和浪费。

    Neuromuscular Disorders
    ::神经肌肉紊乱

    Neuromuscular disorders are systemic disorders that occur because of problems with the nervous control of muscle contractions, or with the muscle themselves. These disorders are often due to faulty genes and not due to biomechanical stresses. Other system-wide problems, such as abnormal immune system responses, may also be involved in neuromuscular disorders.
    ::神经肌肉紊乱是因肌肉收缩或肌肉本身神经控制问题引起的系统紊乱,这些紊乱往往是由缺陷基因造成的,而不是生物机能压力造成的,其他全系统问题,如不正常的免疫系统反应,也可能涉及神经肌肉紊乱。

    Unlike musculoskeletal disorders, neuromuscular disorders generally affect most or all of the muscles in the body. The disorders also tend to be progressive and incurable. However, in most cases, treatment is available to slow the disease progression or to lessen the symptoms. Examples of neuromuscular disorders include muscular dystrophy, myasthenia gravis, and Parkinson’s disease.
    ::与肌肉骨骼紊乱不同的是,神经肌肉紊乱通常会影响身体的大多数或全部肌肉,这种紊乱也倾向于渐进和不治之症。 但是,在多数情况下,可以进行治疗来减缓疾病发展或减轻症状。 神经肌肉紊乱的例子包括肌肉萎缩、骨髓麻痹和帕金森氏病。

    Muscular Dystrophy
    ::肌肉萎缩

    Muscular dystrophy is a caused by defective in muscle cells. It is characterized by progressive weakness and death of muscle cells and tissues. Muscles become increasingly unable to contract in response to nervous stimulation.
    ::肌肉萎缩是由肌肉细胞缺陷造成的,其特点是肌肉细胞和组织逐渐衰弱和死亡,肌肉越来越无法承受神经刺激。

    There are at least nine major types of muscular dystrophy caused by different gene . Some of the mutations cause autosomal recessive or autosomal dominant disorders, and some cause X-linked disorders. The most common type of childhood muscular dystrophy is Duchenne muscular dystrophy, which is due to a mutation in a recessive gene on the X chromosome . As an X-linked recessive disorder, Duchenne muscular dystrophy occurs almost exclusively in males.
    ::至少有九大类肌肉萎缩是由不同基因造成的。有些突变导致自闭或自闭主要紊乱,有些导致X相关紊乱。最常见的儿童肌肉萎缩类型是杜尚氏肌肉萎缩,这是X染色体上的休眠基因突变造成的。作为X相关休眠障碍,杜尚氏肌肉萎缩几乎完全发生在男性身上。

    Different types of muscular dystrophy affect different major muscle groups. In Duchenne muscular dystrophy, the lower limbs are affected. Signs of the disorder usually first become apparent when a child starts walking. Difficulty walking becomes progressively worse through childhood. By the time a child is ten, braces may be needed for walking — and walking may no longer even by possible by age 12. The lifespan of someone with muscular dystrophy is likely to be shorter than normal because of the disease, ranging from 15 to 45 years.
    ::不同种类的肌肉萎缩会影响不同的主要肌肉群。在杜尚别肌肉萎缩中,下肢会受到影响。当儿童开始走路时,病征通常首先显现出来。童年时,难行会越来越严重。十岁时,行走可能需要牙套,12岁时,行走可能就不再需要牙套了。由于疾病,有肌肉萎缩症的人的寿命可能比正常时间短,从15岁到45岁不等。

    In some cases, physical therapy, drug therapy, or orthopedic surgery may improve some of the signs and symptoms of muscular dystrophy. However, at present, there is no known cure for the disorder. Research is ongoing to find a cure, with financial support provided by such sources as the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) (see photo ). MDA is a non-profit organization dedicated to curing muscular dystrophy by funding worldwide research.
    ::在某些情况下,物理治疗、药物治疗或整形外科可以改善肌肉萎缩的某些征兆和症状,但是,目前还没有已知的治疗疾病的方法,目前正在进行研究以寻找治疗方法,由肌肉萎缩协会等来源提供财政支助(见照片)。 MDA是一个非营利组织,专门通过资助全球研究来治疗肌肉萎缩。

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    This photo shows one of the firefighters from Camp Pendleton, California, who collected donations during their off hours for the Muscular Dystrophy Association (MDA) in 2010.
    ::这张照片显示来自加利福尼亚州彭德尔顿营的一名消防员,他们于2010年下班时为肌肉萎缩协会募集捐款。

    Myasthenia Gravis
    ::眼间悬梁裂谷

    Myasthenia gravis is a genetic neuromuscular disorder characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigue. It occurs more commonly in women, and generally begins between the ages of 20 and 40. The initial symptom of myasthenia gravis is painless muscle weakness, generally in muscles around the eye (see photos ). The disease then progresses to muscles elsewhere in the body, eventually involving most of the muscles. Swallowing and chewing may become difficult as the disease progresses, and speech may become slow and slurred. In more advanced cases, myasthenia crises may occur, during which the muscles that control may be affected. Emergency medical care to provide assisted ventilation is required to sustain life. A myasthenia gravis cris i s may be triggered by various stressors, such as infection, fever, or stress.
    ::脑膜瘤是一种遗传性神经肌肉紊乱症,其特征是肌肉疲软和疲劳的波动。它通常发生在妇女中,通常始于20至40岁。 脑膜炎的最初症状是无痛肌肉弱,通常在眼睛周围的肌肉中(见照片 ) 。 然后,这种疾病会演变到身体的其他地方的肌肉,最终涉及大多数肌肉。随着疾病的发展,摇晃和咀嚼可能会变得困难,而且言语可能会变得缓慢和发泡。 在更先进的病例中,可能发生脑膜炎危机,在这种情况下,控制肌肉可能会受到影响。 提供辅助通风的紧急医疗护理对于维持生命是必要的。 脑膜癌危机可能由感染、发烧或压力等各种压力引发。

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    The photograph on the left shows a myasthenia gravis patient with a drooping eye lid, one of the most common signs of the disease because of weakening of muscles around the eye. The photo on the right shows the same patient after administration of a drug that blocks the breakdown of acetylcholine.
    ::左侧的照片显示,一个眼盖有滴水眼盖的麻风病人是该疾病最常见的症状之一,因为眼睛周围肌肉变弱。 右侧的照片显示,在服用一种阻塞乙酰胆碱破裂的药物后,同一位病人。

    Most commonly, myasthenia gravis is caused by immune system antibodies blocking acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells, as well as the actual loss of acetylcholine receptors. Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter used by motor neurons to carry their signals to the muscle fibers they control. With acetylcholine blocked or the receptors lost, muscle cells fail to receive nervous stimulation to contract. Treatment of myasthenia gravis may include medications to counter the effects of the mutant gene or to suppress the immune system.
    ::最常见的情况是,由于免疫系统抗体阻塞肌肉细胞的乙酰胆碱受体,以及乙酰胆碱受体的实际损失,导致心肌膜癌,乙酰胆碱是运动神经元携带信号到他们控制的肌肉纤维的主要神经传染剂,乙酰胆碱被堵住或受体丢失,肌肉细胞无法接受神经刺激,对脑膜癌的治疗可能包括抗变种基因影响或抑制免疫系统的药物。

    Parkinson’s Disease
    ::帕金森病

    Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disorder of the that mainly affects the muscular system and movement . Four motor signs and symptoms are considered defining in Parkinson’s disease: muscle tremor (shaking), muscle rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural instability. Tremor is the most common and obvious symptom, and it most often occurs in a limb that is at rest, so it disappears during sleep or when the patient moves the limb voluntarily. Difficulty walking eventually develops, and dementia is common in the advanced stages of the disease. Depression is common, as well.
    ::帕金森氏病是主要影响肌肉系统和运动的病变障碍。 帕金森氏病中有四种运动标志和症状被认为定义了帕金森氏病:肌肉震颤(震动 ) 、 肌肉僵硬、行动迟缓和院外不稳定。 暴躁是最常见和最明显的症状,而且最常见的症状是处于休眠状态的肢体,因此在睡眠中或病人自愿移动肢体时会消失。 艰难的行走最终会发展,痴呆症在疾病的晚期也很常见。 萧条也是常见的。

    The awkward, stooped gait of this man is typical of people with advanced Parkinson’s disease.
    ::这个人的尴尬、狡猾的行走方式 典型的就是那些患有帕金森病的人。

    Parkinson’s disease is more common in older people, with most cases being diagnosed after the age of 50. Often, the disease occurs for no known reason. Cases like this are  called primary Parkinson’s disease. Sometimes, the disease has a known or suspected cause, such as exposure to toxins in pesticides, or repeated head trauma. In this case, it is called secondary Parkinson’s disease.
    ::帕金森病在老年人中更为常见,大多数病例在50岁后被诊断出来,经常是无缘无故的。 像帕金森病这样的病例被称为帕金森病。 有时,这种疾病有已知或疑似的原因,比如接触农药毒素或多次头部创伤。 在这种情况下,它被称为帕金森病次要。

    Regardless of the cause, the motor symptoms of the disease result from the death of in the midbrain. The cause of cell death is not fully understood, but it appears to involve the buildup in the brain of protein structures called Lewy bodies. Early in the course of the illness, medications can be prescribed to help reduce the motor disturbances. As the disease progresses, however, the medications become ineffective. They also cause  a negative side effect of involuntary writhing movements.
    ::不论原因为何,这种疾病的运动症状都是中脑死亡造成的,细胞死亡的原因并不完全理解,但似乎涉及到脑中蛋白质结构的积累,称为Lewy身体。在病发初期,可以开药帮助减少运动干扰。但是,随着疾病的发展,药物变得无效,它们也造成了非自愿的手动的消极副作用。

    Feature: Human Biology in the News
    ::特著:《新闻》中的人类生物学

    On June 3, 2016, media all over the world exploded with news of the death of Muhammad Ali at the age of 74. The world champion boxer and Olympic gold medalist died that day of complications of a respiratory infection, but the underlying cause was Parkinson’s disease. Ali was diagnosed with Parkinson’s in 1984 when he was only 42 years old. Doctors attributed his disease to repeated head trauma from boxing.
    ::2016年6月3日,世界各地媒体在74岁时,穆罕默德·阿里(Muhammad Ali)去世的消息引发了全球媒体的爆炸。 世界冠军拳击手和奥林匹克金奖得主在呼吸道感染并发症当天死亡,但病因是帕金森病。 阿里1984年被诊断为帕金森(Parkinson),当时他只有42岁。 医生将他的病归咎于拳击造成的多次头部创伤。

    In the days following Ali’s death, the news was full of stories and images from milestones in the athlete’s life, both before and after his diagnosis with Parkinson’s disease. Sadly, the news coverage also provided an overview of his gradual decline as the disease progressed. Ali was pictured in 1996 lighting the flame at the Summer Olympics in Atlanta. In 2012, Ali had to be helped to his feet by his wife just to stand before the flag he was supposed to carry into the stadium. He was unable to carry it because of the ravages of Parkinson’s disease.
    ::阿里死后的几天里,新闻充满了运动员生前和之后对帕金森氏病诊断的里程碑故事和图像。 可悲的是,新闻报道还概述了他随着病情的发展而逐渐下降的情况。 阿里在1996年在亚特兰大夏季奥运会上被描绘了火焰。 2012年,他的妻子不得不帮助阿里站立在他本应携带到体育场的旗帜前。 由于帕金森氏病的肆虐,他无法携带它。

    Muhammad Ali retired from boxing in 1981 at the age of 39, but he didn’t retire from fighting. Up until the final year of his life, Ali was a passionate activist for peace and justice, and against war and racism. In 1998, he joined Michael J. Fox, who also has Parkinson’s disease, to raise awareness of and funding for research on Parkinson’s disease. In 2002, Fox and Ali made a joint appearance before Congress to present their case. In 2005, Ali received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from George W. Bush (see photo ) for the many achievements and contributions he made throughout his amazing life, in spite of Parkinson’s disease.
    ::1981年默罕默德·阿里(Muhammad Ali)在39岁时从拳击中退休,但是他没有退伍。 直到他生命的最后一年,阿里一直是一位热衷于和平与正义、反对战争和种族主义的活跃分子。 1998年,他加入了迈克尔·J·福克斯(Michael J.Fox ) , 他患有帕金森病 , 来提高对帕金森病研究的认识和资金。 2002年,福克斯和阿里在国会联合出庭陈述了他们的情况。 2005年,阿里获得了乔治·W·布什(George W. Bush)颁发的自由总统勋章(见照片 ) , 尽管他患有帕金森病,他在整个令人惊叹的一生中取得了许多成就和贡献。

    lesson content

    President George W. Bush gives a congratulatory hug to Muhammad Ali after awarding him a Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2005 as Ali’s wife, Lonnie Ali, looks on.
    ::乔治·W·布什总统在2005年授予穆罕默德·阿里总统自由勋章后,作为阿里的妻子Lonnie Ali的外表,向他表示祝贺。

    Summary
    ::摘要

    • Musculoskeletal disorders are injuries that occur in muscles or associated tissues (such as tendons) because of biomechanical stresses. The disorders may be caused by sudden exertion, over-exertion, repetitive motions, and similar stresses.
      ::肌肉骨骼紊乱是指由于生物机械压力而在肌肉或相关组织(如管)中发生的伤害,这种紊乱可能是由于突然施压、过度施用、重复运动和类似的压力造成的。
    • A muscle strain is an injury in which muscle fibers tear as a result of overstretching. First aid for a muscle strain includes the five steps represented by the acronym PRICE (protection, rest, ice, compression, and elevation). Medications for inflammation and pain (such as NSAIDs) may also be used.
      ::肌肉紧张是指肌肉损伤,肌肉纤维因过度伸展而撕裂;肌肉紧张的急救包括五步(保护、休息、冰、压缩和高压),也可以使用刺激和疼痛的药剂(如国家艾滋病基金)。
    • Tendinitis is inflammation of a tendon that occurs when it is over-extended or worked too hard without rest. Tendinitis may also be treated with PRICE and NSAIDs.
      ::丁丁基炎是当其过度扩展或工作过于艰苦而无休止时发生的一种趋势的炎症,十丁基炎也可以通过PRICE和全国艾滋病基金治疗。
    • Carpal tunnel syndrome is a biomechanical problem that occurs in the wrist when the median nerve becomes compressed between carpal bones. It may occur with repetitive use, a tumor, or trauma to the wrist. It may cause pain, numbness, and eventually, if untreated, muscle wasting in the thumb and first two fingers of the hand.
      ::皮肤隧道综合症是手腕中位神经在骨骼之间压缩时出现的一个生物机械问题,可能反复使用、肿瘤或手腕外伤,可能造成疼痛、麻木,如未经治疗,最终会将肌肉浪费在拇指和手头两根手指上。
    • Neuromuscular disorders are systemic disorders that occur because of problems with the nervous control of muscle contractions, or with the muscle cells themselves.
      ::神经肌肉紊乱是系统紊乱,因肌肉收缩的神经控制或肌肉细胞本身的问题而发生。
    • Muscular dystrophy is a genetic disorder caused by defective proteins in muscle cells. It is characterized by progressive skeletal muscle weakness and death of muscle tissues.
      ::肌肉萎缩是肌肉细胞中有缺陷的蛋白质造成的遗传障碍,其特点是骨骼肌肉逐渐衰弱,肌肉组织死亡。
    • Myasthenia gravis is a genetic neuromuscular disorder characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness and fatigue. More muscles are affected, and muscles become increasingly weakened as the disorder progresses. Myasthenia gravis most often occurs because immune system antibodies block acetylcholine receptors on muscle cells, and also because acetylcholine receptors are lost.
      ::脊髓灰质炎是一种遗传性神经肌肉紊乱症,其特征是肌肉弱点和疲劳的波动。 更多的肌肉受到影响,肌肉随着紊乱的进化而变弱。 脊髓灰质炎最常见的原因是免疫系统抗体阻塞肌肉细胞的乙酰胆碱受体,以及乙酰胆碱受体丧失。
    • Parkinson’s disease is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that mainly affects the muscular system and movement. It occurs because of the death of neurons in the midbrain. Characteristic signs of the disorder are muscle tremor, muscle rigidity, slowness of movement, and postural instability. Dementia and depression also often characterize advanced stages of the disease.
      ::帕金森病是中枢神经系统的退化性失调症,主要影响肌肉系统和运动。 之所以发生,是因为中脑神经元死亡。 肌肉震颤、肌肉僵硬、行动迟缓和后院不稳定是这种疾病典型的症状。 痴呆和抑郁也经常成为该疾病的晚期特征。

    Review
    ::回顾

    1. What are musculoskeletal disorders? What causes them?
    ::1. 什么是肌肉骨骼紊乱?是什么原因?

    2. How does a muscle strain occur?
    ::2. 肌肉紧张是如何发生的?

    3. Define tendinitis. Why does it occur?
    ::3. 界定脊髓炎,为什么会发生这种疾病?

    4. Identify first-aid steps for treating musculoskeletal disorders, such as muscle strains and tendinitis.
    ::4. 确定治疗肌肉和脊髓炎等肌肉骨骼紊乱的急救步骤。

    5. Describe carpal tunnel syndrome and how it may be treated.
    ::5. 描述骨干隧道综合症和如何治疗。

    6. Define neuromuscular disorders.
    ::6. 界定神经肌肉紊乱。

    7. Identify the cause and symptoms of muscular dystrophy.
    ::7. 查明肌肉萎缩的原因和症状。

    8. Outline the cause and progression of myasthenia gravis.
    ::8. 概述心痛的原因和进展。

    9. What is Parkinson’s disease? List four characteristic signs of the disorder.
    ::9. 帕金森氏病是什么病?列出四种病症的典型症状。

    10. What are the main differences between musculoskeletal disorders and neuromuscular disorders?
    ::10. 肌肉骨骼紊乱和神经肌肉紊乱的主要区别是什么?

    11. Why is padding of a strained muscle part of the typical treatment?
    ::11. 为什么在典型治疗中,将肌肉紧张的垫子作为典型治疗的一部分?

    12. Which disorder is  most likely to be caused by repeated use of a jackhammer?
    ::12. 何为最有可能因多次使用钻机而导致的紊乱?

    a. Parkinson’s disease
    ::a. 帕金森病

    b. muscular dystrophy
    ::b. 肌肉萎缩

    c. carpal tunnel syndrome
    ::c. 骨干隧道综合症

    d. a neuromuscular disorder 
    ::d. 神经肌肉疾病

     

    13. True or False:  Participation in some sports may cause Parkinson’s disease.
    ::13. 真实或假的:参加某些体育运动可能导致帕金森病。

     

    14. True or False:  Myasthenia gravis occurs because the body stops making acetylcholine.
    ::14. 真实或假的:由于身体停止生产乙酰胆碱,而出现甲状腺癌。

     

    15. What are two tissues — other than muscle tissue — that can experience problems that result in muscular system disorders?
    ::15. 除了肌肉组织之外,哪些组织会遇到导致肌肉系统紊乱的问题?

    Explore More
    ::探索更多

    Learn more about the way modern technology causes neck, back, and other muscle pain by watching the following TED talk. You will also learn how you can change your movements to eliminate pain.
    ::通过观看以下TED演讲,更多了解现代技术如何导致颈部、背部和其他肌肉疼痛。你还将学会如何改变运动以消除疼痛。

    Check out this video to learn about the use of deep brain stimulation in the treatment of Parkinson's d isease:
    ::以了解在治疗帕金森病时使用深层脑刺激的方法: